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Umm al-Faraj

March 12, 2023

Umm al-Faraj (Arabic: أم الفرج, known to the Crusaders as La Fierge), was a Palestinian village, depopulated in 1948.

Umm al-Faraj
أُم الفرج
Um el-Faraj, La Fierge
Etymology: The ruin with the gap, or chink[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Umm al-Faraj (click the buttons)
Umm al-Faraj
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 33°00′18″N 35°07′16″E / 33.00500°N 35.12111°E / 33.00500; 35.12111Coordinates: 33°00′18″N 35°07′16″E / 33.00500°N 35.12111°E / 33.00500; 35.12111
Palestine grid162/267
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictAcre
Date of depopulation21 May 1948[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total825 dunams (82.5 ha or 204 acres)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total800[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesBen Ami[5]

Location

The village was situated on a flat spot in the Acre plain, 10.5 kilometers (6.5 mi) northeast of Acre.[6]

History

Archaeological remains from the Roman and Byzantine eras have been found here.[7]

Sugar Moulds found here indicate that sugar productions started in the 11th century, under the Fatimid era.[7]

Crusader/Mamluk era

The village was known to the Crusaders as Le Fierge, and belonged to the fief of Casal Imbert.[6] In 1253 King Henry granted the whole estate of Casal Imbert, including Le Fierge, to John of Ibelin.[8][9] Shortly after, in 1256, John of Ibelin leased Az-Zeeb and all its depending villages (including Le Fierge) to the Teutonic Order for 10 years.[10] In 1261, Az-Zeeb, together with Le Fierge and Le Quiebre, were sold to the Teutonic Order, in return for an annual sum for as long as Acre was in Christian hands.[11] In 1283 it was still a part of the Crusader states, as it was mentioned as part of their domain in the hudna between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan Qalawun.[12][13]

According to al-Maqrizi, it had come under Mamluk rule in 1291, when it was mentioned under the name of Farah when sultan al-Ashraf Khalil allocated the village's income to a Waqf in Cairo.[14][15]

Sugar production continued here during the Crusader and Mamluk eras.[7]

Ottoman era

Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, it appeared in the 1596 tax registers as Farja, being in the Akka Nahiya (Subdistrict of Acre), part of the Safad Sanjak (District of Safed), with a population of 24 households and 13 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 20% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, cotton, goats and beehives, in addition to "occasional revenues" and a water mill; a total of 1,576 akçe. Half of the revenues were given to a waqf.[16][17][18] Sugar production continued here to the beginning of the seventeenth century CE.[7]

In 1799, the village was called El Fargi on the map of Pierre Jacotin.[19] An inscription in marble, built into the wall above the gate of the village mosque, dates this building to 1254 H, (1838-39 C.E.).[20]

In May 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village. He described it as being surrounded by "delightful" gardens, irrigated with water from Nahr al-Mafshukh. Many houses were built with great care, and some had old pieces of stone built into them. He further noted that "the location of an old demolished church is still to a certain extent recognisable", and that all the 200 villagers were Muslim.[21] In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as being built of stone and with a population of 200. The villagers planted fig, olive, mulberry and pomegranate trees.[22]

A population list from about 1887 showed Um el Ferj to have about 690 inhabitants, all Muslims.[23]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities Umm al Faraj had a population of 322, all Muslims,[24] increasing in the 1931 census to 415, 2 Christians and 413 Muslims, in a total of 94 houses.[25] The older houses in the village were built close together and formed a circle, while the homes build after 1936 were scattered among the orchards.[6] The population of Umm al-Faraj lived by agriculture.[6]

In the 1945 statistics, the population of Umm al-Faraj was 800, all Muslims,[2] with a total land area of 825 dunams.[3] In 1944/45 a total of 745 dunams (0.745 km2; 0.288 sq mi) was used for citrus and bananas, 18 dunams (0.018 km2; 0.0069 sq mi) were used for cereals, 42 dunams (0.042 km2; 0.016 sq mi) were irrigated or used for orchards,[6][26] while 15 dunams were built-up (urban) areas.[27]

1948 War and aftermath

See also: al-Kabri massacre

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Umm al-Faraj was assaulted by Israel's Carmeli Brigade in the second stage of Operation Ben'Ami. The operational order, issued 19 May 1948, was to "attack with the aim of conquest, the killing of adult males, destruction and torching."[28] The assault came on the 20–21 May 1948, when Carmeli forces attacked Umm al-Faraj together with Kabri, al Tell and Nahar, and then "demolished them," according to Morris.[29]

Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. The moshav of Ben Ami was established in 1949, in part on village land.[5]

The Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village remains in 1992: "Only the stone mosque remains. It is shut and stands in a state of decay amid tall wild grass. Many trees that might predate the village's destruction can be seen. The nearby lands are cultivated; a banana grove belongs to the Ben Ammi settlement."[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 50
  2. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 5
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 41
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #83. Morris also gives cause of depopulation.
  5. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 35
  6. ^ a b c d e Khalidi, 1992, p. 34
  7. ^ a b c d Getzov, Stern and Shapiro, 2016, Umm al-Faraj (Moshav Ben Ami)
  8. ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 84-85, No. 105; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 318, No. 1208; cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 264
  9. ^ Ellenblum, 2003, p. 68
  10. ^ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 328, No. 1250; cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 264
  11. ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 106-7, No. 119; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 341-2, No. 1307
  12. ^ The al-Qalqashandi version of the hudna, referred in Barag, 1979, p. 204, #24
  13. ^ Khamisy, 2014, p. 93, #31
  14. ^ al-Maqrizi, 1845, vol 2, p. 131
  15. ^ Barag, 1979, p. 203
  16. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 193, has not identified it
  17. ^ Rhode, 1979, p. 77
  18. ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.
  19. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 160
  20. ^ Sharon, 1999, pp. 170 -171
  21. ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 45 -46
  22. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.147. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.34
  23. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 190
  24. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. 36
  25. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 105
  26. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 81
  27. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 131
  28. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 253, note 727
  29. ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 253-254, note 729

Bibliography

  • Al-Maqrizi (1845). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
  • Barag, Dan (1979). "A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem". Israel Exploration Journal. 29 (3/4): 197–217. JSTOR 27925726.
  • Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 978-0-860549-05-5.(p. 636)
  • Ellenblum, R. (2003). Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521521871.
  • Fisk, R. (2001). Pity the nation: Lebanon at war. ISBN 978-0192801302. (For future expansion: Chapter 2: Mrs Zamzam in the Rashidieh refugee camp in southern Lebanon recalls Umm al-Faraj)
  • Frankel, Rafael (1988). "Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period". Israel Exploration Journal. 38 (4): 249–272. JSTOR 27926125.
  • Getzov, Nimrod; Stern, Edna J.; Shapiro, Anastasia (2016-10-02). "Umm al-Faraj (Moshav Ben Ami)" (128). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
  • Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre.
  • Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-920405-41-4.
  • Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253.
  • Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-224-9.
  • Khamisy, Rabei G. (2014). "The Treaty of 1283 between Sultan Qalāwūn and the Frankish Authorities of Acre: A New Topographical Discussion". Israel Exploration Journal. 64, 1: 72–102.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  • Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Rhode, H. (1979). Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). Columbia University.
  • Röhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana.
  • Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
  • Sharon, M. (1999). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, B-C. Vol. 2. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11083-0.
  • Strehlke, E. [in German], ed. (1869). Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum. Berlin: Weidmanns.

External links

March 12, 2023
faraj, arabic, أم, الفرج, known, crusaders, fierge, palestinian, village, depopulated, 1948, الفرجum, faraj, fiergeetymology, ruin, with, chink, 1870s, 1940s, modern, 1940s, with, modern, overlay, mapa, series, historical, maps, area, around, click, buttons, l. Umm al Faraj Arabic أم الفرج known to the Crusaders as La Fierge was a Palestinian village depopulated in 1948 Umm al Faraj أ م الفرجUm el Faraj La FiergeEtymology The ruin with the gap or chink 1 1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Umm al Faraj click the buttons Umm al FarajLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates 33 00 18 N 35 07 16 E 33 00500 N 35 12111 E 33 00500 35 12111 Coordinates 33 00 18 N 35 07 16 E 33 00500 N 35 12111 E 33 00500 35 12111Palestine grid162 267Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictAcreDate of depopulation21 May 1948 4 Area 3 Total825 dunams 82 5 ha or 204 acres Population 1945 Total800 2 3 Cause s of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forcesCurrent LocalitiesBen Ami 5 Contents 1 Location 2 History 2 1 Crusader Mamluk era 2 2 Ottoman era 2 3 British Mandate era 2 4 1948 War and aftermath 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksLocationThe village was situated on a flat spot in the Acre plain 10 5 kilometers 6 5 mi northeast of Acre 6 HistoryArchaeological remains from the Roman and Byzantine eras have been found here 7 Sugar Moulds found here indicate that sugar productions started in the 11th century under the Fatimid era 7 Crusader Mamluk era The village was known to the Crusaders as Le Fierge and belonged to the fief of Casal Imbert 6 In 1253 King Henry granted the whole estate of Casal Imbert including Le Fierge to John of Ibelin 8 9 Shortly after in 1256 John of Ibelin leased Az Zeeb and all its depending villages including Le Fierge to the Teutonic Order for 10 years 10 In 1261 Az Zeeb together with Le Fierge and Le Quiebre were sold to the Teutonic Order in return for an annual sum for as long as Acre was in Christian hands 11 In 1283 it was still a part of the Crusader states as it was mentioned as part of their domain in the hudna between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan Qalawun 12 13 According to al Maqrizi it had come under Mamluk rule in 1291 when it was mentioned under the name of Farah when sultan al Ashraf Khalil allocated the village s income to a Waqf in Cairo 14 15 Sugar production continued here during the Crusader and Mamluk eras 7 Ottoman era Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine it appeared in the 1596 tax registers as Farja being in the Akka Nahiya Subdistrict of Acre part of the Safad Sanjak District of Safed with a population of 24 households and 13 bachelors all Muslim The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 20 on agricultural products including wheat barley summer crops cotton goats and beehives in addition to occasional revenues and a water mill a total of 1 576 akce Half of the revenues were given to a waqf 16 17 18 Sugar production continued here to the beginning of the seventeenth century CE 7 In 1799 the village was called El Fargi on the map of Pierre Jacotin 19 An inscription in marble built into the wall above the gate of the village mosque dates this building to 1254 H 1838 39 C E 20 In May 1875 the French explorer Victor Guerin visited the village He described it as being surrounded by delightful gardens irrigated with water from Nahr al Mafshukh Many houses were built with great care and some had old pieces of stone built into them He further noted that the location of an old demolished church is still to a certain extent recognisable and that all the 200 villagers were Muslim 21 In 1881 the PEF s Survey of Western Palestine described it as being built of stone and with a population of 200 The villagers planted fig olive mulberry and pomegranate trees 22 A population list from about 1887 showed Um el Ferj to have about 690 inhabitants all Muslims 23 British Mandate era In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities Umm al Faraj had a population of 322 all Muslims 24 increasing in the 1931 census to 415 2 Christians and 413 Muslims in a total of 94 houses 25 The older houses in the village were built close together and formed a circle while the homes build after 1936 were scattered among the orchards 6 The population of Umm al Faraj lived by agriculture 6 In the 1945 statistics the population of Umm al Faraj was 800 all Muslims 2 with a total land area of 825 dunams 3 In 1944 45 a total of 745 dunams 0 745 km2 0 288 sq mi was used for citrus and bananas 18 dunams 0 018 km2 0 0069 sq mi were used for cereals 42 dunams 0 042 km2 0 016 sq mi were irrigated or used for orchards 6 26 while 15 dunams were built up urban areas 27 1948 War and aftermath See also al Kabri massacre During the 1948 Arab Israeli War Umm al Faraj was assaulted by Israel s Carmeli Brigade in the second stage of Operation Ben Ami The operational order issued 19 May 1948 was to attack with the aim of conquest the killing of adult males destruction and torching 28 The assault came on the 20 21 May 1948 when Carmeli forces attacked Umm al Faraj together with Kabri al Tell and Nahar and then demolished them according to Morris 29 Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel The moshav of Ben Ami was established in 1949 in part on village land 5 The Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village remains in 1992 Only the stone mosque remains It is shut and stands in a state of decay amid tall wild grass Many trees that might predate the village s destruction can be seen The nearby lands are cultivated a banana grove belongs to the Ben Ammi settlement 5 See alsoDepopulated Palestinian locations in IsraelReferences Palmer 1881 p 50 a b Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 p 5 a b c Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 41 Morris 2004 p xvii village 83 Morris also gives cause of depopulation a b c Khalidi 1992 p 35 a b c d e Khalidi 1992 p 34 a b c d Getzov Stern and Shapiro 2016 Umm al Faraj Moshav Ben Ami Strehlke 1869 pp 84 85 No 105 cited in Rohricht 1893 RRH p 318 No 1208 cited in Frankel 1988 p 264 Ellenblum 2003 p 68 Rohricht 1893 RRH p 328 No 1250 cited in Frankel 1988 p 264 Strehlke 1869 pp 106 7 No 119 cited in Rohricht 1893 RRH pp 341 2 No 1307 The al Qalqashandi version of the hudna referred in Barag 1979 p 204 24 Khamisy 2014 p 93 31 al Maqrizi 1845 vol 2 p 131 Barag 1979 p 203 Hutteroth and Abdulfattah 1977 p 193 has not identified it Rhode 1979 p 77 Note that Rhode 1979 p 6 Archived 2019 04 20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hutteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595 6 but from 1548 9 Karmon 1960 p 160 Sharon 1999 pp 170 171 Guerin 1880 pp 45 46 Conder and Kitchener 1881 SWP I p 147 Quoted in Khalidi 1992 p 34 Schumacher 1888 p 190 Barron 1923 Table XI Sub district of Acre p 36 Mills 1932 p 105 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 81 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 131 Morris 2004 p 253 note 727 Morris 2004 pp 253 254 note 729BibliographyAl Maqrizi 1845 Histoire des sultans mamlouks de l Egypte ecrite en arabe in French and Latin Vol 2 Translator Etienne Marc Quatremere Paris Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland Barag Dan 1979 A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem Israel Exploration Journal 29 3 4 197 217 JSTOR 27925726 Barron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R Kitchener H H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 1 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Dauphin C 1998 La Palestine byzantine Peuplement et Populations BAR International Series 726 in French Vol III Catalogue Oxford Archeopress ISBN 978 0 860549 05 5 p 636 Ellenblum R 2003 Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521521871 Fisk R 2001 Pity the nation Lebanon at war ISBN 978 0192801302 For future expansion Chapter 2 Mrs Zamzam in the Rashidieh refugee camp in southern Lebanon recalls Umm al Faraj Frankel Rafael 1988 Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period Israel Exploration Journal 38 4 249 272 JSTOR 27926125 Getzov Nimrod Stern Edna J Shapiro Anastasia 2016 10 02 Umm al Faraj Moshav Ben Ami 128 Hadashot Arkheologiyot Excavations and Surveys in Israel a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Guerin V 1880 Description Geographique Historique et Archeologique de la Palestine in French Vol 3 Galilee pt 2 Paris L Imprimerie Nationale Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre Hutteroth Wolf Dieter Abdulfattah Kamal 1977 Historical Geography of Palestine Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten Sonderband 5 Erlangen Germany Vorstand der Frankischen Geographischen Gesellschaft ISBN 978 3 920405 41 4 Karmon Y 1960 An Analysis of Jacotin s Map of Palestine PDF Israel Exploration Journal 10 3 4 155 173 244 253 Khalidi W 1992 All That Remains The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 Washington D C Institute for Palestine Studies ISBN 978 0 88728 224 9 Khamisy Rabei G 2014 The Treaty of 1283 between Sultan Qalawun and the Frankish Authorities of Acre A New Topographical Discussion Israel Exploration Journal 64 1 72 102 Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Morris B 2004 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 00967 6 Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Rhode H 1979 Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century PhD Columbia University Rohricht R 1893 RRH Regesta regni Hierosolymitani MXCVII MCCXCI in Latin Berlin Libraria Academica Wageriana Schumacher G 1888 Population list of the Liwa of Akka Quarterly Statement Palestine Exploration Fund 20 169 191 Sharon M 1999 Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae B C Vol 2 BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 11083 0 Strehlke E in German ed 1869 Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum Berlin Weidmanns External linksWelcome to Umm al Faraj Umm al Faraj Zochrot Survey of Western Palestine Map 3 IAA Wikimedia commons Um Al Faraj photos from Dr Moslih Kanaaneh Umm Al Faraj at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Umm al Faraj amp 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