fbpx
Wikipedia

Ultrafine particle

January 01, 1970

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are particulate matter of nanoscale size (less than 0.1 μm or 100 nm in diameter).[1] Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles, which are far smaller than the regulated PM10 and PM2.5 particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates.[2] Although they remain largely unregulated, the World Health Organization has published good practice statements regarding measuring UFPs.[3]

There are two main divisions that categorize types of UFPs. UFPs can either be carbon-based or metallic, and then can be further subdivided by their magnetic properties. Electron microscopy and special physical lab conditions allow scientists to observe UFP morphology.[1] Airborne UFPs can be measured using a condensation particle counter, in which particles are mixed with alcohol vapor and then cooled, allowing the vapor to condense around them, after which they are counted using a light scanner.[4] UFPs are both manufactured and naturally occurring. UFPs are the main constituent of airborne particulate matter. Owing to their large quantity and ability to penetrate deep within the lung, UFPs are a major concern for respiratory exposure and health.[5]

Sources and applications edit

UFPs are both manufactured and naturally occurring. Hot volcanic lava, ocean spray, and smoke are common natural UFPs sources. UFPs can be intentionally fabricated as fine particles to serve a vast range of applications in both medicine and technology. Other UFPs are byproducts, like emissions, from specific processes, combustion reactions, or equipment such as printer toner and automobile exhaust.[6][7] Anthropogenic sources of UFPs include combustion of gas, coal or hydrocarbons, biomass burning (i.e. agricultural burning, forest fires and waste disposal), vehicular traffic and industrial emissions, tire wear and tear from car brakes, air traffic, seaport, maritime transportation, construction, demolition, restoration and concrete processing, domestic wood stoves, outdoor burning, kitchen, and cigarette smoke.[8] In 2014, an air quality study found harmful ultrafine particles from the takeoffs and landings at Los Angeles International Airport to be of much greater magnitude than previously thought.[9] There are a multitude of indoor sources that include but are not limited to laser printers, fax machines, photocopiers, the peeling of citrus fruits, cooking, tobacco smoke, penetration of contaminated outdoor air, chimney cracks and vacuum cleaners.[4]

UFPs have a variety of applications in the medical and technology fields. They are used in diagnostic imagining, and novel drug delivery systems that include targeting the circulatory system, and or passage of the blood brain barrier to name just a few.[10] Certain UFPs like silver based nanostructures have antimicrobial properties that are exploited in wound healing and internal instrumental coatings among other uses, in order to prevent infections.[11] In the area of technology, carbon based UFPs have a plethora of applications in computers. This includes the use of graphene and carbon nanotubes in electronic as well as other computer and circuitry components. Some UFPs have characteristics similar to gas or liquid and are useful in powders or lubricants.[12]

Exposure, risk, and health effects edit

The main exposure to UFPs is through inhalation. Owing to their size, UFPs are considered to be respirable particles. Contrary to the behaviour of inhaled PM10 and PM2.5, ultrafine particles are deposited in the lungs,[13] where they have the ability to penetrate tissue and undergo interstitialization, or to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream—and therefore are not easily removed from the body and may have immediate effect.[2] Exposure to UFPs, even if components are not very toxic, may cause oxidative stress,[14] inflammatory mediator release, and could induce heart disease, lung disease, and other systemic effects.[15] [16][17][18] The exact mechanism through which UFP exposure leads to health effects remains to be elucidated, but effects on Blood pressure may play a role. It has recently been reported that UFP is associated with an increase in blood pressure in schoolchildren with the smallest particles inducing the largest effect.[19] According to research, infants whose mothers were exposed to higher levels of UFPs during pregnancy are much more likely to develop asthma.[20]

There is a range of potential human exposures that include occupational, due to the direct manufacturing process or a byproduct from an industrial or office environment,[2][21] as well as incidental, from contaminated outdoor air and other byproduct emissions.[22] In order to quantify exposure and risk, both in vivo and in vitro studies of various UFP species are currently being done using a variety of animal models including mouse, rat, and fish.[23] These studies aim to establish toxicological profiles necessary for risk assessment, risk management, and potential regulation and legislation.[24][25] [26]

Some sizes of UFPs may be filtered from the air using ULPA filters.

Regulation and legislation edit

As the nanotechnology industry has grown, nanoparticles have brought UFPs more public and regulatory attention.[27] UFP risk assessment research is still in the very early stages. There are continuing debates[28] about whether to regulate UFPs and how to research and manage the health risks they may pose.[29][30][31][32] As of March 19, 2008, the EPA does not yet regulate or research ultrafine particles,[33] but has drafted a Nanomaterial Research Strategy, open for independent, external peer review beginning February 7, 2008 (Panel review on April 11, 2008).[34] There is also debate about how the European Union (EU) should regulate UFPs.[35]

Political disputes edit

There is political dispute between China and South Korea on ultrafine dust. South Korea claims that about 80% of ultrafine dust comes from China, and China and South Korea should cooperate to reduce the level of fine dust. China, however, argues that the Chinese government have already implemented its policy regarding ecological environment. According to China's government, its quality of air has been improved more than 40% since 2013. However, the air pollution in South Korea got worse. Therefore, the dispute between China and South Korea has become political.[36] In March 2019, Seoul Research Institute of Public Health and Environment said that 50% to 70% of the fine dust is from China, therefore China is responsible for the air pollution in South Korea. This dispute provokes dispute among citizens as well.[37] In July 2014, China's paramount leader Xi Jinping and the South Korean government agreed to enforce Korea-China Cooperative Project, regarding Sharing of observation data on air pollutions, joint research on an air pollution forecast model and air pollution source identification, and human resources exchanges, etc.[38] Followed by this agreement, in 2018, China and South Korea signed China-Korea Environmental Cooperation Plan to resolute environmental issues. China Research Academy of Environmental Studies (CRAES) in Beijing is developing a building for China-Korea Environmental Cooperation Center including office building and laboratory building. Based on this cooperation, South Korea already sent 10 experts on environments to China for research, and China will also send more experts for long-term research. By this bilateral relations, China and Republic of Korea are seeking resolution on air pollution in North East Asia region, and seeks international security.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b S. Iijima (1985). "Electron Microscopy of Small Particles". Journal of Electron Microscopy. 34 (4): 249.
  2. ^ a b c V. Howard (2009). "Statement of Evidence: Particulate Emissions and Health (An Bord Plenala, on Proposed Ringaskiddy Waste-to-Energy Facility)" (PDF). Durham Environment Watch. (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
  3. ^ url = https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/345334
  4. ^ a b John D. Spengler, John F. McCarthy, Jonathan M. Samet (2000). Indoor Air Quality Handbook. Mcgraw-hill. ISBN 978-0074455494.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ T. Osunsanya; et al. (2001). "Acute Respiratory Effects of Particles: Mass or Number?". Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 58 (3): 154–159. doi:10.1136/oem.58.3.154. PMC 1740106. PMID 11171927.
  6. ^ B. Collins (3 August 2007). "HP Hits Back in Printer Health Scare Row". PC Pro. from the original on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  7. ^ M. Benjamin (November 2007). . RT Magazine. Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  8. ^ Moreno-Ríos, Andrea L.; Tejeda-Benítez, Lesly P.; Bustillo-Lecompte, Ciro F. (2022). "Sources, characteristics, toxicity, and control of ultrafine particles: An overview". Geoscience Frontiers. 13: 101147. Bibcode:2022GeoFr..1301147M. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101147. hdl:11323/7995. S2CID 234159865.
  9. ^ Weikel, Dan and Barboza, Tony (May 29, 2014) "Planes' exhaust could be harming communities up to 10 miles from LAX" 2014-05-31 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles Times
  10. ^ S.M. Moghini; et al. (2005). "Nanomedicine: Current Status and Future Prospects". The FASEB Journal. 19 (3): 311–30. doi:10.1096/fj.04-2747rev. PMID 15746175. S2CID 30173777.
  11. ^ I. Chopra (2007). "The Increasing Use of Silver-Based Products As Antimicrobial Agents: A Useful Development or a Cause for Concern?". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 59 (4): 587–90. doi:10.1093/jac/dkm006. PMID 17307768.
  12. ^ "Nanotechnology: Ultrafine Particle Research". Environmental Protection Agency. 26 February 2008. from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  13. ^ Int Panis, L; et al. (2010). "Exposure to particulate matter in traffic: A comparison of cyclists and car passengers". Atmospheric Environment. 44 (19): 2263–2270. Bibcode:2010AtmEn..44.2263I. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.028. S2CID 56142753.
  14. ^ I. Romieu; et al. (2008). "Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress and Dietary Supplementation: A Review". European Respiratory Journal. 31 (1): 179–97. doi:10.1183/09031936.00128106. PMID 18166596.
  15. ^ Brook RD; et al. (2010). "AHA Scientific Statement: Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease". Circulation. 121 (21): 2331–2378. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1. PMID 20458016. from the original on 2014-11-23. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
  16. ^ J. Card; et al. (2008). "Pulmonary Applications and Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 295 (3): L400–11. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00041.2008. PMC 2536798. PMID 18641236.
  17. ^ L. Calderón-Garcidueñas; et al. (2008). "Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure is Associated with Neuroinflammation, an Altered Innate Immune Response, Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Ultrafine Particulate Deposition, and Accumulation of Amyloid Β-42 and Α-Synuclein in Children and Young Adults". Toxicologic Pathology. 36 (2): 289–310. doi:10.1177/0192623307313011. PMID 18349428. S2CID 21104325.
  18. ^ Jacobs, L (Oct 2010). "Subclinical responses in healthy cyclists briefly exposed to traffic-related air pollution". Environmental Health. 9 (64): 64. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-9-64. PMC 2984475. PMID 20973949.
  19. ^ Pieters, N; Koppen, G; Van Poppel, M; De Prins, S; Cox, B; Dons, E; Nelen, V; Int Panis, L; Plusquin, M; Schoeters, G; Nawrot, TS (March 2015). "Blood Pressure and Same-Day Exposure to Air Pollution at School: Associations with Nano-Sized to Coarse PM in Children". Environmental Health Perspectives. 123 (7): 737–42. doi:10.1289/ehp.1408121. PMC 4492263. PMID 25756964.
  20. ^ Carrington, Damian (2021-05-21). "Asthma in toddlers linked to in-utero exposure to air pollution, study finds". The Guardian. from the original on 2021-05-22. Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  21. ^ A. Seaton (2006). "Nanotechnology and the Occupational Physician". Occupational Medicine. 56 (5): 312–6. doi:10.1093/occmed/kql053. PMID 16868129.
  22. ^ I. Krivoshto; Richards, JR; Albertson, TE; Derlet, RW (2008). "The Toxicity of Diesel Exhaust: Implications for Primary Care". Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 21 (1): 55–62. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2008.01.070139. PMID 18178703.
  23. ^ C. Sayes; et al. (2007). "Assessing Toxicity of Fine and Nanoparticles: Comparing in Vitro Measurements to in Vivo Pulmonary Toxicity Profiles". Toxicological Sciences. 97 (1): 163–80. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm018. PMID 17301066.
  24. ^ K. Dreher (2004). "Health and Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology: Toxicological Assessment of Manufactured Nanoparticles". Toxicological Sciences. 77 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfh041. PMID 14756123. from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  25. ^ A. Nel; et al. (2006). "Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel". Science. 311 (5761): 622–7. Bibcode:2006Sci...311..622N. doi:10.1126/science.1114397. PMID 16456071. S2CID 6900874.
  26. ^ Notter, Dominic A. (September 2015). "Life cycle impact assessment modeling for particulate matter: A new approach based on physico-chemical particle properties". Environment International. 82: 10–20. Bibcode:2015EnInt..82...10N. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.002. PMID 26001495.
  27. ^ S.S. Nadadur; et al. (2007). "The Complexities of Air Pollution Regulation: the Need for an Integrated Research and Regulatory Perspective". Toxicological Sciences. 100 (2): 318–27. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm170. PMID 17609539.
  28. ^ L.L. Bergoson (12 September 2007). "Greenpeace Releases Activists' Guide to REACH, Which Addresses Nanomaterials: Nanotech Law blog of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C." Nanotechnology Law Blog. Bergeson & Campbell, P.C. from the original on 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
  29. ^ W.G. Kreyling; M. Semmler-Behnke; W. Möller (2006). "Ultrafine particle-lung interactions: does size matter?". Journal of Aerosol Medicine. 19 (1): 74–83. doi:10.1089/jam.2006.19.74. PMID 16551218. from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
  30. ^ M. Geiser; et al. (2005). "Ultrafine Particles Cross Cellular Membranes by Nonphagocytic Mechanisms in Lungs and in Cultured Cells". Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 (11): 1555–1560. doi:10.1289/ehp.8006. PMC 1310918. PMID 16263511.
  31. ^ O. Günter; et al. (2005). "Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles". Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 (7): 823–839. doi:10.1289/ehp.7339. PMC 1257642. PMID 16002369.
  32. ^ S. Radoslav; et al. (2003). "Micellar Nanocontainers Distribute to Defined Cytoplasmic Organelles". Science. 300 (5619): 615–618. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..615S. doi:10.1126/science.1078192. PMID 12714738. S2CID 2359209.
  33. ^ "How Ultrafine Particles In Air Pollution May Cause Heart Disease". Science Daily. 22 January 2008. from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  34. ^ K. Teichman (1 February 2008). (PDF). Federal Register. 73 (30): 8309. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2008.
  35. ^ J.B. Skjaerseth; J. Wettestad (2 March 2007). (PDF). International Environmental Agreements. Fridtjof Nansen Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
  36. ^ "Outcome of 23rd Meeting of ROK-China Joint Committee and Director-General-Level Meeting on Environmental Cooperation View|Press ReleasesMinistry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea". from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  37. ^ "China vowed to combat fine dust: environment minister". Yonhap News Agency. March 6, 2019. from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  38. ^ Xu, Maggie (June 26, 2018). "China, South Korea build environment cooperation". Asia News Network. from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.

Further reading edit

  • Alam, Zerin Binte; Mohiuddin, Kazi A.B.M. (2023). "Micro-characterization of Dust and Materials of Dust Origin at a Cement Industry Located in Bangladesh". Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 23. doi:10.4209/aaqr.220109. S2CID 252980896.
  • Kumar, Prashant; Pirjola, Liisa; Ketzel, Matthias; Harrison, Roy M. (2013). "Nanoparticle emissions from 11 non-vehicle exhaust sources – A review". Atmospheric Environment. 67. Elsevier BV: 252–277. Bibcode:2013AtmEn..67..252K. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.011. ISSN 1352-2310.

External links edit

  • Current global map of PM1 distribution

January 01, 1970
ultrafine, particle, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, december, 2023, ufps, particulate, matter, nanoscale, size, less, than, diameter, regulations, exist, this, size, c. This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2023 Ultrafine particles UFPs are particulate matter of nanoscale size less than 0 1 mm or 100 nm in diameter 1 Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles which are far smaller than the regulated PM10 and PM2 5 particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates 2 Although they remain largely unregulated the World Health Organization has published good practice statements regarding measuring UFPs 3 There are two main divisions that categorize types of UFPs UFPs can either be carbon based or metallic and then can be further subdivided by their magnetic properties Electron microscopy and special physical lab conditions allow scientists to observe UFP morphology 1 Airborne UFPs can be measured using a condensation particle counter in which particles are mixed with alcohol vapor and then cooled allowing the vapor to condense around them after which they are counted using a light scanner 4 UFPs are both manufactured and naturally occurring UFPs are the main constituent of airborne particulate matter Owing to their large quantity and ability to penetrate deep within the lung UFPs are a major concern for respiratory exposure and health 5 Contents 1 Sources and applications 2 Exposure risk and health effects 3 Regulation and legislation 4 Political disputes 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksSources and applications editUFPs are both manufactured and naturally occurring Hot volcanic lava ocean spray and smoke are common natural UFPs sources UFPs can be intentionally fabricated as fine particles to serve a vast range of applications in both medicine and technology Other UFPs are byproducts like emissions from specific processes combustion reactions or equipment such as printer toner and automobile exhaust 6 7 Anthropogenic sources of UFPs include combustion of gas coal or hydrocarbons biomass burning i e agricultural burning forest fires and waste disposal vehicular traffic and industrial emissions tire wear and tear from car brakes air traffic seaport maritime transportation construction demolition restoration and concrete processing domestic wood stoves outdoor burning kitchen and cigarette smoke 8 In 2014 an air quality study found harmful ultrafine particles from the takeoffs and landings at Los Angeles International Airport to be of much greater magnitude than previously thought 9 There are a multitude of indoor sources that include but are not limited to laser printers fax machines photocopiers the peeling of citrus fruits cooking tobacco smoke penetration of contaminated outdoor air chimney cracks and vacuum cleaners 4 UFPs have a variety of applications in the medical and technology fields They are used in diagnostic imagining and novel drug delivery systems that include targeting the circulatory system and or passage of the blood brain barrier to name just a few 10 Certain UFPs like silver based nanostructures have antimicrobial properties that are exploited in wound healing and internal instrumental coatings among other uses in order to prevent infections 11 In the area of technology carbon based UFPs have a plethora of applications in computers This includes the use of graphene and carbon nanotubes in electronic as well as other computer and circuitry components Some UFPs have characteristics similar to gas or liquid and are useful in powders or lubricants 12 Exposure risk and health effects editThe main exposure to UFPs is through inhalation Owing to their size UFPs are considered to be respirable particles Contrary to the behaviour of inhaled PM10 and PM2 5 ultrafine particles are deposited in the lungs 13 where they have the ability to penetrate tissue and undergo interstitialization or to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream and therefore are not easily removed from the body and may have immediate effect 2 Exposure to UFPs even if components are not very toxic may cause oxidative stress 14 inflammatory mediator release and could induce heart disease lung disease and other systemic effects 15 16 17 18 The exact mechanism through which UFP exposure leads to health effects remains to be elucidated but effects on Blood pressure may play a role It has recently been reported that UFP is associated with an increase in blood pressure in schoolchildren with the smallest particles inducing the largest effect 19 According to research infants whose mothers were exposed to higher levels of UFPs during pregnancy are much more likely to develop asthma 20 There is a range of potential human exposures that include occupational due to the direct manufacturing process or a byproduct from an industrial or office environment 2 21 as well as incidental from contaminated outdoor air and other byproduct emissions 22 In order to quantify exposure and risk both in vivo and in vitro studies of various UFP species are currently being done using a variety of animal models including mouse rat and fish 23 These studies aim to establish toxicological profiles necessary for risk assessment risk management and potential regulation and legislation 24 25 26 Some sizes of UFPs may be filtered from the air using ULPA filters Regulation and legislation editAs the nanotechnology industry has grown nanoparticles have brought UFPs more public and regulatory attention 27 UFP risk assessment research is still in the very early stages There are continuing debates 28 about whether to regulate UFPs and how to research and manage the health risks they may pose 29 30 31 32 As of March 19 2008 the EPA does not yet regulate or research ultrafine particles 33 but has drafted a Nanomaterial Research Strategy open for independent external peer review beginning February 7 2008 Panel review on April 11 2008 34 There is also debate about how the European Union EU should regulate UFPs 35 Political disputes editThere is political dispute between China and South Korea on ultrafine dust South Korea claims that about 80 of ultrafine dust comes from China and China and South Korea should cooperate to reduce the level of fine dust China however argues that the Chinese government have already implemented its policy regarding ecological environment According to China s government its quality of air has been improved more than 40 since 2013 However the air pollution in South Korea got worse Therefore the dispute between China and South Korea has become political 36 In March 2019 Seoul Research Institute of Public Health and Environment said that 50 to 70 of the fine dust is from China therefore China is responsible for the air pollution in South Korea This dispute provokes dispute among citizens as well 37 In July 2014 China s paramount leader Xi Jinping and the South Korean government agreed to enforce Korea China Cooperative Project regarding Sharing of observation data on air pollutions joint research on an air pollution forecast model and air pollution source identification and human resources exchanges etc 38 Followed by this agreement in 2018 China and South Korea signed China Korea Environmental Cooperation Plan to resolute environmental issues China Research Academy of Environmental Studies CRAES in Beijing is developing a building for China Korea Environmental Cooperation Center including office building and laboratory building Based on this cooperation South Korea already sent 10 experts on environments to China for research and China will also send more experts for long term research By this bilateral relations China and Republic of Korea are seeking resolution on air pollution in North East Asia region and seeks international security See also editDiesel particulate matter Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials Metal fume fever Metal working Nanostructures Open burning of waste Open burning Power tool Renovation Welding WildfireReferences edit a b S Iijima 1985 Electron Microscopy of Small Particles Journal of Electron Microscopy 34 4 249 a b c V Howard 2009 Statement of Evidence Particulate Emissions and Health An Bord Plenala on Proposed Ringaskiddy Waste to Energy Facility PDF Durham Environment Watch Archived PDF from the original on 2012 03 31 Retrieved 2011 04 26 url https iris who int handle 10665 345334 a b John D Spengler John F McCarthy Jonathan M Samet 2000 Indoor Air Quality Handbook Mcgraw hill ISBN 978 0074455494 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link T Osunsanya et al 2001 Acute Respiratory Effects of Particles Mass or Number Occupational amp Environmental Medicine 58 3 154 159 doi 10 1136 oem 58 3 154 PMC 1740106 PMID 11171927 B Collins 3 August 2007 HP Hits Back in Printer Health Scare Row PC Pro Archived from the original on 2007 08 10 Retrieved 2009 05 15 M Benjamin November 2007 RT for Decision Makers in Respiratory Care RT Magazine Archived from the original on 2008 12 04 Retrieved 2009 05 15 Moreno Rios Andrea L Tejeda Benitez Lesly P Bustillo Lecompte Ciro F 2022 Sources characteristics toxicity and control of ultrafine particles An overview Geoscience Frontiers 13 101147 Bibcode 2022GeoFr 1301147M doi 10 1016 j gsf 2021 101147 hdl 11323 7995 S2CID 234159865 Weikel Dan and Barboza Tony May 29 2014 Planes exhaust could be harming communities up to 10 miles from LAX Archived 2014 05 31 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles Times S M Moghini et al 2005 Nanomedicine Current Status and Future Prospects The FASEB Journal 19 3 311 30 doi 10 1096 fj 04 2747rev PMID 15746175 S2CID 30173777 I Chopra 2007 The Increasing Use of Silver Based Products As Antimicrobial Agents A Useful Development or a Cause for Concern Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 59 4 587 90 doi 10 1093 jac dkm006 PMID 17307768 Nanotechnology Ultrafine Particle Research Environmental Protection Agency 26 February 2008 Archived from the original on 2012 05 03 Retrieved 2009 05 15 Int Panis L et al 2010 Exposure to particulate matter in traffic A comparison of cyclists and car passengers Atmospheric Environment 44 19 2263 2270 Bibcode 2010AtmEn 44 2263I doi 10 1016 j atmosenv 2010 04 028 S2CID 56142753 I Romieu et al 2008 Air Pollution Oxidative Stress and Dietary Supplementation A Review European Respiratory Journal 31 1 179 97 doi 10 1183 09031936 00128106 PMID 18166596 Brook RD et al 2010 AHA Scientific Statement Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease Circulation 121 21 2331 2378 doi 10 1161 CIR 0b013e3181dbece1 PMID 20458016 Archived from the original on 2014 11 23 Retrieved 2014 11 13 J Card et al 2008 Pulmonary Applications and Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles American Journal of Physiology Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 295 3 L400 11 doi 10 1152 ajplung 00041 2008 PMC 2536798 PMID 18641236 L Calderon Garciduenas et al 2008 Long Term Air Pollution Exposure is Associated with Neuroinflammation an Altered Innate Immune Response Disruption of the Blood Brain Barrier Ultrafine Particulate Deposition and Accumulation of Amyloid B 42 and A Synuclein in Children and Young Adults Toxicologic Pathology 36 2 289 310 doi 10 1177 0192623307313011 PMID 18349428 S2CID 21104325 Jacobs L Oct 2010 Subclinical responses in healthy cyclists briefly exposed to traffic related air pollution Environmental Health 9 64 64 doi 10 1186 1476 069X 9 64 PMC 2984475 PMID 20973949 Pieters N Koppen G Van Poppel M De Prins S Cox B Dons E Nelen V Int Panis L Plusquin M Schoeters G Nawrot TS March 2015 Blood Pressure and Same Day Exposure to Air Pollution at School Associations with Nano Sized to Coarse PM in Children Environmental Health Perspectives 123 7 737 42 doi 10 1289 ehp 1408121 PMC 4492263 PMID 25756964 Carrington Damian 2021 05 21 Asthma in toddlers linked to in utero exposure to air pollution study finds The Guardian Archived from the original on 2021 05 22 Retrieved 2021 05 22 A Seaton 2006 Nanotechnology and the Occupational Physician Occupational Medicine 56 5 312 6 doi 10 1093 occmed kql053 PMID 16868129 I Krivoshto Richards JR Albertson TE Derlet RW 2008 The Toxicity of Diesel Exhaust Implications for Primary Care Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 21 1 55 62 doi 10 3122 jabfm 2008 01 070139 PMID 18178703 C Sayes et al 2007 Assessing Toxicity of Fine and Nanoparticles Comparing in Vitro Measurements to in Vivo Pulmonary Toxicity Profiles Toxicological Sciences 97 1 163 80 doi 10 1093 toxsci kfm018 PMID 17301066 K Dreher 2004 Health and Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology Toxicological Assessment of Manufactured Nanoparticles Toxicological Sciences 77 1 3 5 doi 10 1093 toxsci kfh041 PMID 14756123 Archived from the original on 2021 10 06 Retrieved 2019 09 09 A Nel et al 2006 Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel Science 311 5761 622 7 Bibcode 2006Sci 311 622N doi 10 1126 science 1114397 PMID 16456071 S2CID 6900874 Notter Dominic A September 2015 Life cycle impact assessment modeling for particulate matter A new approach based on physico chemical particle properties Environment International 82 10 20 Bibcode 2015EnInt 82 10N doi 10 1016 j envint 2015 05 002 PMID 26001495 S S Nadadur et al 2007 The Complexities of Air Pollution Regulation the Need for an Integrated Research and Regulatory Perspective Toxicological Sciences 100 2 318 27 doi 10 1093 toxsci kfm170 PMID 17609539 L L Bergoson 12 September 2007 Greenpeace Releases Activists Guide to REACH Which Addresses Nanomaterials Nanotech Law blog of Bergeson amp Campbell P C Nanotechnology Law Blog Bergeson amp Campbell P C Archived from the original on 2012 04 10 Retrieved 2008 03 19 W G Kreyling M Semmler Behnke W Moller 2006 Ultrafine particle lung interactions does size matter Journal of Aerosol Medicine 19 1 74 83 doi 10 1089 jam 2006 19 74 PMID 16551218 Archived from the original on 2021 10 06 Retrieved 2019 12 13 M Geiser et al 2005 Ultrafine Particles Cross Cellular Membranes by Nonphagocytic Mechanisms in Lungs and in Cultured Cells Environmental Health Perspectives 113 11 1555 1560 doi 10 1289 ehp 8006 PMC 1310918 PMID 16263511 O Gunter et al 2005 Nanotoxicology An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113 7 823 839 doi 10 1289 ehp 7339 PMC 1257642 PMID 16002369 S Radoslav et al 2003 Micellar Nanocontainers Distribute to Defined Cytoplasmic Organelles Science 300 5619 615 618 Bibcode 2003Sci 300 615S doi 10 1126 science 1078192 PMID 12714738 S2CID 2359209 How Ultrafine Particles In Air Pollution May Cause Heart Disease Science Daily 22 January 2008 Archived from the original on 2008 10 20 Retrieved 2009 05 15 K Teichman 1 February 2008 Notice of Availability of the Nanomaterial Research Strategy External Review Draft and Expert Peer Review Meeting PDF Federal Register 73 30 8309 Archived from the original PDF on May 16 2008 J B Skjaerseth J Wettestad 2 March 2007 Is EU Enlargement Bad for Environmental Policy Confronting Gloomy Expectations with Evidence PDF International Environmental Agreements Fridtjof Nansen Institute Archived from the original PDF on 2008 05 28 Retrieved 2008 03 19 Outcome of 23rd Meeting of ROK China Joint Committee and Director General Level Meeting on Environmental Cooperation View Press ReleasesMinistry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea Archived from the original on 2021 10 06 Retrieved 2019 09 25 China vowed to combat fine dust environment minister Yonhap News Agency March 6 2019 Archived from the original on September 25 2019 Retrieved September 25 2019 Xu Maggie June 26 2018 China South Korea build environment cooperation Asia News Network Archived from the original on September 25 2019 Retrieved September 25 2019 Further reading editAlam Zerin Binte Mohiuddin Kazi A B M 2023 Micro characterization of Dust and Materials of Dust Origin at a Cement Industry Located in Bangladesh Aerosol and Air Quality Research 23 doi 10 4209 aaqr 220109 S2CID 252980896 Kumar Prashant Pirjola Liisa Ketzel Matthias Harrison Roy M 2013 Nanoparticle emissions from 11 non vehicle exhaust sources A review Atmospheric Environment 67 Elsevier BV 252 277 Bibcode 2013AtmEn 67 252K doi 10 1016 j atmosenv 2012 11 011 ISSN 1352 2310 External links editCurrent global map of PM1 distribution Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ultrafine particle amp oldid 1217579305, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.