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Vokil

May 07, 2024

Uokil, or Vokil, was a name of Bulgar dynastic clan listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. The first listed in Nominalia was Kormisosh (r. 737–754) and the last was Umor (r. 766).

Theories regarding origins edit

Kazakh Turkologist Yury Zuev had drawn attention to circumstantial evidence suggesting links between the Vokil and various Central Asian peoples, during antiquity and the early Middle Ages. The peoples concerned include:

However, such theories are controversial and cannot be all true. Conclusive evidence proving or disproving them has never been presented and there is no consensus amongst scholars on whether or not such links exist.

Yuezhi and Wusun edit

Main articles: Yuezhi and Wusun

Yuezhi and Wusun are Chinese exonyms for two separate Indo-European peoples, who lived in western China and Central Asia, during ancient times. Before the end of the 4th Century BCE, the Yuezhi and Wusun were located in areas that were later part of the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang.[4] There was substantial interaction between the Yuezhi, the Wusun and a neighbouring people, the Xiongnu, whom many scholars have suggested were precursors of the Huns.

In about 200 BCE, the Xiongnu leader Modu Chanyu attacked the Yuezhi,[5][6] and subjugated several other peoples.[7] The Yuezhi subsequently attacked the Wusun, in about 173 BC,[5][8] and killing their king, Nandoumi (Chinese: 難兜靡).[8] According to a Wusun legend, Nandoumi's infant son Liejiaomi was left in the wild, but was miraculously saved by a she-wolf, which allowed him to suckle, and ravens, which fed him meat.[9][10][11][12] This pivotal myth shared similarities with the founding myths of many other peoples in Central Asia.[13] It has been, in particular, the basis of theories that the Ashina – the royal clan of the Göktürk Turks – originated amongst the Wusun.[14] In 162 BC, the Yuezhi suffered a further, more decisive defeat at the hands of the Xiongnu and retreated from Gansu.[5] According to Zhang Qian, the Yuezhi fragmented and most fled westward into the Ili river valley.[5][15] The Wusun and Xiongnu later drove the main body of the Yuezhi southward, through Sogdia, into Bactria. The Wusun settled afterwards in Gansu, in the Wushui-he (Chinese: "Raven[-Black] Water River") valley, as vassals of the Xiongnu.[8]

According to the Chinese chronicle Hanshu, in 49 BCE the Xiongnu ruler, Zhizhi defeated three small states. Zuev reads the names of these states as the Hujie (呼揭) or Wūjiē (烏揭), Jiankun (堅昆) (i.e. Kyrghyz) and Dingling (丁零). While other scholars have regarded the Hujie ~ Wujie as most likely an offshoot of the Wusun, Zuev considers it possible that they were a remnant of the Yuezhi. The Hanshu recorded that the 'Hujie retreated to the Lake Baikal area and the Great Khingan slopes (next to the Dingling).[1] According to Zuev, the Hujie emigrated further westward, initially to the Aral Sea area, and may have joined the Yuezhi in their migration to Sogdia and Bactria.[1]

Augaloi edit

In the 2nd century CE, Ptolemy (VI, 12, 4) wrote of the Lower Syr-Darya that near a northern section of the Amu Darya were the Iatioi and Tokharoi (Tukharas, i.e. Bactrians), and south of them were a people known as the Augaloi.

Yury Zuev postulated that the Augaloi mentioned by Ptolemy with the Ukil.[16] However, a majority of scholars regard Augaloi as a misrendering of Sacaraucae.

Xijie edit

This name may be a sinicisation of igil, a Turkic root meaning "many" (Xijie < 奚結 γiei-kiet < igil). In the middle of the 7th century, the Xijie were reported to be located on the northern bank of the Kherlen River.[17][18]

The text of an Old Uyghur funeral monument for Eletmish-Kagan (d. 759), referred to the Qara Igil bodun: a combination of the determinative qara ("blackness") and igil ("people").[19] (This name may also have suggested the influence of Manichaeanism, which had a "black and white" dualistic cosmology.[20])

In a 9th-century Yugur text, the Xijie were mentioned as having a strong leader named Igil kül-irkin (Old Tibetan Hi-kil-rkor-hir-kin), and were located next to the Iduq-kas, Iduq-qash, or Iduk-Az (OTib Hi-dog-kas), who may have been offshoot or successor of the Yuezhi or Alans[21] or Turkicized Yeniseian speakers.[22]

Oghuz connection edit

A circumstantial link between the Oghuz and the Bulgar Vokil is the naming of Verkil, a hero of the epic Kitab-i dedem Korkut.[23]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", p. 56
  2. ^ Jiu Tangshu Vol. 199 lower txt. "鐵勒，本匈奴別種。自突厥強盛，鐵勒諸郡分散，衆漸寡弱。至武德初，有薛延陀、契苾、回紇、都播、骨利幹、多覽葛、僕骨、拔野古、同羅、渾部、思結、斛薛、奚結、阿跌、白霫等，散在磧北。" tr. "Tiele are originally Xiongnu's splinter stock. As Tujue are strong and prosperous, all Tiele districts are divided and scattered, the masses gradually dwindled and weakened. At the beginning of Wude [era], there are Xueyantuo, Qibi, Huihe, Dubo, Guligan, Duolange, Pugu, Bayegu, Tongluo, Hun, Sijie, Huxue, Xijie, Adie, Baixi, etc. scattered north of the desert."
  3. ^ Blažek, V. & Schwartz, M. "Tocharians: Who they were, where they came from, and where they lived" in Tocharian Studies: Works 1 (2011), p. 119
  4. ^ G. Haloun, "Zur Üe-tsï-Frage. In: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft", 91, NF 16, 1937, p. 301, in Yury Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", p. 42
  5. ^ a b c d Benjamin, Craig (October 2003). "The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia". Transoxiana Webfestschrift. 1 (Ēran ud Anērān). Transoxiana. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  6. ^ Beckwith 2009, pp. 380–383
  7. ^ Enoki, Koshelenko & Haidary 1994, pp. 171–191
  8. ^ a b c Beckwith 2009, pp. 6–7
  9. ^ François & Hulsewé 1979, p. 215
  10. ^ Shiji 《史記·大宛列傳》 Original text: 匈奴攻殺其父，而昆莫生棄於野。烏嗛肉蜚其上，狼往乳之。
  11. ^ Beckwith 2009, p. 6
  12. ^ Watson 1993, pp. 237–238
  13. ^ Beckwith 2009, p. 2
  14. ^ Sinor & Klyashtorny 1996, pp. 328–329
  15. ^ Hanshu 《漢書·張騫李廣利傳》 Original text 時，月氏已為匈奴所破，西擊塞王。
  16. ^ Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", p. 55
  17. ^ Tang Huiyao Vol. 72 txt. "奚結馬。與磧南突厥馬相類。在雞服山南。赫連枝川北住。今雞祿州。印坎" tr. "The Xijie's horses and the horses of the Tujue south of the shoal. They dwelt south of Jifu mountains, north of Helianzhi river, now [in] Jilu pronvince. Their tamga [resembles] [the character] 坎"
  18. ^ Wang Pu, "Summary review of Tang dynasty, 618-907 (Tang Huiyao)", Shanghai, 1958, ch. 72, p. 1307, in Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", p. 45
  19. ^ Mogoin Shine Usu monument, line 14
  20. ^ Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", p. 45
  21. ^ J. Bacot, "Reconnaissance en haute asie septentrionale par cinq envoyé ouigours au VIIIE siècle.", JA, 2, 1956, p. 147, in Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", p. 45
  22. ^ Barthold, W. 12 Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Türken Mittelasiens, Berlin, Arthur Collignon, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Islamkunde, 1935, p. 37
  23. ^ Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", p. 57

Sources

See also edit

May 07, 2024
vokil, uokil, name, bulgar, dynastic, clan, listed, nominalia, bulgarian, khans, first, listed, nominalia, kormisosh, last, umor, contents, theories, regarding, origins, yuezhi, wusun, augaloi, xijie, oghuz, connection, references, alsotheories, regarding, ori. Uokil or Vokil was a name of Bulgar dynastic clan listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans The first listed in Nominalia was Kormisosh r 737 754 and the last was Umor r 766 Contents 1 Theories regarding origins 1 1 Yuezhi and Wusun 1 2 Augaloi 1 3 Xijie 1 4 Oghuz connection 2 References 3 See alsoTheories regarding origins editKazakh Turkologist Yury Zuev had drawn attention to circumstantial evidence suggesting links between the Vokil and various Central Asian peoples during antiquity and the early Middle Ages The peoples concerned include the Hujie 呼揭 or Wujie 烏揭 whom Zuev believed to have been an offshoot of the Yuezhi or Wusun 1 the Xijie 奚結 a Tiele tribe 2 the Augaloi of the Transoxiana region beyond the Oxus among the Indo European speaking Tocharii 3 However such theories are controversial and cannot be all true Conclusive evidence proving or disproving them has never been presented and there is no consensus amongst scholars on whether or not such links exist Yuezhi and Wusun edit Main articles Yuezhi and Wusun Yuezhi and Wusun are Chinese exonyms for two separate Indo European peoples who lived in western China and Central Asia during ancient times Before the end of the 4th Century BCE the Yuezhi and Wusun were located in areas that were later part of the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang 4 There was substantial interaction between the Yuezhi the Wusun and a neighbouring people the Xiongnu whom many scholars have suggested were precursors of the Huns In about 200 BCE the Xiongnu leader Modu Chanyu attacked the Yuezhi 5 6 and subjugated several other peoples 7 The Yuezhi subsequently attacked the Wusun in about 173 BC 5 8 and killing their king Nandoumi Chinese 難兜靡 8 According to a Wusun legend Nandoumi s infant son Liejiaomi was left in the wild but was miraculously saved by a she wolf which allowed him to suckle and ravens which fed him meat 9 10 11 12 This pivotal myth shared similarities with the founding myths of many other peoples in Central Asia 13 It has been in particular the basis of theories that the Ashina the royal clan of the Gokturk Turks originated amongst the Wusun 14 In 162 BC the Yuezhi suffered a further more decisive defeat at the hands of the Xiongnu and retreated from Gansu 5 According to Zhang Qian the Yuezhi fragmented and most fled westward into the Ili river valley 5 15 The Wusun and Xiongnu later drove the main body of the Yuezhi southward through Sogdia into Bactria The Wusun settled afterwards in Gansu in the Wushui he Chinese Raven Black Water River valley as vassals of the Xiongnu 8 According to the Chinese chronicle Hanshu in 49 BCE the Xiongnu ruler Zhizhi defeated three small states Zuev reads the names of these states as the Hujie 呼揭 or Wujie 烏揭 Jiankun 堅昆 i e Kyrghyz and Dingling 丁零 While other scholars have regarded the Hujie Wujie as most likely an offshoot of the Wusun Zuev considers it possible that they were a remnant of the Yuezhi The Hanshu recorded that the Hujie retreated to the Lake Baikal area and the Great Khingan slopes next to the Dingling 1 According to Zuev the Hujie emigrated further westward initially to the Aral Sea area and may have joined the Yuezhi in their migration to Sogdia and Bactria 1 Augaloi edit In the 2nd century CE Ptolemy VI 12 4 wrote of the Lower Syr Darya that near a northern section of the Amu Darya were the Iatioi and Tokharoi Tukharas i e Bactrians and south of them were a people known as the Augaloi Yury Zuev postulated that the Augaloi mentioned by Ptolemy with the Ukil 16 However a majority of scholars regard Augaloi as a misrendering of Sacaraucae Xijie edit This name may be a sinicisation of igil a Turkic root meaning many Xijie lt 奚結 giei kiet lt igil In the middle of the 7th century the Xijie were reported to be located on the northern bank of the Kherlen River 17 18 The text of an Old Uyghur funeral monument for Eletmish Kagan d 759 referred to the Qara Igil bodun a combination of the determinative qara blackness and igil people 19 This name may also have suggested the influence of Manichaeanism which had a black and white dualistic cosmology 20 In a 9th century Yugur text the Xijie were mentioned as having a strong leader named Igil kul irkin Old Tibetan Hi kil rkor hir kin and were located next to the Iduq kas Iduq qash or Iduk Az OTib Hi dog kas who may have been offshoot or successor of the Yuezhi or Alans 21 or Turkicized Yeniseian speakers 22 Oghuz connection edit A circumstantial link between the Oghuz and the Bulgar Vokil is the naming of Verkil a hero of the epic Kitab i dedem Korkut 23 References edit a b c Yu Zuev Early Turks Sketches of history and ideology p 56 Jiu Tangshu Vol 199 lower txt 鐵勒 本匈奴別種 自突厥強盛 鐵勒諸郡分散 衆漸寡弱 至武德初 有薛延陀 契苾 回紇 都播 骨利幹 多覽葛 僕骨 拔野古 同羅 渾部 思結 斛薛 奚結 阿跌 白霫等 散在磧北 tr Tiele are originally Xiongnu s splinter stock As Tujue are strong and prosperous all Tiele districts are divided and scattered the masses gradually dwindled and weakened At the beginning of Wude era there are Xueyantuo Qibi Huihe Dubo Guligan Duolange Pugu Bayegu Tongluo Hun Sijie Huxue Xijie Adie Baixi etc scattered north of the desert Blazek V amp Schwartz M Tocharians Who they were where they came from and where they lived in Tocharian Studies Works 1 2011 p 119 G Haloun Zur Ue tsi Frage In Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 91 NF 16 1937 p 301 in Yury Zuev Early Turks Sketches of history and ideology p 42 a b c d Benjamin Craig October 2003 The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia Transoxiana Webfestschrift 1 Eran ud Aneran Transoxiana Retrieved 29 May 2015 Beckwith 2009 pp 380 383 Enoki Koshelenko amp Haidary 1994 pp 171 191harvnb error no target CITEREFEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994 help a b c Beckwith 2009 pp 6 7 Francois amp Hulsewe 1979 p 215harvnb error no target CITEREFFrancoisHulsewe1979 help Shiji 史記 大宛列傳 Original text 匈奴攻殺其父 而昆莫生棄於野 烏嗛肉蜚其上 狼往乳之 Beckwith 2009 p 6 Watson 1993 pp 237 238harvnb error no target CITEREFWatson1993 help Beckwith 2009 p 2 Sinor amp Klyashtorny 1996 pp 328 329harvnb error no target CITEREFSinorKlyashtorny1996 help Hanshu 漢書 張騫李廣利傳 Original text 時 月氏已為匈奴所破 西擊塞王 Yu Zuev Early Turks Sketches of history and ideology p 55 Tang Huiyao Vol 72 txt 奚結馬 與磧南突厥馬相類 在雞服山南 赫連枝川北住 今雞祿州 印坎 tr The Xijie s horses and the horses of the Tujue south of the shoal They dwelt south of Jifu mountains north of Helianzhi river now in Jilu pronvince Their tamga resembles the character 坎 Wang Pu Summary review of Tang dynasty 618 907 Tang Huiyao Shanghai 1958 ch 72 p 1307 in Yu Zuev Early Turks Sketches of history and ideology p 45 Mogoin Shine Usu monument line 14 Yu Zuev Early Turks Sketches of history and ideology p 45 J Bacot Reconnaissance en haute asie septentrionale par cinq envoye ouigours au VIIIE siecle JA 2 1956 p 147 in Yu Zuev Early Turks Sketches of history and ideology p 45 Barthold W 12 Vorlesungen uber die Geschichte der Turken Mittelasiens Berlin Arthur Collignon Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Islamkunde 1935 p 37 Yu Zuev Early Turks Sketches of history and ideology p 57 Sources Beckwith Christopher I 16 March 2009 Empires of the Silk Road A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present Princeton University Press ISBN 978 1 4008 2994 1 Retrieved 30 December 2014 See also editHistory of Bulgaria Bulgars Huns Oguz Xiongnu Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vokil amp oldid 1197407116, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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