Twin-turbo (not to be confused with a twincharger setup, which is a combination of a supercharger and a turbocharger) refers to an engine in which two turbochargers work in tandem to compress the intake fuel/air mixture (or intake air, in the case of a direct-injectionengine). The most common layout features two identical or mirrored turbochargers in parallel, each processing half of a V engine's produced exhaust through independent piping. The two turbochargers can either be matching or different sizes.
Porsche 935 flat-six engine with parallel twin-turbos
A parallel configuration refers to using two equally-sized turbochargers which each receive half of the exhaust gases.[2] Some designs combine the intake charge from each turbocharger into a single intake manifold, while others use a separate intake manifold for each turbocharger.
Parallel configurations are well suited to V6 and V8 engines since each turbocharger can be assigned to one cylinder bank, reducing the amount of exhaust piping needed. In this case, each turbocharger is fed exhaust gases by a separate exhaust manifold. For four-cylinder engines and straight-six engines, both turbochargers can be mounted to a single exhaust manifold.
The aim of using parallel twin-turbos is to reduce turbo lag by being able to use smaller turbochargers than if a single turbocharger was used for the engine. On engines with multiple cylinder banks (e.g. V engines and flat engines) use of parallel twin-turbos can also simplify the exhaust system.
The 1981-1994 Maserati Biturbo was the first production car to use twin-turbochargers.[3] The Biturbo used a 90-degree SOHC V6 engine with one turbocharger per cylinder bank.
Parallel configurations have also been used on engines with more than two turbochargers. One example is the 1991-1995 Bugatti EB110, which uses four turbochargers on its V12 engine. The 2005-2015 Bugatti Veyron uses four turbochargers on its W16 engine.
In diesel powered applications, notable examples are Volkswagen's V10 TDI which uses two BorgWarner turbochargers in a parallel layout and BMW's inline 6 B57 engine (B57D30O0, B57D30T0, B57D30S0), which is available in configurations of up to 4 turbochargers that operate in a double-series layout.
Sequential
Sequential turbocharging refer to a set-up in which the engine uses one turbocharger for lower engine speeds, and a second or both turbochargers at higher engine speeds. This system is intended to overcome the limitation of large turbochargers providing insufficient boost at low RPM. On the other hand, smaller turbos are effective at low RPM (when there is less kinetic energy present in the exhaust gases) but are unable to provide the quantity of compressed intake gases required at higher RPM. Therefore, sequential turbocharger systems provide a way to decrease turbo lag without compromising power output at high RPM.[4]
The system is arranged so that a small ("primary") turbocharger is active while the engine is operating at low RPM, which reduces the boost threshold (RPM at which effective boost is provided) and turbo lag. As RPM increases, a small amount of exhaust gas is fed to the larger ("secondary") turbocharger, to bring it up to operating speed. Then at high RPM, all of the exhaust gases are directed to the secondary turbocharger, so that it can provide the boost required by the engine at high RPM.[5]
The first production car to use sequential turbocharging was the 1986-1988 Porsche 959, which used sequential twin-turbos on its flat-six engine.[6][7] Sequential turbocharging can also be used with more than two turbochargers, such as in the 2012-2017 BMW N57S straight-six diesel engine, which uses three sequential turbos.[8]
Serial turbocharging is where the turbochargers are connected in series with the output of the first turbocharger then being further compressed by the second turbocharger and in some cases powering the larger turbine.
A sequential turbo can also be of use to a system where the output pressure must be greater than can be provided by a single turbo, commonly called a compound twin-turbo system. In this case, multiple similarly sized turbochargers are used in sequence, but constantly operating. The first turbo boosts provides the initial compression (for example to three times the intake pressure). Subsequent turbos take the charge from the previous stage and compress it further (for example to an additional three times intake pressure, for a total boost of nine times atmospheric pressure).
A downside of staged turbocharging is that it often leads to large amounts of turbo lag,[9] therefore it is mostly used on piston engine aircraft which usually do not need to rapidly raise and lower engine speed. (and thus where turbo lag is not a primary design consideration), and where the intake pressure is quite low due to low atmospheric pressure at altitude, requiring a very high pressure ratio. High-performance diesel engines also sometimes use this configuration,[10] since diesel engines do not suffer from pre-ignition issues and can therefore use high boost pressures.
Series Compound Twin Turbo Diagram
Series Staged Compound Twin Turbo Diagram
Quad-turbo
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2021)
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Twin turbo not to be confused with a twincharger setup which is a combination of a supercharger and a turbocharger refers to an engine in which two turbochargers work in tandem to compress the intake fuel air mixture or intake air in the case of a direct injection engine The most common layout features two identical or mirrored turbochargers in parallel each processing half of a V engine s produced exhaust through independent piping The two turbochargers can either be matching or different sizes Contents 1 Types and combinations 2 Parallel 3 Sequential 4 Series 5 Quad turbo 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksTypes and combinations EditThere are three types of turbine setups used for twin turbo setups Parallel Sequential SeriesThese can be applied to any of the five types of compressor setups which theoretically could have 15 different setups Compound Compressors Staged Compound Compressors Staged Sequential Compressors Parallel Sequential Compressors Parallel Compressors 1 Parallel Edit Chevrolet big block V8 engine with parallel twin turbos Porsche 935 flat six engine with parallel twin turbos A parallel configuration refers to using two equally sized turbochargers which each receive half of the exhaust gases 2 Some designs combine the intake charge from each turbocharger into a single intake manifold while others use a separate intake manifold for each turbocharger Parallel configurations are well suited to V6 and V8 engines since each turbocharger can be assigned to one cylinder bank reducing the amount of exhaust piping needed In this case each turbocharger is fed exhaust gases by a separate exhaust manifold For four cylinder engines and straight six engines both turbochargers can be mounted to a single exhaust manifold The aim of using parallel twin turbos is to reduce turbo lag by being able to use smaller turbochargers than if a single turbocharger was used for the engine On engines with multiple cylinder banks e g V engines and flat engines use of parallel twin turbos can also simplify the exhaust system The 1981 1994 Maserati Biturbo was the first production car to use twin turbochargers 3 The Biturbo used a 90 degree SOHC V6 engine with one turbocharger per cylinder bank Parallel configurations have also been used on engines with more than two turbochargers One example is the 1991 1995 Bugatti EB110 which uses four turbochargers on its V12 engine The 2005 2015 Bugatti Veyron uses four turbochargers on its W16 engine In diesel powered applications notable examples are Volkswagen s V10 TDI which uses two BorgWarner turbochargers in a parallel layout and BMW s inline 6 B57 engine B57D30O0 B57D30T0 B57D30S0 which is available in configurations of up to 4 turbochargers that operate in a double series layout Sequential EditSequential turbocharging refer to a set up in which the engine uses one turbocharger for lower engine speeds and a second or both turbochargers at higher engine speeds This system is intended to overcome the limitation of large turbochargers providing insufficient boost at low RPM On the other hand smaller turbos are effective at low RPM when there is less kinetic energy present in the exhaust gases but are unable to provide the quantity of compressed intake gases required at higher RPM Therefore sequential turbocharger systems provide a way to decrease turbo lag without compromising power output at high RPM 4 The system is arranged so that a small primary turbocharger is active while the engine is operating at low RPM which reduces the boost threshold RPM at which effective boost is provided and turbo lag As RPM increases a small amount of exhaust gas is fed to the larger secondary turbocharger to bring it up to operating speed Then at high RPM all of the exhaust gases are directed to the secondary turbocharger so that it can provide the boost required by the engine at high RPM 5 The first production car to use sequential turbocharging was the 1986 1988 Porsche 959 which used sequential twin turbos on its flat six engine 6 7 Sequential turbocharging can also be used with more than two turbochargers such as in the 2012 2017 BMW N57S straight six diesel engine which uses three sequential turbos 8 Sequential turbo operation primary turbo at low RPM left pre spooling secondary turbo centre secondary turbo operation right Series EditSerial turbocharging is where the turbochargers are connected in series with the output of the first turbocharger then being further compressed by the second turbocharger and in some cases powering the larger turbine A sequential turbo can also be of use to a system where the output pressure must be greater than can be provided by a single turbo commonly called a compound twin turbo system In this case multiple similarly sized turbochargers are used in sequence but constantly operating The first turbo boosts provides the initial compression for example to three times the intake pressure Subsequent turbos take the charge from the previous stage and compress it further for example to an additional three times intake pressure for a total boost of nine times atmospheric pressure A downside of staged turbocharging is that it often leads to large amounts of turbo lag 9 therefore it is mostly used on piston engine aircraft which usually do not need to rapidly raise and lower engine speed and thus where turbo lag is not a primary design consideration and where the intake pressure is quite low due to low atmospheric pressure at altitude requiring a very high pressure ratio High performance diesel engines also sometimes use this configuration 10 since diesel engines do not suffer from pre ignition issues and can therefore use high boost pressures Series Compound Twin Turbo Diagram Series Staged Compound Twin Turbo DiagramQuad turbo EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it August 2021 Automobile manufacturers rarely use more than two turbochargers Some exceptions are the triple turbocharger system used by the 2012 2017 BMW N57S straight six diesel engine the quad turbocharger system used by the V12 engine in the 1991 1995 Bugatti EB110 and the quad turbocharger system used by the W16 engine in the 2005 2015 Bugatti Veyron and 2016 present Bugatti Chiron See also EditBoost gauge Boost controller Intercooler Supercharger Twincharger Turbocharged diesel engines Turbocharged petrol enginesReferences Edit Toyota Supra MKIV Types of Twin Turbo Setups mkiv supras org nz Retrieved 2021 01 17 Twin Turbocharging How Does It Work www carthrottle com Retrieved 4 October 2019 Biturbo www maserati com Retrieved 5 October 2019 Kohler Mario 2017 Volume 17 Turbochargers in the workshop technology variants troubleshooting Krafthand Medien GmbH 1st ed p 26 ISBN 978 3 87441 158 5 OCLC 1014188198 1997 Toyota Supra Prime Sequence SuperStreetOnline 27 May 2010 Retrieved 6 October 2019 Video The Porsche 959 is a 1 5 Million Automotive Icon www autotrader com Retrieved 6 October 2019 Kimble Cutaway Porsche 959 www motor1 com Retrieved 6 October 2019 2013 BMW 750d xDrive Review www bmwblog com 29 March 2013 Retrieved 6 October 2019 Twin Turbocharging How Does It Work www carthrottle com Retrieved 8 October 2019 Two Stage Serial Turbochargers for Diesel Engines www garrettmotion com Retrieved 8 October 2019 External links Edithttp mkiv supras org nz articles twinturbosetups htm Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Twin turbo amp oldid 1117418710, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
