Most turbocharged petrol engines use a single turbocharger; however, twin-turbo configurations are also often used.
In motor racing, turbochargers were used in various forms of motorsport in the 1970s and 1980s. Since the mid-2010s, turbocharging has returned to several motor racing categories, such as Formula One and the World Rally Championship.
Several motorcycles in the late 1970s and early 1980s were produced with turbocharged engines.
1962: The first turbocharged production car engine was the Oldsmobile Turbo Jetfire used in the Oldsmobile Jetfire.[1] A Garrett AiResearch turbocharger with integral wastegate was used.[2][3][4] Power was significantly increased over the naturally aspirated (non-turbo) engine, however reliability of these engines was poor and the production of the engine ceased in 1963.[5][6] One month after the release of the turbocharged Oldsmobile, a turbocharged version of the Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine was introduced in the Chevrolet Corvair Monza Spyder.[5] This engine did not use a wastegate.[7]: 62, 63, 64 Production of the turbocharged Corvair engine ran until 1966.
1965: Beginning this year a turbocharged version of the "Comanche" 154 cubic inch inline slant four cylinder engine was an option in the International Harvester Scout. This engine developed 83 kW (111 hp) at 4,000 rpm and 225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft) at 3,200 rpm and was available until 1967.[8][9]
1973: The next mass-produced turbocharged car was the BMW 2002 Turbo, introduced at the 1973 Frankfurt motor show and featuring a 2.0 L (120 cu in) four-cylinder engine.[10] Due to excessive turbo lag, safety concerns and the 1973/1974 oil crisis, the 2002 Turbo was discontinued in 1974.[10]
1974: At the height of the oil crisis, the Porsche 911 Turbo was introduced, becoming the fastest mass-produced car at the time.[11][12] The Porsche 911 has been available with a turbocharged engine for the majority of the years since 1974.[13]
1977: The Saab 99 model begins Saab's long run of turbocharged passenger cars.
1978: The "LD5" version of the Buick V6 engine marks the return of turbocharging to cars produced in the United States.[14]
1978-present: Many manufacturers have produced turbocharged cars. Since the early-2010s, many European cars have switched to smaller, turbocharged engines. This trend has since spread to manufacturers from other regions.
A common arrangement for twin-turbo engines, especially on V engines is a parallel configuration.[15] This arrangement uses two identically sized turbos, each fed by a separate set of exhaust streams from the engine. Having two smaller turbos produce the same aggregate amount of boost as a larger single turbo allows them to reach their optimal rpm, more quickly, thus improving boost delivery.
Sequential configuration
Another twin-turbo arrangement commonly used on car engines is a sequential configuration, where one turbo is active across the entire rev range of the engine and the other activates at higher rpm.[16] Below this rpm, both exhaust and air inlet of the secondary turbo are closed. Being individually smaller they have reduced lag[16] and having the second turbo operating at a higher rpm range allows it to get to full rotational speed before it is required. Such combinations are referred to as a sequential twin-turbo. Sequential twin-turbo systems are usually more complicated than parallel twin-turbo systems because they require additional wastegate pipes and valves to control the direction of the exhaust gases.
Other configurations
Automobile manufacturers rarely use more than two turbochargers. Some exceptions are the triple-turbocharger system used by the 2012-2017 BMW N57S straight-six diesel engine, the quad-turbocharger system used by the V12 engine in the 1991-1995 Bugatti EB110 and the quad-turbocharger system used by the W16 engine in the 2005-2015 Bugatti Veyron and 2016-present Bugatti Chiron.
Another one of the first uses of turbocharging in motorsport was a turbocharged version of the Offenhauser engine, which first competed at the 1966 Indianapolis 500 and used a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger. This engine won the 1968 Indianapolis 500[18][19] and power outputs of over 750 kW (1,000 hp) were achieved in 1973.
Sports car racing
In 1972, the Porsche 917/10K became the first turbocharged car to win the Can-Am series. The 917/10K was powered by a turbocharged flat-twelve engine producing up to 820 kW (1,100 hp).
Formula 1
Ferrari 126C4/M2 (1984)
1984 Ferrari 126C4/M2, a 1.5 litre turbocharged V6 engine used in Formula One
In Formula One, the original "Turbo Era" lasted from the 1977 season until the 1988 season. During this era, Renault, Honda, BMW, and Ferrari produced engines with a capacity of 1,500 cc (92 cu in), and were capable of producing from 380 to 1,120 kW (510 to 1,500 hp) over this period. The first turbocharged Formula One car was the Renault RS01,[20] however early engines often suffered from reliability problems. By the mid-1980s, turbocharged engines dominated Formula One, until they were banned after the 1988 season.
Turbochargers returned to Formula One for the 2014 season, with turbocharged 1.6 L (98 cu in) V6 engines replacing the naturally aspirated 2.4 L (146 cu in) V8 engines that were previously used. The turbocharging combined with more powerful energy recovery systems kept the power level similar to the previous V8 engines, despite the smaller capacity and the lower rev limits.[21]
Touring car racing
In the German Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM) racing series, the "Turbo Era" of 1985 until 1989 saw Volvo, Alfa Romeo and Ford becoming the first manufacturers to use turbocharged engines. In 1985, the Volvo 240 Turbo won the European Touring Car Championship, before turbochargers were banned at the start of 1990 season due to cost reasons.
Since the 2019 season, turbocharging has returned to DTM, with turbocharged 2.0 L (122 cu in) inline-four engines (shared with the Japanese Super GT "Class One" regulations) replacing the previous naturally aspirated 4.0 L (244 cu in) V8 engines.
Turbocharging returned for the 2012 season and has been used since. WRC rally cars use a turbocharged 1.6 L (98 cu in) inline-four engine with a 34 mm restrictor in the air intake system.[23]
Turbocharging is rarely used by manufacturers of motorcycles, with the following being the only examples of factory turbocharged motorcycles:[24][25][26][27]
^Walker 2006, "other manufacturers built prototypes and small batches of turbocharged machines, only the Japanese giants attempted to exploit the turbo for series-production bikes". sfn error: no target: CITEREFWalker2006 (help)
^Bennett 1999, p. 57a "Neither system [superchargers nor turbochargers] has found acceptance in the mass-produced motorcycle market, although a significant effort to build turbos was made by the Japanese motorcycle makers in the early 1980s. Factory turbos were shipped by Honda (the 82-horsepower CX500T V-twin), Yamaha (the 85-horsepower XJ650T transverse-four), Suzuki (the 85-horsepower XN85, using a GS650 transverse-four) and Kawasaki (the 110-horsepower ZX750 transverse-four)." sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennett1999 (help)
turbocharged, petrol, engine, been, suggested, that, this, article, merged, with, turbochargers, discuss, proposed, since, january, 2023, turbochargers, have, been, used, various, petrol, engines, since, 1962, order, obtain, greater, power, torque, output, giv. It has been suggested that this article be merged with Turbochargers Discuss Proposed since January 2023 Turbochargers have been used on various petrol engines since 1962 in order to obtain greater power or torque output for a given engine displacement Most turbocharged petrol engines use a single turbocharger however twin turbo configurations are also often used In motor racing turbochargers were used in various forms of motorsport in the 1970s and 1980s Since the mid 2010s turbocharging has returned to several motor racing categories such as Formula One and the World Rally Championship Several motorcycles in the late 1970s and early 1980s were produced with turbocharged engines Contents 1 History 2 Multiple turbochargers 2 1 Parallel configuration 2 2 Sequential configuration 2 3 Other configurations 3 Motorsport 3 1 Indy car racing 3 2 Sports car racing 3 3 Formula 1 3 4 Touring car racing 3 5 Rally 4 Motorcycles 5 ReferencesHistory Edit 1962 Turbo Jetfire engine 1962 The first turbocharged production car engine was the Oldsmobile Turbo Jetfire used in the Oldsmobile Jetfire 1 A Garrett AiResearch turbocharger with integral wastegate was used 2 3 4 Power was significantly increased over the naturally aspirated non turbo engine however reliability of these engines was poor and the production of the engine ceased in 1963 5 6 One month after the release of the turbocharged Oldsmobile a turbocharged version of the Chevrolet Turbo Air 6 engine was introduced in the Chevrolet Corvair Monza Spyder 5 This engine did not use a wastegate 7 62 63 64 Production of the turbocharged Corvair engine ran until 1966 1965 Beginning this year a turbocharged version of the Comanche 154 cubic inch inline slant four cylinder engine was an option in the International Harvester Scout This engine developed 83 kW 111 hp at 4 000 rpm and 225 N m 166 lb ft at 3 200 rpm and was available until 1967 8 9 1973 The next mass produced turbocharged car was the BMW 2002 Turbo introduced at the 1973 Frankfurt motor show and featuring a 2 0 L 120 cu in four cylinder engine 10 Due to excessive turbo lag safety concerns and the 1973 1974 oil crisis the 2002 Turbo was discontinued in 1974 10 1974 At the height of the oil crisis the Porsche 911 Turbo was introduced becoming the fastest mass produced car at the time 11 12 The Porsche 911 has been available with a turbocharged engine for the majority of the years since 1974 13 1977 The Saab 99 model begins Saab s long run of turbocharged passenger cars 1978 The LD5 version of the Buick V6 engine marks the return of turbocharging to cars produced in the United States 14 1978 present Many manufacturers have produced turbocharged cars Since the early 2010s many European cars have switched to smaller turbocharged engines This trend has since spread to manufacturers from other regions Multiple turbochargers EditMain article Twin turbo Parallel configuration Edit A common arrangement for twin turbo engines especially on V engines is a parallel configuration 15 This arrangement uses two identically sized turbos each fed by a separate set of exhaust streams from the engine Having two smaller turbos produce the same aggregate amount of boost as a larger single turbo allows them to reach their optimal rpm more quickly thus improving boost delivery Sequential configuration Edit Another twin turbo arrangement commonly used on car engines is a sequential configuration where one turbo is active across the entire rev range of the engine and the other activates at higher rpm 16 Below this rpm both exhaust and air inlet of the secondary turbo are closed Being individually smaller they have reduced lag 16 and having the second turbo operating at a higher rpm range allows it to get to full rotational speed before it is required Such combinations are referred to as a sequential twin turbo Sequential twin turbo systems are usually more complicated than parallel twin turbo systems because they require additional wastegate pipes and valves to control the direction of the exhaust gases Other configurations Edit Automobile manufacturers rarely use more than two turbochargers Some exceptions are the triple turbocharger system used by the 2012 2017 BMW N57S straight six diesel engine the quad turbocharger system used by the V12 engine in the 1991 1995 Bugatti EB110 and the quad turbocharger system used by the W16 engine in the 2005 2015 Bugatti Veyron and 2016 present Bugatti Chiron Motorsport Edit 1970 Toyota 7 twin turbocharged racing car Indy car racing Edit The first turbocharged engine in motorsport was the Kurtis Kraft Cummins Diesel driven by Fred Agabashian He competed in the 1952 Indianapolis 500 qualifying on pole 17 However the turbo failed on lap 71 out of 200 citation needed Another one of the first uses of turbocharging in motorsport was a turbocharged version of the Offenhauser engine which first competed at the 1966 Indianapolis 500 and used a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger This engine won the 1968 Indianapolis 500 18 19 and power outputs of over 750 kW 1 000 hp were achieved in 1973 Sports car racing Edit In 1972 the Porsche 917 10K became the first turbocharged car to win the Can Am series The 917 10K was powered by a turbocharged flat twelve engine producing up to 820 kW 1 100 hp Formula 1 Edit Ferrari 126C4 M2 1984 source source 1984 Ferrari 126C4 M2 a 1 5 litre turbocharged V6 engine used in Formula One Problems playing this file See media help In Formula One the original Turbo Era lasted from the 1977 season until the 1988 season During this era Renault Honda BMW and Ferrari produced engines with a capacity of 1 500 cc 92 cu in and were capable of producing from 380 to 1 120 kW 510 to 1 500 hp over this period The first turbocharged Formula One car was the Renault RS01 20 however early engines often suffered from reliability problems By the mid 1980s turbocharged engines dominated Formula One until they were banned after the 1988 season Turbochargers returned to Formula One for the 2014 season with turbocharged 1 6 L 98 cu in V6 engines replacing the naturally aspirated 2 4 L 146 cu in V8 engines that were previously used The turbocharging combined with more powerful energy recovery systems kept the power level similar to the previous V8 engines despite the smaller capacity and the lower rev limits 21 Touring car racing Edit In the German Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft DTM racing series the Turbo Era of 1985 until 1989 saw Volvo Alfa Romeo and Ford becoming the first manufacturers to use turbocharged engines In 1985 the Volvo 240 Turbo won the European Touring Car Championship before turbochargers were banned at the start of 1990 season due to cost reasons Since the 2019 season turbocharging has returned to DTM with turbocharged 2 0 L 122 cu in inline four engines shared with the Japanese Super GT Class One regulations replacing the previous naturally aspirated 4 0 L 244 cu in V8 engines Rally Edit During the Group B era of 1982 1986 turbocharged engines producing up to 450 kW 600 hp dominated the World Rally Championship 22 Turbocharging returned for the 2012 season and has been used since WRC rally cars use a turbocharged 1 6 L 98 cu in inline four engine with a 34 mm restrictor in the air intake system 23 Motorcycles EditMain article Forced induction in motorcycles Turbocharging is rarely used by manufacturers of motorcycles with the following being the only examples of factory turbocharged motorcycles 24 25 26 27 1978 Kawasaki Z1R TC 28 1982 Honda CX 500 Turbo 1982 1983 Yamaha XJ 650 Seca Turbo 1983 Honda CX 650 Turbo 1983 Suzuki XN85 Turbo 1983 1985 Kawasaki GPZ750 TurboReferences Edit The history of turbocharging Germany Turbolader Retrieved 2012 04 13 Garrett history DW Performance US Archived from the original on 2009 10 21 Retrieved 2010 08 02 Honeywell Heritage A Hallmark Throughout Turbo History Booster Online US Honeywell Retrieved 2010 02 14 Kraus James 2009 04 27 A Look Back Genesis of the Automotive Turbocharger Auto Universum Retrieved 2010 08 02 a b Video Oldsmobile Jetfire America s First Production Turbo V8 Street Muscle US 2011 01 28 Retrieved 2012 04 13 Decline of the 1962 1963 Oldsmobile F 85 Jetfire How Stuff Works 2007 10 04 Retrieved 2012 04 13 Knepper Mike 1 March 1982 Corvair Affair Motorbooks International ISBN 978 0879380663 Scout s Honor 1965 International Scout Hemmings 2014 05 01 Retrieved 2016 10 26 International Scout Scout Evolution Truck Trend 2008 01 01 Retrieved 2016 10 26 a b 1973 1974 BMW 2002 Turbo Images Specifications and Information ultimatecarpage com Retrieved 2012 04 13 History Four decades of the 911 Turbo Motor Prime 2011 10 23 Retrieved 2012 04 13 PORSCHE 911 Turbo 930 1974 1977 autoevolution Retrieved 2012 04 13 Buyers Guide 911 Turbo Excellence Canada Retrieved 2012 04 13 Buick History g body org US Retrieved 2012 04 13 What are the main differences between a Single and Twin Turbo setup US Garrett Motion Retrieved 2018 06 11 a b The Benefits and Drawbacks of Twin Turbos Cars Direct US 2011 06 11 Retrieved 2013 03 03 Turbocharger History Russia Cummins Russia and CIS Retrieved 2020 06 27 Turbos in motor sport Classic Performance Car July 2010 Archived from the original on 2010 07 15 Retrieved 2013 03 03 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Offy Racing Engines Unique Cars amp Parts US Retrieved 2019 10 18 Renault 30th F1 anniversary Talks about the RS01 Formula 1 Retrieved 2008 11 04 FIA confirms 1 6 turbo engines for 2014 Formula 1 2011 06 29 Archived from the original on 2011 07 02 The Early Days of Turbo Part Two AutoSpeed Australia Retrieved 2019 10 18 FIA World Rally Championship wrc com Germany Retrieved 2019 10 18 Smith Robert January 2013 1978 Kawasaki Z1R TC Turbo Power Motorcycle Classics Motorrad 2014 sfn error no target CITEREFMotorrad2014 help Walker 2006 other manufacturers built prototypes and small batches of turbocharged machines only the Japanese giants attempted to exploit the turbo for series production bikes sfn error no target CITEREFWalker2006 help Bennett 1999 p 57a Neither system superchargers nor turbochargers has found acceptance in the mass produced motorcycle market although a significant effort to build turbos was made by the Japanese motorcycle makers in the early 1980s Factory turbos were shipped by Honda the 82 horsepower CX500T V twin Yamaha the 85 horsepower XJ650T transverse four Suzuki the 85 horsepower XN85 using a GS650 transverse four and Kawasaki the 110 horsepower ZX750 transverse four sfn error no target CITEREFBennett1999 help Smith Robert January February 2013 1978 Kawasaki Z1R TC Turbo Power Motorcycle Classics 8 3 Retrieved 2013 02 07 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Turbocharged petrol engine amp oldid 1134920810, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
