The Turboletae or Turboleti (Greek: Torboletoi or Torboletes)[1][2] were an obscure pre-Roman people from ancient Spain, which lived in the northwest Teruel province since the early 3rd Century BC.
Their ethnical and linguistical affiliation is difficult to determine, though it seems that they were of part-Celtic, part-Illyrian ancestry, being confused by some ancient authors with either the IberianTurdetani of Baetica[3] or the Turduli.[4][5]
Cultureedit
Their capital was the town of Turda, Turba, Turbola or Turbula,[6][7][8] whose precise location is unknown, with some archeologists tentatively placing it at the Iron Age site of Alto Chácon (Muela de San Juan), in the vicinity of modern Teruel.[9] No other pre-Roman sites connected with this people have been identified though recent archeological surveys at some Iron Age settlements in the Teruel region show that they were culturally affiliated with the Celtiberians. It has also been attributed to them the celtiberian inscription of Peñalva de Villastar.[10]
Historyedit
A warlike people whose tribal name later became a byword for unruly behaviour, the Turboletae were a constant source of trouble to most of their neighbours. Not only they harassed the CeltiberianBelli and Titii, but also raided the southeastern Iberian peoples throughout most of the 3rd century BC, in particularly the Edetaniancity-state of Saguntum.[11] As allies of Carthage the Turboletae actively participated in the incident that triggered the Second Punic War,[12] the siege of Saguntum in 219-218 BC, where they assisted the Carthaginian troops in the final assault and looting of the city, slaughtering a great deal of its inhabitants. The backlash came in 212 BC when the Romans and their Edetani allies invaded Turboletania, seized the capital Turba and razed it to the ground, selling his residents to slavery.[13]
In 205 BC the exhausted Turboletae sued for peace, on which the Roman Senate forced them to pay a huge compensation to the surviving citizens of Saguntum. However, the resentment fuelled by the heavy tribute imposed, coupled with the destruction of their capital city in the previous years may account for the Tuboletae revolt of 196 BC, under the apparent leadership of two generals named Budares and Baesadines.[14] After being crushed by Quintus Minucius Thermus, Praetor of Hispania Citerior in a pitched battle near the ruins of Turba,[15][16] the remaining Turboletae population appears to have been either obliterated or simply reduced to subject status and their devastated lands divided among the Bastetani and Edetani, resulting in their total disappearance from the historical record.
^Montagu, Battles of the Greek and Roman worlds (2000), p. 197.
Referencesedit
Ángel Montenegro et alii, Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C), Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989) ISBN84-249-1386-8
B. Dexter Hoyos, Unplanned Wars: The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars, Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte Book 50, De Gruyter 2012 (1st edition). ASIN B015N85N8M – [1]
Francisco Burillo Motoza, Los Celtíberos – Etnias y Estados, Crítica, Grijalbo Mondadori, S.A., Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007) ISBN84-7423-891-9
John Drogo Montagu, Battles of the Greek and Roman worlds – A Chnological Compendium of 667 Battles to 31 BC, from the Historians of the Ancient World, Greenhill Books, London (2000) ISBN1-85367-389-7
Further readingedit
Daniel Varga, The Roman Wars in Spain: The Military Confrontation with Guerrilla Warfare, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2015) ISBN978-1-47382-781-3
Ludwig Heinrich Dyck, The Roman Barbarian Wars: The Era of Roman Conquest, Author Solutions (2011) ISBN9781426981821, 1426981821
Leonard A Curchin (5 May 2004). The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland. Routledge. pp. 37–. ISBN978-1-134-45112-8.
April 11, 2024
turboletae, turboleti, greek, torboletoi, torboletes, were, obscure, roman, people, from, ancient, spain, which, lived, northwest, teruel, province, since, early, century, iberian, peninsula, century, contents, origins, culture, history, also, notes, reference. The Turboletae or Turboleti Greek Torboletoi or Torboletes 1 2 were an obscure pre Roman people from ancient Spain which lived in the northwest Teruel province since the early 3rd Century BC The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC Contents 1 Origins 2 Culture 3 History 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6 1 Further readingOrigins editTheir ethnical and linguistical affiliation is difficult to determine though it seems that they were of part Celtic part Illyrian ancestry being confused by some ancient authors with either the Iberian Turdetani of Baetica 3 or the Turduli 4 5 Culture editTheir capital was the town of Turda Turba Turbola or Turbula 6 7 8 whose precise location is unknown with some archeologists tentatively placing it at the Iron Age site of Alto Chacon Muela de San Juan in the vicinity of modern Teruel 9 No other pre Roman sites connected with this people have been identified though recent archeological surveys at some Iron Age settlements in the Teruel region show that they were culturally affiliated with the Celtiberians It has also been attributed to them the celtiberian inscription of Penalva de Villastar 10 History editA warlike people whose tribal name later became a byword for unruly behaviour the Turboletae were a constant source of trouble to most of their neighbours Not only they harassed the Celtiberian Belli and Titii but also raided the southeastern Iberian peoples throughout most of the 3rd century BC in particularly the Edetanian city state of Saguntum 11 As allies of Carthage the Turboletae actively participated in the incident that triggered the Second Punic War 12 the siege of Saguntum in 219 218 BC where they assisted the Carthaginian troops in the final assault and looting of the city slaughtering a great deal of its inhabitants The backlash came in 212 BC when the Romans and their Edetani allies invaded Turboletania seized the capital Turba and razed it to the ground selling his residents to slavery 13 In 205 BC the exhausted Turboletae sued for peace on which the Roman Senate forced them to pay a huge compensation to the surviving citizens of Saguntum However the resentment fuelled by the heavy tribute imposed coupled with the destruction of their capital city in the previous years may account for the Tuboletae revolt of 196 BC under the apparent leadership of two generals named Budares and Baesadines 14 After being crushed by Quintus Minucius Thermus Praetor of Hispania Citerior in a pitched battle near the ruins of Turba 15 16 the remaining Turboletae population appears to have been either obliterated or simply reduced to subject status and their devastated lands divided among the Bastetani and Edetani resulting in their total disappearance from the historical record See also editCeltiberians Celtiberian script Illyrians Lobetani Pre Roman peoples of the Iberian PeninsulaNotes edit Appian Iberike 10 36 Dexter Hoyos Unplanned Wars The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars 2012 p 188 Livy Ab urbe condita 21 6 1 12 5 24 42 10 Livy Ab urbe condita 28 39 8 Motoza Los Celtiberos etnias y estados 1998 revised edition 2007 pp 148 149 Ptolemy Geographia II 6 60 Motoza Los Celtiberos etnias y estados 1998 revised edition 2007 pp 148 150 Dexter Hoyos Unplanned Wars The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars 2012 p 188 Motoza Los Celtiberos etnias y estados 1998 revised edition 2007 p 150 GEA Appian Iberike 10 Livy Ab urbe condita 21 6 2 Livy Ab urbe condita 24 42 11 Livy Ab urbe condita 28 44 4 Livy Ab urbe condita 33 44 4 5 34 10 5 7 Montagu Battles of the Greek and Roman worlds 2000 p 197 References editAngel Montenegro et alii Historia de Espana 2 colonizaciones y formacion de los pueblos prerromanos 1200 218 a C Editorial Gredos Madrid 1989 ISBN 84 249 1386 8 B Dexter Hoyos Unplanned Wars The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte Book 50 De Gruyter 2012 1st edition ASIN B015N85N8M 1 Francisco Burillo Motoza Los Celtiberos Etnias y Estados Critica Grijalbo Mondadori S A Barcelona 1998 revised edition 2007 ISBN 84 7423 891 9 John Drogo Montagu Battles of the Greek and Roman worlds A Chnological Compendium of 667 Battles to 31 BC from the Historians of the Ancient World Greenhill Books London 2000 ISBN 1 85367 389 7 Further reading edit Daniel Varga The Roman Wars in Spain The Military Confrontation with Guerrilla Warfare Pen amp Sword Military Barnsley 2015 ISBN 978 1 47382 781 3 Ludwig Heinrich Dyck The Roman Barbarian Wars The Era of Roman Conquest Author Solutions 2011 ISBN 9781426981821 1426981821 Leonard A Curchin 5 May 2004 The Romanization of Central Spain Complexity Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland Routledge pp 37 ISBN 978 1 134 45112 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Turboletae amp oldid 1160629735, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
