The tun (Old English: tunne, Latin: tunellus, Medieval Latin: tunna) is an English unit of liquid volume (not weight), used for measuring wine,[1] oil or honey. Typically a large vat or vessel, most often holding 252 wine gallons, but occasionally other sizes (e.g. 256, 240 and 208 gallons) were also used.[2] The modern tun is about 954 litres.
The word tun is etymologically related to the word ton for the unit of mass, the mass of a tun of wine being approximately one long ton, which is 2240 pounds (1016 kg).
Originally, the tun was defined as 256 wine gallons;[nb 1] this is the basis for the name of the quarter of 64 corn gallons. At some time before the 15th century, it was reduced to 252 gallons, so as to be evenly divisible by other small integers, including seven.[nb 2]
He that ys a gawner owght to understonde there ys in a tunne lx systerns and every systern ys iiii galons be yt wyne or oylle.
He that is a gauger ought to understand that there is in a tunne 60 sesters, and every sester is 4 gallons, be it wine or oil.
—Untitled manuscript, consisting of a list of various customs duties, dated 15 July 1507[2][3][4]
With the adoption of the Queen Anne wine gallon of 231 cubic inches in 1706 the tun approximated the volume of a cylinder with both diameter and height of 42 inches.[nb 3] These were adopted as the standard US liquid gallon and tun.
When the imperial system was introduced in 1824 the tun was redefined in the UK and colonies as 210 imperial gallons. The imperial tun remained evenly divisible by small integers.[nb 4] There was also little change in the actual value of the tun.[nb 5]
Standard tuns of wine came to serve as a measure of a ship's capacity.[5]
^The imperial tun is only about 0.0792% larger than the US tun assuming current definitions. Note that 5 imp gal ≈ 6 US gal.
^The conversion to litres is approximate and given as a range to reflect the varying definitions of the gallon and the tun in terms of the gallon.
^ abcThe conversion to litres is exact assuming the current 4.54609-litre definition of the imperial gallon.
^ abcThe conversion to litres is exact assuming the current 25.4-millimetre definition of the international inch.
References
^Cardarelli, F. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins. London: Springer. pp. 49. ISBN978-1-4471-1122-1.
^ abZupko, Ronald E. (1985). "A Dictionary of Weights and Measures for the British Isles: The Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century, Volume 168". Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society. 168. ISBN9780871691682. Quoting Gras (1918), p. 706
^Gras, Norman S.B. (1918). Early English Customs Systems. Cambridge. p. 706. Quoting Forgon (1507)
^Forgon, T. (15 July 1507). Untitled manuscript, consisting of a list of various customs duties. Reproduced at sizes.com.
^"Naval Architecture for All". United States Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved October 13, 2008.. "Historically, a very important and standard cargo for European sailing vessels was wine, stored and shipped in casks called tuns. These tuns of wine, because of their uniform size and their universal demand, became a standard by which a ship's capacity could be measured. A tun of wine weighed approximately 2,240 pounds, and occupied nearly 60 cubic feet." (Gillmer, Thomas (1975). Modern Ship Design. United States Naval Institute.) "Today the ship designers standard of weight is the long ton which is equal to 2,240 pounds."
^ abcdeCardarelli, F. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins. London: Springer. pp. 43. ISBN978-1-4471-1122-1.
unit, english, tunne, latin, tunellus, medieval, latin, tunna, english, unit, liquid, volume, weight, used, measuring, wine, honey, typically, large, vessel, most, often, holding, wine, gallons, occasionally, other, sizes, gallons, were, also, used, modern, ab. The tun Old English tunne Latin tunellus Medieval Latin tunna is an English unit of liquid volume not weight used for measuring wine 1 oil or honey Typically a large vat or vessel most often holding 252 wine gallons but occasionally other sizes e g 256 240 and 208 gallons were also used 2 The modern tun is about 954 litres The word tun is etymologically related to the word ton for the unit of mass the mass of a tun of wine being approximately one long ton which is 2240 pounds 1016 kg Contents 1 History 2 Definitions 3 Conversions 4 Explanatory notes 5 ReferencesHistory EditOriginally the tun was defined as 256 wine gallons nb 1 this is the basis for the name of the quarter of 64 corn gallons At some time before the 15th century it was reduced to 252 gallons so as to be evenly divisible by other small integers including seven nb 2 In one Early Modern English example from 1507 a tun is defined as 240 gallons He that ys a gawner owght to understonde there ys in a tunne lx systerns and every systern ys iiii galons be yt wyne or oylle He that is a gauger ought to understand that there is in a tunne 60 sesters and every sester is 4 gallons be it wine or oil Untitled manuscript consisting of a list of various customs duties dated 15 July 1507 2 3 4 With the adoption of the Queen Anne wine gallon of 231 cubic inches in 1706 the tun approximated the volume of a cylinder with both diameter and height of 42 inches nb 3 These were adopted as the standard US liquid gallon and tun When the imperial system was introduced in 1824 the tun was redefined in the UK and colonies as 210 imperial gallons The imperial tun remained evenly divisible by small integers nb 4 There was also little change in the actual value of the tun nb 5 Standard tuns of wine came to serve as a measure of a ship s capacity 5 measuretunbuttpuncheonhogsheadtiercebarrelrundlet comparisonstuns butts puncheons hogsheads tierces barrels rundlets11 4 21 4 31 4 41 4 61 4 81 4 141 41 2 11 4 1 1 2 21 4 31 4 41 4 71 41 3 2 3 11 4 1 1 3 21 4 2 2 3 4 2 31 4 1 2 3 4 11 4 1 1 2 21 4 3 1 21 6 1 3 1 2 2 3 11 4 1 1 3 2 1 31 8 1 4 3 8 1 2 3 4 11 4 1 3 41 14 1 7 3 14 2 7 3 7 4 7 11 4 historicallylitres nb 6 950 960475 480316 320237 240158 160118 12068 69 imperial definitionsgallons litres nb 7 2101 4 954 67891051 4 477 33945701 4 318 226352 1 2 238 669725351 4 159 1131526 1 4 119 3348625151 4 68 19135 US definitionsgallons litres nb 8 2521 4 953 9237695681261 4 476 961884784841 4 317 974589856631 4 238 480942392421 4 158 98729492831 1 2 118 29411825181 4 68 137412112Definitions EditIn the US customary system the tun symbol US tu 6 is defined as 252 US fluid gallons about 954 litres 6 In the imperial system the tun is defined as 210 imperial gallons about 955 litres Conversions EditBoth the imperial and US tuns were subdivided into smaller units as follows 1 tun 2 butts or pipes 3 puncheons or tertians 4 wine hogsheads 6 6 tierces 8 wine barrels 14 rundlets Conversions of the imperial tun are as follows 1 imperial tun 210 imperial gallons 1680 imperial pints 954 6789 litres nb 7 0 9546789 cubic metres nb 7 58258 cubic inches 33 7142 cubic feet 252 199484 US fluid gallons 2017 595 875 US fluid pints Conversions of the US tun are as follows 1 US tun 252 US fluid gallons 6 2016 US fluid pints 6 953 923776 9568 litres nb 8 0 953923 769 568 cubic metres nb 8 58212 cubic inches 33 6875 cubic feet 209 833895 imperial gallons 1678 671 156 imperial pints English wine cask units 7 gallon rundlet barrel tierce hogshead puncheon tertian pipe butt tun1 tun1 2 pipes butts1 1 1 2 3 puncheons tertians1 1 1 3 2 4 hogsheads1 1 1 2 2 3 6 tierces1 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 4 8 barrels1 1 3 4 2 1 3 3 1 2 4 2 3 7 14 rundlets1 18 31 1 2 42 63 84 126 252 gallons wine 3 785 68 14 119 24 158 99 238 48 317 97 476 96 953 92 litres1 15 26 1 4 35 52 1 2 70 105 210 gallons imperial 4 546 68 19 119 3 159 1 238 7 318 2 477 3 954 7 litresExplanatory notes Edit 256 28 252 22 32 7 The volume V of this cylinder may be approximated from the height h and the radius r as follows V p r2h 22 7 21 in 2 42 in since p 22 7 22 32 7 3 7 11 cu in 252 231 cu in 210 2 3 5 7 The imperial tun is only about 0 0792 larger than the US tun assuming current definitions Note that 5 imp gal 6 US gal The conversion to litres is approximate and given as a range to reflect the varying definitions of the gallon and the tun in terms of the gallon a b c The conversion to litres is exact assuming the current 4 54609 litre definition of the imperial gallon a b c The conversion to litres is exact assuming the current 25 4 millimetre definition of the international inch References Edit Cardarelli F 2003 Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units Weights and Measures Their SI Equivalences and Origins London Springer pp 49 ISBN 978 1 4471 1122 1 a b Zupko Ronald E 1985 A Dictionary of Weights and Measures for the British Isles The Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century Volume 168 Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society American Philosophical Society 168 ISBN 9780871691682 Quoting Gras 1918 p 706 Gras Norman S B 1918 Early English Customs Systems Cambridge p 706 Quoting Forgon 1507 Forgon T 15 July 1507 Untitled manuscript consisting of a list of various customs duties Reproduced at sizes com Naval Architecture for All United States Bureau of Transportation Statistics Retrieved October 13 2008 Historically a very important and standard cargo for European sailing vessels was wine stored and shipped in casks called tuns These tuns of wine because of their uniform size and their universal demand became a standard by which a ship s capacity could be measured A tun of wine weighed approximately 2 240 pounds and occupied nearly 60 cubic feet Gillmer Thomas 1975 Modern Ship Design United States Naval Institute Today the ship designers standard of weight is the long ton which is equal to 2 240 pounds a b c d e Cardarelli F 2003 Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units Weights and Measures Their SI Equivalences and Origins London Springer pp 43 ISBN 978 1 4471 1122 1 wine barrel Sizes 2009 02 02 Retrieved 2018 03 27 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tun unit amp oldid 1126753404, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
