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Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus

April 18, 2024

Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (also known as Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, abbreviated TSPyV or TSV) is a member virus of Human polyomavirus 8[1] that infects human hosts. First discovered in 2010, TSPyV is associated with Trichodysplasia spinulosa, a rare skin disease only seen in immunocompromised patients.[2] The virus causes hyperproliferation and enlargement of hair follicles by modulating PP2A protein phosphatase signaling pathways.[3] TSPyV was the eighth human polyomavirus to be discovered, and one of four associated with human disease, out of 13 human polyomaviruses known as of the 2015 update to polyomavirus taxonomy released by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.[4][5][6]

Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Monodnaviria
Kingdom: Shotokuvirae
Phylum: Cossaviricota
Class: Papovaviricetes
Order: Sepolyvirales
Family: Polyomaviridae
Genus: Alphapolyomavirus
Species:
Human polyomavirus 8
Virus:
Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus
Synonyms
  • Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus

Structure and genome edit

 
A map of the genome of TSPyV as described at its discovery in 2010.[2] Subsequent work has indicated the possible presence of additional genes.[7]

Like all polyomaviruses, TSPyV has a circular double-stranded DNA genome of around 5.2 kilobases. The genome was originally reported to contain five genes in an organization typical of polyomaviruses, with the small tumor antigen and large tumor antigen genes located in the "early" region of the genome expressed early in the infection cycle, and the viral capsid genes VP1, VP2, and VP3 expressed from the late region.[2] A subsequent study of gene expression during TSPyV infection identified messenger RNA consistent with middle tumor antigen, an early-region protein whose homologs had previously only been reported in polyomaviruses that infect rodents. Middle tumor antigen in mouse and hamster polyomavirus has been closely associated with these viruses' ability to cause tumors. The same study also observed evidence of an additional protein, called tiny T, and of an alternatively spliced form of large tumor antigen known as ALTO.[7]

Clinical manifestations edit

Trichodysplasia spinulosa is a proliferative skin disorder[8][9] that occurs in immunocompromised people and is considered benign, but can be disfiguring.[10] It was suspected to be associated with viral infection on the basis of the patient population in which it appeared, and electron microscopy studies of clinical samples identified virus-like particles of a size and shape consistent with a polyomavirus.[11][12] Unlike Merkel cell carcinoma caused mostly by Merkel cell polyomavirus, trichodysplasia spinulosa is a dysplasia rather than a neoplasia.[13] TSPyV appears to actively replicate in the hair follicle inner root sheath cells; hyperproliferation of these cells is thought to underlie the clinically observable manifestations of the disease.[9][13] Antiviral drugs such as valganciclovir and cidofovir have shown benefit in treating this disorder in case reports.[14][15]

Epidemiology edit

As with most human polyomaviruses, TSPyV is a common asymptomatic infection in healthy adults. Estimates of seroprevalence - that is, prevalence of detectable antibodies against viral proteins - in immunocompetent adults range from 70 to 80% in different sample populations.[9][16][17] TSPyV infects the skin, but viral DNA is rarely detectable there in asymptomatic individuals even if they possess antibodies to the virus indicating exposure.[9] TSPyV has been associated with disease only in severely immunocompromised individuals, and then only in a small minority of those in whom the virus is detectable. Individuals with TS symptoms exhibit much higher viral loads than do asymptomatically infected immunocompromised individuals.[2][9]

References edit

  1. ^ "Genus: Alphapolyomavirus" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 17 June 2019.[dead link]
  2. ^ a b c d Van der Meijden, E; Janssens, RWA; Lauber, C; Bouwes Bavinck, JN; Gorbalenya, AE; et al. (2010). "Discovery of a New Human Polyomavirus Associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa in an Immunocompromized Patient". PLOS Pathog. 6 (7): e1001024. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001024. PMC 2912394. PMID 20686659.
  3. ^ Nguyen, HP; Patel, A; Simonette, RA; Rady, PL; Tyring, SK; et al. (2014). "Binding of the Trichodysplasia Spinulosa–Associated Polyomavirus Small T Antigen to Protein Phosphatase 2A: Elucidation of a Potential Pathogenic Mechanism in a Rare Skin Disease". JAMA Dermatology. 150 (11): 1234–1236. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.1095. PMID 25389794. S2CID 42096048.
  4. ^ ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2015 Release". Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  5. ^ Polyomaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of, Viruses; Calvignac-Spencer, S; Feltkamp, MC; Daugherty, MD; Moens, U; Ramqvist, T; Johne, R; Ehlers, B (29 February 2016). "A taxonomy update for the family Polyomaviridae". Archives of Virology. 161 (6): 1739–50. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-2794-y. hdl:10037/13151. PMID 26923930.
  6. ^ DeCaprio, JA; Garcea, RL (2013). "A cornucopia of human polyomaviruses". Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 11 (4): 264–76. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2992. PMC 3928796. PMID 23474680.
  7. ^ a b van der Meijden, Els; Kazem, Siamaque; Dargel, Christina A.; van Vuren, Nick; Hensbergen, Paul J.; Feltkamp, Mariet C. W.; Imperiale, M. J. (15 September 2015). "Characterization of T Antigens, Including Middle T and Alternative T, Expressed by the Human Polyomavirus Associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa". Journal of Virology. 89 (18): 9427–9439. doi:10.1128/JVI.00911-15. PMC 4542345. PMID 26136575.
  8. ^ Kazem, Siamaque; van der Meijden, Els; Wang, Richard C.; Rosenberg, Arlene S.; Pope, Elena; Benoit, Taylor; Fleckman, Philip; Feltkamp, Mariet C. W.; Deb, Sumitra (7 October 2014). "Polyomavirus-Associated Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Involves Hyperproliferation, pRB Phosphorylation and Upregulation of p16 and p21". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e108947. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j8947K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108947. PMC 4188587. PMID 25291363.
  9. ^ a b c d e Kazem, Siamaque; van der Meijden, Els; Feltkamp, Mariet C. W. (August 2013). "The trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus: virological background and clinical implications". APMIS. 121 (8): 770–782. doi:10.1111/apm.12092. PMID 23593936. S2CID 13734654.
  10. ^ Wu, J.H.; Nguyen, H.P.; Rady, P.L.; Tyring, S.K. (March 2016). "Molecular insight into the viral biology and clinical features of trichodysplasia spinulosa". British Journal of Dermatology. 174 (3): 490–498. doi:10.1111/bjd.14239. PMID 26479880. S2CID 26367357.
  11. ^ Haycox, CL; Kim, S; Fleckman, P; Smith, LT; Piepkorn, M; Sundberg, JP; Howell, DN; Miller, SE (December 1999). "Trichodysplasia spinulosa--a newly described folliculocentric viral infection in an immunocompromised host". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings. 4 (3): 268–71. doi:10.1038/sj.jidsp.5640227. PMID 10674379.
  12. ^ Osswald, Sandra S.; Kulick, Kevin B.; Tomaszewski, Maria-Magdalena; Sperling, Leonard C. (September 2007). "Viral-associated trichodysplasia in a patient with lymphoma: a case report and review". Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 34 (9): 721–725. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00693.x. PMID 17696921. S2CID 29925028.
  13. ^ a b Kazem, Siamaque; van der Meijden, Els; Kooijman, Sander; Rosenberg, Arlene S.; Hughey, Lauren C.; Browning, John C.; Sadler, Genevieve; Busam, Klaus; Pope, Elena; Benoit, Taylor; Fleckman, Philip; de Vries, Esther; Eekhof, Just A.; Feltkamp, Mariet C.W. (March 2012). "Trichodysplasia spinulosa is characterized by active polyomavirus infection". Journal of Clinical Virology. 53 (3): 225–230. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2011.11.007. PMID 22196870.
  14. ^ Holzer, Aton M.; Hughey, Lauren C. (January 2009). "Trichodysplasia of immunosuppression treated with oral valganciclovir". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 60 (1): 169–172. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.07.051. PMC 2708076. PMID 19103376.
  15. ^ Wanat, Karolyn A. (1 February 2012). "Viral-Associated Trichodysplasia". Archives of Dermatology. 148 (2): 219–223. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2011.1413. PMC 3346264. PMID 22351821.
  16. ^ van der Meijden, E; Kazem, S; Burgers, MM; Janssens, R; Bouwes Bavinck, JN; de Melker, H; Feltkamp, MC (August 2011). "Seroprevalence of trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (8): 1355–63. doi:10.3201/eid1708.110114. PMC 3381547. PMID 21801610.
  17. ^ Gossai, A; Waterboer, T; Nelson, HH; Michel, A; Willhauck-Fleckenstein, M; Farzan, SF; Hoen, AG; Christensen, BC; Kelsey, KT; Marsit, CJ; Pawlita, M; Karagas, MR (1 January 2016). "Seroepidemiology of Human Polyomaviruses in a US Population". American Journal of Epidemiology. 183 (1): 61–9. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv155. PMC 5006224. PMID 26667254.

April 18, 2024
trichodysplasia, spinulosa, polyomavirus, also, known, trichodysplasia, spinulosa, associated, polyomavirus, abbreviated, tspyv, member, virus, human, polyomavirus, that, infects, human, hosts, first, discovered, 2010, tspyv, associated, with, trichodysplasia,. Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus also known as Trichodysplasia spinulosa associated polyomavirus abbreviated TSPyV or TSV is a member virus of Human polyomavirus 8 1 that infects human hosts First discovered in 2010 TSPyV is associated with Trichodysplasia spinulosa a rare skin disease only seen in immunocompromised patients 2 The virus causes hyperproliferation and enlargement of hair follicles by modulating PP2A protein phosphatase signaling pathways 3 TSPyV was the eighth human polyomavirus to be discovered and one of four associated with human disease out of 13 human polyomaviruses known as of the 2015 update to polyomavirus taxonomy released by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 4 5 6 Trichodysplasia spinulosa associated polyomavirusVirus classification unranked VirusRealm MonodnaviriaKingdom ShotokuviraePhylum CossaviricotaClass PapovaviricetesOrder SepolyviralesFamily PolyomaviridaeGenus AlphapolyomavirusSpecies Human polyomavirus 8Virus Trichodysplasia spinulosa associated polyomavirusSynonymsTrichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus Contents 1 Structure and genome 2 Clinical manifestations 3 Epidemiology 4 ReferencesStructure and genome edit nbsp A map of the genome of TSPyV as described at its discovery in 2010 2 Subsequent work has indicated the possible presence of additional genes 7 Like all polyomaviruses TSPyV has a circular double stranded DNA genome of around 5 2 kilobases The genome was originally reported to contain five genes in an organization typical of polyomaviruses with the small tumor antigen and large tumor antigen genes located in the early region of the genome expressed early in the infection cycle and the viral capsid genes VP1 VP2 and VP3 expressed from the late region 2 A subsequent study of gene expression during TSPyV infection identified messenger RNA consistent with middle tumor antigen an early region protein whose homologs had previously only been reported in polyomaviruses that infect rodents Middle tumor antigen in mouse and hamster polyomavirus has been closely associated with these viruses ability to cause tumors The same study also observed evidence of an additional protein called tiny T and of an alternatively spliced form of large tumor antigen known as ALTO 7 Clinical manifestations editTrichodysplasia spinulosa is a proliferative skin disorder 8 9 that occurs in immunocompromised people and is considered benign but can be disfiguring 10 It was suspected to be associated with viral infection on the basis of the patient population in which it appeared and electron microscopy studies of clinical samples identified virus like particles of a size and shape consistent with a polyomavirus 11 12 Unlike Merkel cell carcinoma caused mostly by Merkel cell polyomavirus trichodysplasia spinulosa is a dysplasia rather than a neoplasia 13 TSPyV appears to actively replicate in the hair follicle inner root sheath cells hyperproliferation of these cells is thought to underlie the clinically observable manifestations of the disease 9 13 Antiviral drugs such as valganciclovir and cidofovir have shown benefit in treating this disorder in case reports 14 15 Epidemiology editAs with most human polyomaviruses TSPyV is a common asymptomatic infection in healthy adults Estimates of seroprevalence that is prevalence of detectable antibodies against viral proteins in immunocompetent adults range from 70 to 80 in different sample populations 9 16 17 TSPyV infects the skin but viral DNA is rarely detectable there in asymptomatic individuals even if they possess antibodies to the virus indicating exposure 9 TSPyV has been associated with disease only in severely immunocompromised individuals and then only in a small minority of those in whom the virus is detectable Individuals with TS symptoms exhibit much higher viral loads than do asymptomatically infected immunocompromised individuals 2 9 References edit Genus Alphapolyomavirus html International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICTV Retrieved 17 June 2019 dead link a b c d Van der Meijden E Janssens RWA Lauber C Bouwes Bavinck JN Gorbalenya AE et al 2010 Discovery of a New Human Polyomavirus Associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa in an Immunocompromized Patient PLOS Pathog 6 7 e1001024 doi 10 1371 journal ppat 1001024 PMC 2912394 PMID 20686659 Nguyen HP Patel A Simonette RA Rady PL Tyring SK et al 2014 Binding of the Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Associated Polyomavirus Small T Antigen to Protein Phosphatase 2A Elucidation of a Potential Pathogenic Mechanism in a Rare Skin Disease JAMA Dermatology 150 11 1234 1236 doi 10 1001 jamadermatol 2014 1095 PMID 25389794 S2CID 42096048 ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2015 Release Retrieved 26 July 2016 Polyomaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Calvignac Spencer S Feltkamp MC Daugherty MD Moens U Ramqvist T Johne R Ehlers B 29 February 2016 A taxonomy update for the family Polyomaviridae Archives of Virology 161 6 1739 50 doi 10 1007 s00705 016 2794 y hdl 10037 13151 PMID 26923930 DeCaprio JA Garcea RL 2013 A cornucopia of human polyomaviruses Nat Rev Microbiol 11 4 264 76 doi 10 1038 nrmicro2992 PMC 3928796 PMID 23474680 a b van der Meijden Els Kazem Siamaque Dargel Christina A van Vuren Nick Hensbergen Paul J Feltkamp Mariet C W Imperiale M J 15 September 2015 Characterization of T Antigens Including Middle T and Alternative T Expressed by the Human Polyomavirus Associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Journal of Virology 89 18 9427 9439 doi 10 1128 JVI 00911 15 PMC 4542345 PMID 26136575 Kazem Siamaque van der Meijden Els Wang Richard C Rosenberg Arlene S Pope Elena Benoit Taylor Fleckman Philip Feltkamp Mariet C W Deb Sumitra 7 October 2014 Polyomavirus Associated Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Involves Hyperproliferation pRB Phosphorylation and Upregulation of p16 and p21 PLOS ONE 9 10 e108947 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 9j8947K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0108947 PMC 4188587 PMID 25291363 a b c d e Kazem Siamaque van der Meijden Els Feltkamp Mariet C W August 2013 The trichodysplasia spinulosa associated polyomavirus virological background and clinical implications APMIS 121 8 770 782 doi 10 1111 apm 12092 PMID 23593936 S2CID 13734654 Wu J H Nguyen H P Rady P L Tyring S K March 2016 Molecular insight into the viral biology and clinical features of trichodysplasia spinulosa British Journal of Dermatology 174 3 490 498 doi 10 1111 bjd 14239 PMID 26479880 S2CID 26367357 Haycox CL Kim S Fleckman P Smith LT Piepkorn M Sundberg JP Howell DN Miller SE December 1999 Trichodysplasia spinulosa a newly described folliculocentric viral infection in an immunocompromised host The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 4 3 268 71 doi 10 1038 sj jidsp 5640227 PMID 10674379 Osswald Sandra S Kulick Kevin B Tomaszewski Maria Magdalena Sperling Leonard C September 2007 Viral associated trichodysplasia in a patient with lymphoma a case report and review Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 34 9 721 725 doi 10 1111 j 1600 0560 2006 00693 x PMID 17696921 S2CID 29925028 a b Kazem Siamaque van der Meijden Els Kooijman Sander Rosenberg Arlene S Hughey Lauren C Browning John C Sadler Genevieve Busam Klaus Pope Elena Benoit Taylor Fleckman Philip de Vries Esther Eekhof Just A Feltkamp Mariet C W March 2012 Trichodysplasia spinulosa is characterized by active polyomavirus infection Journal of Clinical Virology 53 3 225 230 doi 10 1016 j jcv 2011 11 007 PMID 22196870 Holzer Aton M Hughey Lauren C January 2009 Trichodysplasia of immunosuppression treated with oral valganciclovir Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 60 1 169 172 doi 10 1016 j jaad 2008 07 051 PMC 2708076 PMID 19103376 Wanat Karolyn A 1 February 2012 Viral Associated Trichodysplasia Archives of Dermatology 148 2 219 223 doi 10 1001 archdermatol 2011 1413 PMC 3346264 PMID 22351821 van der Meijden E Kazem S Burgers MM Janssens R Bouwes Bavinck JN de Melker H Feltkamp MC August 2011 Seroprevalence of trichodysplasia spinulosa associated polyomavirus Emerging Infectious Diseases 17 8 1355 63 doi 10 3201 eid1708 110114 PMC 3381547 PMID 21801610 Gossai A Waterboer T Nelson HH Michel A Willhauck Fleckenstein M Farzan SF Hoen AG Christensen BC Kelsey KT Marsit CJ Pawlita M Karagas MR 1 January 2016 Seroepidemiology of Human Polyomaviruses in a US Population American Journal of Epidemiology 183 1 61 9 doi 10 1093 aje kwv155 PMC 5006224 PMID 26667254 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus amp oldid 1193480460, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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