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Tri-state water dispute

February 11, 2023

The tri-state water dispute is a 21st-century water-use conflict among the U.S. states of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida over flows in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin and the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has regulated water flow for the entire Chattahoochee River, from Lake Lanier in Forsyth County, Georgia, to Alabama and Florida.

Chattahoochee River in Norcross, Georgia, downstream from Lake Lanier and Buford Dam.

The states filed suit in 1990 in their conflict over the water supply; federal courts has affirmed the Corps' authority to negotiate the conflict. As the Lake Lanier project was authorized by Congress, each of the three states is entitled to an equal portion of the water; the project was never envisioned only to benefit metropolitan Atlanta, the closest large city and one that has developed rapidly since the late 20th century, greatly increasing its water consumption. The water flows are also regulated to support a variety of uses by states downriver, including preservation of marine life under the Endangered Species Act, and support for major seafood industries.

History

Buford Dam

 
Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River in northern Georgia. The dam impounds Lake Lanier.

In 1938, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers produced a report for the U.S. Congress that suggested a list of potential hydropower projects. One of the suggested dams was the Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River to create a reservoir (now known as Lake Lanier) in north Georgia. In addition to providing hydroelectric power, the dam could provide a steady water supply to Atlanta if, in the future, the city needed additional water resources. The city did not contribute to construction of the dam or reservoir.[1] Additional objectives for the dam included reducing flooding downriver during heavy rains and allowing for easier navigation on related Georgia waterways.[2]

Congress authorized the construction of Buford Dam in 1946, and the dam was completed in 1957. As Atlanta's population continued to grow from the time the dam was built, especially since the late 20th century, its consumption and need for water has grown. At the same time, both Alabama and Florida used the waters from Lake Lanier, which were critical to a variety of uses, including important economic industries. In 1989, the Corps of Engineers released a report concluding that some of the water being used for hydroelectric power at Buford Dam should, instead, be used to supply Atlanta with water for human consumption.[3]

Legal action

As a result of the COE's recommendation, Alabama filed a lawsuit in 1990 against Georgia and the Army Corps of Engineers, followed by the state of Florida later that year. Alabama challenged the Corps' recommendation of the reallocation of the water supply, arguing that the Corps' recommendation had favored Georgia's interests and had ignored the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 and the impact of its recommendation on the environment. In its suit, Florida cited the critical effect of the dam's operations on endangered species and NEPA violations by the Corps of Engineers.[4] Alabama and Florida later filed amended briefs to the 1990 Alabama suit, stating that an endangered aquatic species was being threatened due to a decrease of water levels downriver.[3]

After the 1990 lawsuit was filed in Alabama, the parties decided to suspend legal procedures in an effort to reach an agreement suitable to all three states. After arbitration by a federal judge from Minnesota, in 1997, the parties created two compacts: the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) between Alabama, Florida, and Georgia; and the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) between Alabama and Georgia.[5] Georgia had sued the Corps for wrongfully prohibiting Lake Lanier to be used for water consumption for metropolitan Atlanta, but a federal judge ruled that the project had not been authorized for that purpose.[3]

During negotiation of the 1997 compacts, Georgia also entered into negotiations with the Corps to allow part of Lake Lanier to be used for water consumption. In 2004, both Alabama and Florida challenged these agreements due to the preeminence of the suit filed by Alabama in 1990.[6] The 1997 compacts, however, were not successful; they were allowed to expire in 2003 and 2004, for the ACF and the ACT, respectively.

The states could not agree on minimum flow requirements, general operation standards, and consumption caps. Georgia argued that if the flow standards are met, then minimum flow requirements are unnecessary.[7] Georgia and the Corps of Engineers reached an agreement to reduce the state's water usage from Lake Lanier, but in 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that this type of change in the agreement required Congressional approval and could not be made by the USACE.[5] At various times, the governors of each of the three states have met, but these meetings have resulted only in deadline extensions for agreement. When U.S. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar visited Georgia in 2009, he said that he would not force the states into any agreement, but he would help them come to an agreement.[8]

U.S. District Judge Paul Magnuson, brought in as a neutral arbiter, ruled in July 2009 that metropolitan Atlanta would be prohibited from taking water out of Lake Lanier for a three-year negotiation period to begin among the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida.[9] In October 2009, Judge Magnuson ruled against Georgia in response to an appeal by the state on the July ruling.[10]

In June 2011 the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the 2009 district court decision and confirmed the USACE's authority to regulate Lake Lanier for Atlanta's water supply.[11] The Corps responded in June 2012 with plans for further analysis and evaluation of proposals from the three states.[12]

In 2013, Florida filed an original action against Georgia in the Supreme Court of the United States, requesting equitable apportionment of waters in the ACF Basin. On November 3, 2014, the Supreme Court granted Florida leave to file the complaint, and the case went before a special master before being argued on January 8, 2018.[13][needs update]

Positions

Georgia

Georgia has indicated that the need for fresh water to use for human consumption is its primary concern in the issue. Experts in the metro Atlanta area assert that the people of metro Atlanta require and can safely extract 705 million gallons (2.67 Gl) of fresh water per day from a number of reservoirs and water basins around northern Georgia until the year 2030. Georgia states the water from Lake Allatoona and the Etowah River in North Georgia could sustain the water needs of the metro Atlanta area.[14] Georgia's main concern is whether or not they have the capability to supply over 5.6 million people[15] in the metro Atlanta area with potable water.

Because of Georgia's need to supply a booming population with safe, usable water, Georgia's circumstance is unique to the three states involved.[14] The interstate water dispute becomes an intrastate issue for Georgia because of the major quantities of water needed for supporting population growth in the metro Atlanta. The growth of Atlanta has also increased water consumption for maintaining lawns and golf courses, which other parties to the rivers do not want to support. Lake Lanier's downstream users in Georgia maintain that an increase in the water consumption of metro Atlanta results in a decrease of available water for users in south Georgia.[14] Farmers in Southwest Georgia and homeowners on West Point Lake perceive metro Atlanta as competition for water.[14]

For the past two decades, Georgia's leadership has failed to produce significant agreements with Alabama and Florida. Many people blame the leaders of the state for this failure. The old course of "Conflict, Conceal, and Capture"[16] has not resulted in any progress. In December 2009 Governor Sonny Perdue's Water Contingency Planning Task Force recommended greater water conservation in the Atlanta region and further negotiation regarding the reallocation of portions of Lake Lanier to supply the needs of metro Atlanta.[16] Nathan Deal, Governor of Georgia in 2011, wanted to resolve the conflict with Alabama by finding new solutions to Atlanta's need for water.[17]

Alabama

Alabama uses water of the ACF River Basin for a variety of purposes, including agriculture, industry, fisheries, recreation, preservation of habitats and biodiversity, power generation, navigation, and water quality,[18] all of which may be limited by Atlanta's growing usage. Alabama's goals during the ACF negotiations have been to ensure adequate water levels of the Chattahoochee River through the Alabama cities of Phenix City and Columbia, perpetuation of waste assimilation and water use permits in the middle regions of the Chattahoochee River, continuation of the Corps' projects such as hydropower and flood control, preservation of water levels of Alabama's West Point Lake and Lake Eufaula, and ensuring that neither current or future plans adversely affect the stated goals.[19] During the drought of 2007, the state of Georgia had statewide water restrictions, but the city of Phenix City, Alabama failed to enact water restrictions on their customers.[20]

During the early part of the process, Alabama was, compared to Georgia and Florida, somewhat ill-equipped to address some of the arguments presented by Florida and Georgia. The state did not pass a comprehensive Water Resources Act until 1993, more than two years after their lawsuit was filed against the Corps. The newly created Office of Water Resources was not fully staffed until 1997. But it has worked to catch up.[21]

Florida

As another downstream user of the ACF River Basin, Florida wants and needs enough freshwater to reach the Apalachicola Bay of Northwestern Florida to maintain shrimping and other seafood industries, which provide significant income for the state. These industries are vital to the Apalachicola Bay area and generate millions of dollars for the region, while providing thousands of jobs.[22] Unlike Georgia, where the issue over the use of freshwater is based on supplying a growing human population with potable water, Florida is faced with economic challenges and severe losses if the water from upriver is diminished.[23]

Policy issues

Stakeholders

As all three states have portions of the ACF river basin, ACT river basin, or both within their borders, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida are involved in the issue.[24] The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed Lake Lanier under authorization and appropriations by Congress, and controls its flow of water for multiple purposes, so it is involved in the dispute.[25]

Concerned with the environmental effects on the two river basins, the Tri-State Conservation Coalition—a league of more than 45 organizations, including the Alabama Rivers Alliance, Southern Environmental Law Center, American Rivers, Lake Watch of Lake Martin, and Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper—is involved with the goal of preserving the water quality and other environmental factors.[26]

Environmental impact

Alabama is concerned about environmental effects under drought, if the waters of the ACF and the ACT river basins are diminished to use Lake Lanier to supply water for Atlanta's consumption.[27] These two river basins are the habitat for countless numbers of fish and other aquatic life, which need a proper amount of water to thrive.[22]

If the water levels fall too low, such aquatic species may suffer. Endangered species of both sturgeon and mussel live in the basins, and reducing the water supply to the basins would put these endangered species at risk.[24] NEPA requires submission of an environmental impact statement (EIS) before any action with potentially major environmental effects can take place. No EIS has been published for changes to allocation of water from Lake Lanier, indicating the full environmental impact has not been assessed.[28] Draft Programmatic EISs for the two basins were published in 1999, but were never formalized. No Record of Decision (ROD) was ever published.[citation needed]

Florida also has major environmental issues related to the flow in the ACF basin. The Apalachicola Bay provides 35 percent of the freshwater flow to the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and it is vital to the richly productive estuaries in this region. The key to the estuary is the fluctuation in salinity levels produced by the ACF's freshwater flow. A reduced flow of fresh water into these estuaries would result in higher salinity levels, that could endanger the marine life, including that supporting major seafood industries.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ Rankin, Bill (July 25, 2009). "Decades before water wars, Buford Dam won city support, not finances". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 19, 2011.[dead link]
  2. ^ . Lake Sidney Lanier. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  3. ^ a b c . Alabama Rivers Alliance. Archived from the original on May 30, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  4. ^ . Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper Website. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  5. ^ a b Bryan, Hobson. "Interstate Water Disputes". Encyclopedia of Alabama. University of Alabama. from the original on December 13, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  6. ^ Lathrop, Alyssa. (PDF). Florida State University Law Review. The Florida State University College of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
  7. ^ Proceedings of the 2005 Georgia Water Resources Conference, held April 25–27, 2005, at the University of Georgia. Kathryn J. Hatcher, editor, Institute of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
  8. ^ . Water Webster. Archived from the original on June 24, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  9. ^ . Southern Environmental Law Center. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  10. ^ Rankin, Bill (October 5, 2009). . Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  11. ^ "ACF Master Water Control Manual Update". US Army Corps of Engineers. from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  12. ^ "USACE extends public scoping to next year". US Army Corps of Engineers. from the original on March 12, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  13. ^ "SCOTUSblog Case File, Florida v. Georgia". SCOTUSblog. from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  14. ^ a b c d Shelton, Stacy (January 6, 2003). . Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  15. ^ "Metro Atlanta 7th largest in population". Atlanta Business Chronicle. August 4, 2010. from the original on October 30, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
  16. ^ a b Bethea, Sally. . Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
  17. ^ Brumbeck, Kate (March 21, 2011). "Deal encouraged by early talks in water war". The Times. Retrieved March 27, 2011.[dead link]
  18. ^ Hutson, Susan. "Alabama Water Use, 2005" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet. (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
  19. ^ "Neighbor Of Thirsty Georgia Faces No Water Restrictions". Planetizen. from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  20. ^ . Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  21. ^ a b . Southern Environmental Law Center. Archived from the original on March 24, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  22. ^ Blackwood, Harris (December 8, 2008). "Tri-state water wars fought on many fronts". The Times. Retrieved April 1, 2011.[dead link]
  23. ^ a b Boulard, Gary (March 2008). "Hot water: states need water like never before, which creates competition but also cooperation". State Legislatures. 34 (3): 21. Gale A175351410.
  24. ^ Tyrnauer, Stuart. . A Solution to the Lake Lanier Water Dilemma. Archived from the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  25. ^ . Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  26. ^ "12th Annual ADEM Drinking Water Branch Surface Water Meeting" (PDF). Alabama Department of Environmental Management. (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  27. ^ . Alabama Rivers Alliance. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  28. ^ Ruhl, J.B. (June 2005). (PDF). Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education (131): 47–54. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.

External links

  • Text of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin Compact, Public Law 105-104
  • Text of the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin Compact, Public Law 105-105

February 11, 2023
state, water, dispute, state, water, dispute, 21st, century, water, conflict, among, states, georgia, alabama, florida, over, flows, apalachicola, chattahoochee, flint, river, basin, alabama, coosa, tallapoosa, river, basin, army, corps, engineers, regulated, . The tri state water dispute is a 21st century water use conflict among the U S states of Georgia Alabama and Florida over flows in the Apalachicola Chattahoochee Flint River Basin and the Alabama Coosa Tallapoosa River Basin The U S Army Corps of Engineers has regulated water flow for the entire Chattahoochee River from Lake Lanier in Forsyth County Georgia to Alabama and Florida Chattahoochee River in Norcross Georgia downstream from Lake Lanier and Buford Dam The states filed suit in 1990 in their conflict over the water supply federal courts has affirmed the Corps authority to negotiate the conflict As the Lake Lanier project was authorized by Congress each of the three states is entitled to an equal portion of the water the project was never envisioned only to benefit metropolitan Atlanta the closest large city and one that has developed rapidly since the late 20th century greatly increasing its water consumption The water flows are also regulated to support a variety of uses by states downriver including preservation of marine life under the Endangered Species Act and support for major seafood industries Contents 1 History 1 1 Buford Dam 1 2 Legal action 2 Positions 2 1 Georgia 2 2 Alabama 2 3 Florida 3 Policy issues 3 1 Stakeholders 3 2 Environmental impact 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory EditBuford Dam Edit Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River in northern Georgia The dam impounds Lake Lanier In 1938 the U S Army Corps of Engineers produced a report for the U S Congress that suggested a list of potential hydropower projects One of the suggested dams was the Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River to create a reservoir now known as Lake Lanier in north Georgia In addition to providing hydroelectric power the dam could provide a steady water supply to Atlanta if in the future the city needed additional water resources The city did not contribute to construction of the dam or reservoir 1 Additional objectives for the dam included reducing flooding downriver during heavy rains and allowing for easier navigation on related Georgia waterways 2 Congress authorized the construction of Buford Dam in 1946 and the dam was completed in 1957 As Atlanta s population continued to grow from the time the dam was built especially since the late 20th century its consumption and need for water has grown At the same time both Alabama and Florida used the waters from Lake Lanier which were critical to a variety of uses including important economic industries In 1989 the Corps of Engineers released a report concluding that some of the water being used for hydroelectric power at Buford Dam should instead be used to supply Atlanta with water for human consumption 3 Legal action Edit As a result of the COE s recommendation Alabama filed a lawsuit in 1990 against Georgia and the Army Corps of Engineers followed by the state of Florida later that year Alabama challenged the Corps recommendation of the reallocation of the water supply arguing that the Corps recommendation had favored Georgia s interests and had ignored the National Environmental Policy Act NEPA of 1969 and the impact of its recommendation on the environment In its suit Florida cited the critical effect of the dam s operations on endangered species and NEPA violations by the Corps of Engineers 4 Alabama and Florida later filed amended briefs to the 1990 Alabama suit stating that an endangered aquatic species was being threatened due to a decrease of water levels downriver 3 After the 1990 lawsuit was filed in Alabama the parties decided to suspend legal procedures in an effort to reach an agreement suitable to all three states After arbitration by a federal judge from Minnesota in 1997 the parties created two compacts the Apalachicola Chattahoochee Flint ACF between Alabama Florida and Georgia and the Alabama Coosa Tallapoosa ACT between Alabama and Georgia 5 Georgia had sued the Corps for wrongfully prohibiting Lake Lanier to be used for water consumption for metropolitan Atlanta but a federal judge ruled that the project had not been authorized for that purpose 3 During negotiation of the 1997 compacts Georgia also entered into negotiations with the Corps to allow part of Lake Lanier to be used for water consumption In 2004 both Alabama and Florida challenged these agreements due to the preeminence of the suit filed by Alabama in 1990 6 The 1997 compacts however were not successful they were allowed to expire in 2003 and 2004 for the ACF and the ACT respectively The states could not agree on minimum flow requirements general operation standards and consumption caps Georgia argued that if the flow standards are met then minimum flow requirements are unnecessary 7 Georgia and the Corps of Engineers reached an agreement to reduce the state s water usage from Lake Lanier but in 2008 the U S Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that this type of change in the agreement required Congressional approval and could not be made by the USACE 5 At various times the governors of each of the three states have met but these meetings have resulted only in deadline extensions for agreement When U S Interior Secretary Ken Salazar visited Georgia in 2009 he said that he would not force the states into any agreement but he would help them come to an agreement 8 U S District Judge Paul Magnuson brought in as a neutral arbiter ruled in July 2009 that metropolitan Atlanta would be prohibited from taking water out of Lake Lanier for a three year negotiation period to begin among the states of Georgia Alabama and Florida 9 In October 2009 Judge Magnuson ruled against Georgia in response to an appeal by the state on the July ruling 10 In June 2011 the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the 2009 district court decision and confirmed the USACE s authority to regulate Lake Lanier for Atlanta s water supply 11 The Corps responded in June 2012 with plans for further analysis and evaluation of proposals from the three states 12 In 2013 Florida filed an original action against Georgia in the Supreme Court of the United States requesting equitable apportionment of waters in the ACF Basin On November 3 2014 the Supreme Court granted Florida leave to file the complaint and the case went before a special master before being argued on January 8 2018 13 needs update Positions EditGeorgia Edit Georgia has indicated that the need for fresh water to use for human consumption is its primary concern in the issue Experts in the metro Atlanta area assert that the people of metro Atlanta require and can safely extract 705 million gallons 2 67 Gl of fresh water per day from a number of reservoirs and water basins around northern Georgia until the year 2030 Georgia states the water from Lake Allatoona and the Etowah River in North Georgia could sustain the water needs of the metro Atlanta area 14 Georgia s main concern is whether or not they have the capability to supply over 5 6 million people 15 in the metro Atlanta area with potable water Because of Georgia s need to supply a booming population with safe usable water Georgia s circumstance is unique to the three states involved 14 The interstate water dispute becomes an intrastate issue for Georgia because of the major quantities of water needed for supporting population growth in the metro Atlanta The growth of Atlanta has also increased water consumption for maintaining lawns and golf courses which other parties to the rivers do not want to support Lake Lanier s downstream users in Georgia maintain that an increase in the water consumption of metro Atlanta results in a decrease of available water for users in south Georgia 14 Farmers in Southwest Georgia and homeowners on West Point Lake perceive metro Atlanta as competition for water 14 For the past two decades Georgia s leadership has failed to produce significant agreements with Alabama and Florida Many people blame the leaders of the state for this failure The old course of Conflict Conceal and Capture 16 has not resulted in any progress In December 2009 Governor Sonny Perdue s Water Contingency Planning Task Force recommended greater water conservation in the Atlanta region and further negotiation regarding the reallocation of portions of Lake Lanier to supply the needs of metro Atlanta 16 Nathan Deal Governor of Georgia in 2011 wanted to resolve the conflict with Alabama by finding new solutions to Atlanta s need for water 17 Alabama Edit Alabama uses water of the ACF River Basin for a variety of purposes including agriculture industry fisheries recreation preservation of habitats and biodiversity power generation navigation and water quality 18 all of which may be limited by Atlanta s growing usage Alabama s goals during the ACF negotiations have been to ensure adequate water levels of the Chattahoochee River through the Alabama cities of Phenix City and Columbia perpetuation of waste assimilation and water use permits in the middle regions of the Chattahoochee River continuation of the Corps projects such as hydropower and flood control preservation of water levels of Alabama s West Point Lake and Lake Eufaula and ensuring that neither current or future plans adversely affect the stated goals 19 During the drought of 2007 the state of Georgia had statewide water restrictions but the city of Phenix City Alabama failed to enact water restrictions on their customers 20 During the early part of the process Alabama was compared to Georgia and Florida somewhat ill equipped to address some of the arguments presented by Florida and Georgia The state did not pass a comprehensive Water Resources Act until 1993 more than two years after their lawsuit was filed against the Corps The newly created Office of Water Resources was not fully staffed until 1997 But it has worked to catch up 21 Florida Edit As another downstream user of the ACF River Basin Florida wants and needs enough freshwater to reach the Apalachicola Bay of Northwestern Florida to maintain shrimping and other seafood industries which provide significant income for the state These industries are vital to the Apalachicola Bay area and generate millions of dollars for the region while providing thousands of jobs 22 Unlike Georgia where the issue over the use of freshwater is based on supplying a growing human population with potable water Florida is faced with economic challenges and severe losses if the water from upriver is diminished 23 Policy issues EditStakeholders Edit As all three states have portions of the ACF river basin ACT river basin or both within their borders Georgia Alabama and Florida are involved in the issue 24 The U S Army Corps of Engineers constructed Lake Lanier under authorization and appropriations by Congress and controls its flow of water for multiple purposes so it is involved in the dispute 25 Concerned with the environmental effects on the two river basins the Tri State Conservation Coalition a league of more than 45 organizations including the Alabama Rivers Alliance Southern Environmental Law Center American Rivers Lake Watch of Lake Martin and Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper is involved with the goal of preserving the water quality and other environmental factors 26 Environmental impact Edit Alabama is concerned about environmental effects under drought if the waters of the ACF and the ACT river basins are diminished to use Lake Lanier to supply water for Atlanta s consumption 27 These two river basins are the habitat for countless numbers of fish and other aquatic life which need a proper amount of water to thrive 22 If the water levels fall too low such aquatic species may suffer Endangered species of both sturgeon and mussel live in the basins and reducing the water supply to the basins would put these endangered species at risk 24 NEPA requires submission of an environmental impact statement EIS before any action with potentially major environmental effects can take place No EIS has been published for changes to allocation of water from Lake Lanier indicating the full environmental impact has not been assessed 28 Draft Programmatic EISs for the two basins were published in 1999 but were never formalized No Record of Decision ROD was ever published citation needed Florida also has major environmental issues related to the flow in the ACF basin The Apalachicola Bay provides 35 percent of the freshwater flow to the eastern Gulf of Mexico and it is vital to the richly productive estuaries in this region The key to the estuary is the fluctuation in salinity levels produced by the ACF s freshwater flow A reduced flow of fresh water into these estuaries would result in higher salinity levels that could endanger the marine life including that supporting major seafood industries 29 See also EditTennessee Georgia water disputePortals Lakes Rivers WaterReferences Edit Rankin Bill July 25 2009 Decades before water wars Buford Dam won city support not finances Atlanta Journal Constitution Retrieved March 19 2011 dead link History Lake Sidney Lanier US Army Corps of Engineers Archived from the original on July 28 2011 Retrieved March 19 2011 a b c Water Wars Background Alabama Rivers Alliance Archived from the original on May 30 2011 Retrieved March 19 2011 Tri State Water Wars History Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper Website Archived from the original on July 26 2011 Retrieved March 19 2011 a b Bryan Hobson Interstate Water Disputes Encyclopedia of Alabama University of Alabama Archived from the original on December 13 2010 Retrieved March 19 2011 Lathrop Alyssa A Tale of Three States Equitable Apportionment of the Apalachicola Chattahoochee Flint River Basin PDF Florida State University Law Review The Florida State University College of Law Archived from the original PDF on August 6 2010 Retrieved March 27 2011 Proceedings of the 2005 Georgia Water Resources Conference held April 25 27 2005 at the University of Georgia Kathryn J Hatcher editor Institute of Ecology The University of Georgia Athens Georgia Florida Alabama Georgia water sharing Water Webster Archived from the original on June 24 2007 Retrieved March 19 2011 Judge Rules in Tri State Water Wars that Atlanta Can t Take Water from Lake Lanier Southern Environmental Law Center Archived from the original on January 5 2011 Retrieved March 19 2011 Rankin Bill October 5 2009 Judge again rules against Georgia in water fight Atlanta Journal Constitution Archived from the original on September 3 2011 Retrieved March 19 2011 ACF Master Water Control Manual Update US Army Corps of Engineers Archived from the original on August 26 2022 Retrieved January 17 2013 USACE extends public scoping to next year US Army Corps of Engineers Archived from the original on March 12 2013 Retrieved January 17 2013 SCOTUSblog Case File Florida v Georgia SCOTUSblog Archived from the original on February 21 2015 Retrieved February 22 2015 a b c d Shelton Stacy January 6 2003 Water wars GOP shift new reality as tri state talks begin Atlanta Journal Constitution Archived from the original on May 22 2011 Retrieved March 21 2011 Metro Atlanta 7th largest in population Atlanta Business Chronicle August 4 2010 Archived from the original on October 30 2010 Retrieved March 27 2011 a b Bethea Sally Charting a New Course for Georgia s Water Security Archived from the original on July 26 2011 Retrieved March 27 2011 Brumbeck Kate March 21 2011 Deal encouraged by early talks in water war The Times Retrieved March 27 2011 dead link Hutson Susan Alabama Water Use 2005 PDF U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet Archived PDF from the original on October 17 2012 Retrieved March 27 2011 The Tri State Water Wars An Interview with Trey Glenn Division Director of the Alabama Office of Water Resources Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Legal Program Archived from the original on August 20 2011 Retrieved March 21 2011 Neighbor Of Thirsty Georgia Faces No Water Restrictions Planetizen Archived from the original on July 5 2008 Retrieved March 24 2011 Water Management Archived from the original on August 8 2014 Retrieved August 4 2014 a b Tri State Water Wars Southern Environmental Law Center Archived from the original on March 24 2011 Retrieved March 20 2011 Blackwood Harris December 8 2008 Tri state water wars fought on many fronts The Times Retrieved April 1 2011 dead link a b Boulard Gary March 2008 Hot water states need water like never before which creates competition but also cooperation State Legislatures 34 3 21 Gale A175351410 Tyrnauer Stuart Tri State Water Wars A Solution to the Lake Lanier Water Dilemma Archived from the original on August 19 2011 Retrieved March 22 2011 Tri State Conservation Coalition Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper Archived from the original on July 26 2011 Retrieved March 22 2011 12th Annual ADEM Drinking Water Branch Surface Water Meeting PDF Alabama Department of Environmental Management Archived PDF from the original on February 16 2011 Retrieved March 20 2011 Amicus Brief in Tristate Water Allocation Dispute Alabama Rivers Alliance Archived from the original on July 23 2011 Retrieved March 20 2011 Ruhl J B June 2005 Water Wars Eastern Style Divvying Up the Apalachicola Chattahoochee Flint River Basin PDF Journal of Contemporary Water Research amp Education 131 47 54 Archived from the original PDF on July 24 2011 Retrieved April 18 2011 External links EditText of the Apalachicola Chattahoochee Flint River Basin Compact Public Law 105 104 Text of the Alabama Coosa Tallapoosa River Basin Compact Public Law 105 105 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tri state water dispute amp oldid 1106840976, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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