The Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence. It was signed on August 24, 1821 in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico. The signatories were the head of the Army of the Three Guarantees, Agustín de Iturbide, and, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, Jefe Político SuperiorJuan O'Donojú. The treaty has 17 articles, which developed the proposals of the Plan of Iguala.[1] The Treaty is the first document in which Spanish (without authorization) and Mexican officials accept the liberty of what will become the First Mexican Empire, but it is not today recognized as the foundational moment, since these ideas are often attributed to the Grito de Dolores (September 16, 1810). The treaty was rejected by the Spanish government, publishing this determination in Madrid on February 13 and 14, 1822.[2]
In the treaty, New Spain is recognized as an independent empire, which is defined as "monarchical, constitutional and moderate." The crown of the Mexican Empire was offered first to Ferdinand VII of Spain. Should he not present himself in Mexico within the time to be determined by the Mexican Cortes (parliament) to take the oath of office, the crown would then be offered in sequence to his brothers, the InfantesCarlos and Francisco, and cousin, Archduke Charles[3] or another individual of a royal house, whom the Cortes would determine. In the case that none of these accept the crown, the treaty then established that Cortes could designate a new king without specifying if the person needed to belong to a European royal house.[citation needed]
The idea in this last clause had not been considered in the Plan of Iguala, and was added by Iturbide to leave open the possibility of his taking the crown. At the same time, O'Donojú, as captain general and jefe político superior, had no authority to sign such a treaty, but was interested in preserving Mexico for the Spanish royal family, and probably signed without considering that Iturbide might have designs on the crown.[4]
Signing and consequencesedit
On September 27, 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered triumphantly into Mexico City and on the following day, the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire was widely known. Shortly after, Iturbide suggested to offer the Mexican throne to a member of the House of Bourbon (most likely to Ferdinand VII) but all attempts and offers had failed. Therefore, the Mexican Congress elected a Mexican monarch the following year. Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on May 18, 1822.[5] The monarchy lasted three years, and after the republican revolution of Casa Mata, the Congress no longer considered the Plan of Iguala or Treaty of Córdoba in effect.[6]
^Muñoz Saldaña, Rafael (2009). México Independiente: el despertar de una nación [Independent Mexico: the awakening of a nation] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Mexico City: Televisa. pp. 140–141. ISBN978-968-5963-25-1.
^Riva Palacio, D. Vicente, ed. (1888). México a través de los siglos [Mexico Through the Centuries] (in Spanish). Vol. 4. Ballescá y Comp. p. 94, footnote 1.
^ [Treaty of Córdoba] (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
^Riva Palacio, D. Vicente, ed. (1880). México a través de los siglos: La guerra de independencia [Mexico Through the Centuries: The War of Independence] (in Spanish). Vol. 3. p. 740.
^Álvarez Cuartero, Izaskun (2005). Visiones y revisiones de la independencia americana: México, Centroamérica y Haití [Visions and Revisions of American Independence: Mexico, Central America, and Haiti]. Aquilafuente (in Spanish). Vol. 84. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. p. 266. ISBN978-84-7800-535-2.
Spanish Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Tratados de Córdoba
(English & Spanish versions)
February 15, 2024
treaty, córdoba, established, mexican, independence, from, spain, conclusion, mexican, independence, signed, august, 1821, córdoba, veracruz, mexico, signatories, were, head, army, three, guarantees, agustín, iturbide, acting, behalf, spanish, government, jefe. The Treaty of Cordoba established Mexican independence from Spain at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence It was signed on August 24 1821 in Cordoba Veracruz Mexico The signatories were the head of the Army of the Three Guarantees Agustin de Iturbide and acting on behalf of the Spanish government Jefe Politico Superior Juan O Donoju The treaty has 17 articles which developed the proposals of the Plan of Iguala 1 The Treaty is the first document in which Spanish without authorization and Mexican officials accept the liberty of what will become the First Mexican Empire but it is not today recognized as the foundational moment since these ideas are often attributed to the Grito de Dolores September 16 1810 The treaty was rejected by the Spanish government publishing this determination in Madrid on February 13 and 14 1822 2 Treaty of CordobaSigned24 August 1821LocationCordoba Veracruz MexicoConditionThe treaty was rejected by Spain SignatoriesFirst Mexican Empire Kingdom of SpainRatifiersAgustin de Iturbide Regent of the Mexican Empire Juan O Donoju High Political Head of Spanish government in MexicoLanguageSpanish Contents 1 Objectives 2 Signing and consequences 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksObjectives edit nbsp House where the Treaties of Cordoba were signed In the treaty New Spain is recognized as an independent empire which is defined as monarchical constitutional and moderate The crown of the Mexican Empire was offered first to Ferdinand VII of Spain Should he not present himself in Mexico within the time to be determined by the Mexican Cortes parliament to take the oath of office the crown would then be offered in sequence to his brothers the Infantes Carlos and Francisco and cousin Archduke Charles 3 or another individual of a royal house whom the Cortes would determine In the case that none of these accept the crown the treaty then established that Cortes could designate a new king without specifying if the person needed to belong to a European royal house citation needed The idea in this last clause had not been considered in the Plan of Iguala and was added by Iturbide to leave open the possibility of his taking the crown At the same time O Donoju as captain general and jefe politico superior had no authority to sign such a treaty but was interested in preserving Mexico for the Spanish royal family and probably signed without considering that Iturbide might have designs on the crown 4 Signing and consequences editOn September 27 1821 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered triumphantly into Mexico City and on the following day the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire was widely known Shortly after Iturbide suggested to offer the Mexican throne to a member of the House of Bourbon most likely to Ferdinand VII but all attempts and offers had failed Therefore the Mexican Congress elected a Mexican monarch the following year Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on May 18 1822 5 The monarchy lasted three years and after the republican revolution of Casa Mata the Congress no longer considered the Plan of Iguala or Treaty of Cordoba in effect 6 See also editAdams Onis Treaty 1819 U S Spain treaty regarding border locations List of treatiesReferences edit Munoz Saldana Rafael 2009 Mexico Independiente el despertar de una nacion Independent Mexico the awakening of a nation in Spanish Vol 1 Mexico City Televisa pp 140 141 ISBN 978 968 5963 25 1 Riva Palacio D Vicente ed 1888 Mexico a traves de los siglos Mexico Through the Centuries in Spanish Vol 4 Ballesca y Comp p 94 footnote 1 Tratados de Cordoba Treaty of Cordoba PDF in Spanish Instituto de Investigaciones Juridicas de la UNAM Archived from the original PDF on 14 December 2010 Retrieved 12 October 2009 Riva Palacio D Vicente ed 1880 Mexico a traves de los siglos La guerra de independencia Mexico Through the Centuries The War of Independence in Spanish Vol 3 p 740 Alvarez Cuartero Izaskun 2005 Visiones y revisiones de la independencia americana Mexico Centroamerica y Haiti Visions and Revisions of American Independence Mexico Central America and Haiti Aquilafuente in Spanish Vol 84 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca p 266 ISBN 978 84 7800 535 2 Munoz Saldana Rafael 2009 p 162External links edit nbsp Spanish Wikisource has original text related to this article Tratados de Cordoba Treaty of Cordoba and other relevant documents English amp Spanish versions Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treaty of Cordoba amp oldid 1183721637, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
