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MADS-box

February 16, 2024

The MADS box is a conserved sequence motif. The genes which contain this motif are called the MADS-box gene family.[1] The MADS box encodes the DNA-binding MADS domain. The MADS domain binds to DNA sequences of high similarity to the motif CC[A/T]6GG termed the CArG-box.[2] MADS-domain proteins are generally transcription factors.[2][3] The length of the MADS-box reported by various researchers varies somewhat, but typical lengths are in the range of 168 to 180 base pairs, i.e. the encoded MADS domain has a length of 56 to 60 amino acids.[4][5][6][7] There is evidence that the MADS domain evolved from a sequence stretch of a type II topoisomerase in a common ancestor of all extant eukaryotes.[8]

Origin of name and history of research edit

The first MADS-box gene to be identified was ARG80 from budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,[9] but was at that time not recognized as a member of a large gene family. The MADS-box gene family got its name later as an acronym referring to the four founding members,[1] ignoring ARG80:

In A. thaliana, A. majus, and Zea mays this motif is involved in floral development. Early study in these model angiosperms was the beginning of research into the molecular evolution of floral structure in general, as well as their role in nonflowering plants.[11]

Diversity edit

MADS-box genes were detected in nearly all eukaryotes studied.[8] While the genomes of animals and fungi generally possess only around one to five MADS-box genes, genomes of flowering plants have around 100 MADS-box genes.[12][13] Two types of MADS-domain proteins are distinguished; the SRF-like or Type I MADS-domain proteins and the MEF2-like (after MYOCYTE-ENHANCER-FACTOR2) or Type II MADS-domain proteins.[8][13] SRF-like MADS-domain proteins in animals and fungi have a second conserved domain, the SAM (SRF, ARG80, MCM1) domain.[14] MEF2-like MADS-domain proteins in animals and fungi have the MEF2 domain as a second conserved domain.[14] In plants, the MEF2-like MADS-domain proteins are also termed MIKC-type proteins referring to their conserved domain structure, where the MADS (M) domain is followed by an Intervening (I), a Keratin-like (K) and a C-terminal domain.[12] In plants, MADS-domain protein form tetramers and this is thought to be central for their function.[15][16] The structure of the tetramerisation domain of the MADS-domain protein SEPALLATA3 was solved illustrating the structural basis for tetramer formation[17]

A geneticist intensely investigating MADS-box genes is Günter Theißen at the University of Jena. For example, he and his coworkers have used these genes to show that the order Gnetales is more closely related to the conifers than to the flowering plants.[18]

MADS-box is under-studied in wheat as of 2021.[19]

In Zea mays the mutant Tunicate1 produces pod corn. Tunicate1 is a mutant of Z. mays MADS19 (ZMM19), in the SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE gene family. ZMM19 can be ectopically expressed.[19]

Such ectopic expression of ZMM19 in A. thaliana enlarges sepals, suggesting conservation.[19]

Function of MADS-box genes edit

MADS-box genes have a variety of functions. In animals, MADS-box genes are involved in muscle development and cell proliferation and differentiation.[14] Functions in fungi range from pheromone response to arginine metabolism.[14]

In plants, MADS-box genes are involved in controlling all major aspects of development, including male and female gametophyte development, embryo and seed development, as well as root, flower and fruit development.[12][13]

Some MADS-box genes of flowering plants have homeotic functions like the HOX genes of animals.[1] The floral homeotic MADS-box genes (such as AGAMOUS and DEFICIENS) participate in the determination of floral organ identity according to the ABC model of flower development.[20]

Another function of MADS-box genes is flowering time determination. In Arabidopsis thaliana the MADS box genes SOC1[21] and Flowering Locus C[22] (FLC) have been shown to have an important role in the integration of molecular flowering time pathways. These genes are essential for the correct timing of flowering, and help to ensure that fertilization occurs at the time of maximal reproductive potential.

Structure of MADS-box proteins edit

The MADS box protein structure is characterized by four domains. At the N terminal end is the highly conserved MADS DNA binding domain.[23] Next to the MADS domain is the moderately conserved Intervening (I) and Keratin-like (K) domains, which are involved in specific protein-protein interactions.[23] The carboxyl terminal (C) domain is highly variable and is involved in transcriptional activation and assemblage of heterodimers and multimeric protein complexes.[24]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Schwarz-Sommer Z, Huijser P, Nacken W, Saedler H, Sommer H (November 1990). "Genetic Control of Flower Development by Homeotic Genes in Antirrhinum majus". Science. 250 (4983): 931–6. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..931S. doi:10.1126/science.250.4983.931. PMID 17746916. S2CID 15848590.
  2. ^ a b West AG, Shore P, Sharrocks AD (May 1997). "DNA binding by MADS-box transcription factors: a molecular mechanism for differential DNA bending". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (5): 2876–87. doi:10.1128/MCB.17.5.2876. PMC 232140. PMID 9111360.
  3. ^ Svensson M (2000). Evolution of a family of plant genes with regulatory functions in development; studies on Picea abies and Lycopodium annotinum (PDF). Doctoral thesis. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology. ISBN 978-91-554-4826-4. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
  4. ^ Ma K, Chan JK, Zhu G, Wu Z (May 2005). "Myocyte enhancer factor 2 acetylation by p300 enhances its DNA binding activity, transcriptional activity, and myogenic differentiation". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (9): 3575–82. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.9.3575-3582.2005. PMC 1084296. PMID 15831463.
  5. ^ Lamb RS, Irish VF (May 2003). "Functional divergence within the APETALA3/PISTILLATA floral homeotic gene lineages". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (11): 6558–63. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.6558L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0631708100. PMC 164485. PMID 12746493.
  6. ^ Nam J, dePamphilis CW, Ma H, Nei M (September 2003). "Antiquity and evolution of the MADS-box gene family controlling flower development in plants". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 20 (9): 1435–47. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152. PMID 12777513.
  7. ^ Lü S, Du X, Lu W, Chong K, Meng Z (2007). "Two AGAMOUS-like MADS-box genes from Taihangia rupestris (Rosaceae) reveal independent trajectories in the evolution of class C and class D floral homeotic functions". Evolution & Development. 9 (1): 92–104. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00140.x. PMID 17227369. S2CID 9253584.
  8. ^ a b c Gramzow L, Ritz MS, Theissen G (April 2010). "On the origin of MADS-domain transcription factors". Trends in Genetics. 26 (4): 149–53. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2010.01.004. PMID 20219261.
  9. ^ Dubois E, Bercy J, Descamps F, Messenguy F (1987). "Characterization of two new genes essential for vegetative growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: nucleotide sequence determination and chromosome mapping". Gene. 55 (2–3): 265–275. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(87)90286-1. PMID 3311883.
  10. ^ Sommer H, Beltrán JP, Huijser P, Pape H, Lönnig WE, Saedler H, Schwarz-Sommer Z (March 1990). "Deficiens, a homeotic gene involved in the control of flower morphogenesis in Antirrhinum majus: the protein shows homology to transcription factors". The EMBO Journal. 9 (3): 605–13. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08152.x. PMC 551713. PMID 1968830.
  11. ^ Friedman, William E.; Moore, Richard C.; Purugganan, Michael D. (2004). "The evolution of plant development". American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America (Wiley). 91 (10): 1726–1741. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1726. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21652320.
  12. ^ a b c Becker A, Theissen G (December 2003). "The major clades of MADS-box genes and their role in the development and evolution of flowering plants". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (3): 464–89. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00207-0. PMID 14615187.
  13. ^ a b c Gramzow L, Theissen G (2010). "A hitchhiker's guide to the MADS world of plants". Genome Biology. 11 (6): 214. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-6-214. PMC 2911102. PMID 20587009.
  14. ^ a b c d Shore P, Sharrocks AD (April 1995). "The MADS-box family of transcription factors". European Journal of Biochemistry. 229 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0001l.x. PMID 7744019.
  15. ^ Theissen G, Saedler H (January 2001). "Plant biology. Floral quartets". Nature. 409 (6819): 469–71. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..469T. doi:10.1038/35054172. PMID 11206529. S2CID 5325496.
  16. ^ Smaczniak C, Immink RG, Muiño JM, Blanvillain R, Busscher M, Busscher-Lange J, Dinh QD, Liu S, Westphal AH, Boeren S, Parcy F, Xu L, Carles CC, Angenent GC, Kaufmann K (January 2012). "Characterization of MADS-domain transcription factor complexes in Arabidopsis flower development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (5): 1560–5. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.1560S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112871109. PMC 3277181. PMID 22238427.
  17. ^ Puranik S, Acajjaoui S, Conn S, Costa L, Conn V, Vial A, Marcellin R, Melzer R, Brown E, Hart D, Theißen G, Silva CS, Parcy F, Dumas R, Nanao M, Zubieta C (September 2014). "Structural basis for the oligomerization of the MADS domain transcription factor SEPALLATA3 in Arabidopsis". The Plant Cell. 26 (9): 3603–15. doi:10.1105/tpc.114.127910. PMC 4213154. PMID 25228343.
  18. ^ Winter KU, Becker A, Münster T, Kim JT, Saedler H, Theissen G (June 1999). "MADS-box genes reveal that gnetophytes are more closely related to conifers than to flowering plants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (13): 7342–7. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.7342W. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7342. PMC 22087. PMID 10377416.
  19. ^ a b c Adamski, Nikolai M; Simmonds, James (ORCID); Brinton, Jemima F (ORCID); Backhaus, Anna E (ORCID); Chen, Yi (ORCID); Smedley, Mark (ORCID); Hayta, Sadiye (ORCID); Florio, Tobin (ORCID); Crane, Pamela (ORCID); Scott, Peter (ORCID); Pieri, Alice (ORCID); Hall, Olyvia (ORCID); Barclay, J Elaine; Clayton, Myles (ORCID); Doonan, John H (ORCID); Nibau, Candida (ORCID); Uauy, Cristobal (ORCID) (2021-05-01). "Ectopic expression of Triticum polonicum VRT-A2 underlies elongated glumes and grains in hexaploid wheat in a dosage-dependent manner". The Plant Cell. American Society of Plant Biologists (OUP). 33 (7): 2296–2319. doi:10.1093/plcell/koab119. ISSN 1532-298X. PMC 8364232. PMID 34009390. {{cite journal}}: External link in |first10=, |first11=, |first12=, |first14=, |first15=, |first16=, |first17=, |first2=, |first3=, |first4=, |first5=, |first6=, |first7=, |first8=, and |first9= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Coen ES, Meyerowitz EM (September 1991). "The war of the whorls: genetic interactions controlling flower development". Nature. 353 (6339): 31–7. Bibcode:1991Natur.353...31C. doi:10.1038/353031a0. PMID 1715520. S2CID 4276098.
  21. ^ Onouchi H, Igeño MI, Périlleux C, Graves K, Coupland G (June 2000). "Mutagenesis of plants overexpressing CONSTANS demonstrates novel interactions among Arabidopsis flowering-time genes". The Plant Cell. 12 (6): 885–900. doi:10.1105/tpc.12.6.885. PMC 149091. PMID 10852935.
  22. ^ Michaels SD, Amasino RM (May 1999). "FLOWERING LOCUS C encodes a novel MADS domain protein that acts as a repressor of flowering". The Plant Cell. 11 (5): 949–56. doi:10.1105/tpc.11.5.949. PMC 144226. PMID 10330478.
  23. ^ a b Jack, Thomas (2004). "Molecular and genetic mechanisms of floral control". The Plant Cell. 16 Suppl (Suppl): S1–S17. doi:10.1105/tpc.017038. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 2643400. PMID 15020744.
  24. ^ Riechmann, Jose Luis; Meyerowitz, Elliot M. (1997). "MADS Domain Proteins in Plant Development". Biological Chemistry. 378 (10): 1079–1101. ISSN 1431-6730. PMID 9372178.

External links edit

  • M type MADS family at PlantTFDB: Plant Transcription Factor Database
  • MIKC type MADS family at PlantTFDB: Plant Transcription Factor Database

February 16, 2024
mads, mads, conserved, sequence, motif, genes, which, contain, this, motif, called, gene, family, mads, encodes, binding, mads, domain, mads, domain, binds, sequences, high, similarity, motif, termed, carg, mads, domain, proteins, generally, transcription, fac. The MADS box is a conserved sequence motif The genes which contain this motif are called the MADS box gene family 1 The MADS box encodes the DNA binding MADS domain The MADS domain binds to DNA sequences of high similarity to the motif CC A T 6GG termed the CArG box 2 MADS domain proteins are generally transcription factors 2 3 The length of the MADS box reported by various researchers varies somewhat but typical lengths are in the range of 168 to 180 base pairs i e the encoded MADS domain has a length of 56 to 60 amino acids 4 5 6 7 There is evidence that the MADS domain evolved from a sequence stretch of a type II topoisomerase in a common ancestor of all extant eukaryotes 8 Contents 1 Origin of name and history of research 2 Diversity 3 Function of MADS box genes 4 Structure of MADS box proteins 5 References 6 External linksOrigin of name and history of research editThe first MADS box gene to be identified was ARG80 from budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 9 but was at that time not recognized as a member of a large gene family The MADS box gene family got its name later as an acronym referring to the four founding members 1 ignoring ARG80 MCM1 from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae AGAMOUS from the thale cress Arabidopsis thaliana DEFICIENS from the snapdragon Antirrhinum majus 10 SRF from the human Homo sapiens In A thaliana A majus and Zea mays this motif is involved in floral development Early study in these model angiosperms was the beginning of research into the molecular evolution of floral structure in general as well as their role in nonflowering plants 11 Diversity editMADS box genes were detected in nearly all eukaryotes studied 8 While the genomes of animals and fungi generally possess only around one to five MADS box genes genomes of flowering plants have around 100 MADS box genes 12 13 Two types of MADS domain proteins are distinguished the SRF like or Type I MADS domain proteins and the MEF2 like after MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR2 or Type II MADS domain proteins 8 13 SRF like MADS domain proteins in animals and fungi have a second conserved domain the SAM SRF ARG80 MCM1 domain 14 MEF2 like MADS domain proteins in animals and fungi have the MEF2 domain as a second conserved domain 14 In plants the MEF2 like MADS domain proteins are also termed MIKC type proteins referring to their conserved domain structure where the MADS M domain is followed by an Intervening I a Keratin like K and a C terminal domain 12 In plants MADS domain protein form tetramers and this is thought to be central for their function 15 16 The structure of the tetramerisation domain of the MADS domain protein SEPALLATA3 was solved illustrating the structural basis for tetramer formation 17 A geneticist intensely investigating MADS box genes is Gunter Theissen at the University of Jena For example he and his coworkers have used these genes to show that the order Gnetales is more closely related to the conifers than to the flowering plants 18 MADS box is under studied in wheat as of 2021 update 19 In Zea mays the mutant Tunicate1 produces pod corn Tunicate1 is a mutant of Z mays MADS19 ZMM19 in the SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE gene family ZMM19 can be ectopically expressed 19 Such ectopic expression of ZMM19 in A thaliana enlarges sepals suggesting conservation 19 Function of MADS box genes editMADS box genes have a variety of functions In animals MADS box genes are involved in muscle development and cell proliferation and differentiation 14 Functions in fungi range from pheromone response to arginine metabolism 14 In plants MADS box genes are involved in controlling all major aspects of development including male and female gametophyte development embryo and seed development as well as root flower and fruit development 12 13 Some MADS box genes of flowering plants have homeotic functions like the HOX genes of animals 1 The floral homeotic MADS box genes such as AGAMOUS and DEFICIENS participate in the determination of floral organ identity according to the ABC model of flower development 20 Another function of MADS box genes is flowering time determination In Arabidopsis thaliana the MADS box genes SOC1 21 and Flowering Locus C 22 FLC have been shown to have an important role in the integration of molecular flowering time pathways These genes are essential for the correct timing of flowering and help to ensure that fertilization occurs at the time of maximal reproductive potential Structure of MADS box proteins editThe MADS box protein structure is characterized by four domains At the N terminal end is the highly conserved MADS DNA binding domain 23 Next to the MADS domain is the moderately conserved Intervening I and Keratin like K domains which are involved in specific protein protein interactions 23 The carboxyl terminal C domain is highly variable and is involved in transcriptional activation and assemblage of heterodimers and multimeric protein complexes 24 References edit a b c Schwarz Sommer Z Huijser P Nacken W Saedler H Sommer H November 1990 Genetic Control of Flower Development by Homeotic Genes in Antirrhinum majus Science 250 4983 931 6 Bibcode 1990Sci 250 931S doi 10 1126 science 250 4983 931 PMID 17746916 S2CID 15848590 a b West AG Shore P Sharrocks AD May 1997 DNA binding by MADS box transcription factors a molecular mechanism for differential DNA bending Molecular and Cellular Biology 17 5 2876 87 doi 10 1128 MCB 17 5 2876 PMC 232140 PMID 9111360 Svensson M 2000 Evolution of a family of plant genes with regulatory functions in development studies on Picea abies and Lycopodium annotinum PDF Doctoral thesis Uppsala University Teknisk naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsomradet Biology Department of Evolutionary Biology ISBN 978 91 554 4826 4 Retrieved 2007 07 30 Ma K Chan JK Zhu G Wu Z May 2005 Myocyte enhancer factor 2 acetylation by p300 enhances its DNA binding activity transcriptional activity and myogenic differentiation Molecular and Cellular Biology 25 9 3575 82 doi 10 1128 MCB 25 9 3575 3582 2005 PMC 1084296 PMID 15831463 Lamb RS Irish VF May 2003 Functional divergence within the APETALA3 PISTILLATA floral homeotic gene lineages Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 11 6558 63 Bibcode 2003PNAS 100 6558L doi 10 1073 pnas 0631708100 PMC 164485 PMID 12746493 Nam J dePamphilis CW Ma H Nei M September 2003 Antiquity and evolution of the MADS box gene family controlling flower development in plants Molecular Biology and Evolution 20 9 1435 47 doi 10 1093 molbev msg152 PMID 12777513 Lu S Du X Lu W Chong K Meng Z 2007 Two AGAMOUS like MADS box genes from Taihangia rupestris Rosaceae reveal independent trajectories in the evolution of class C and class D floral homeotic functions Evolution amp Development 9 1 92 104 doi 10 1111 j 1525 142X 2006 00140 x PMID 17227369 S2CID 9253584 a b c Gramzow L Ritz MS Theissen G April 2010 On the origin of MADS domain transcription factors Trends in Genetics 26 4 149 53 doi 10 1016 j tig 2010 01 004 PMID 20219261 Dubois E Bercy J Descamps F Messenguy F 1987 Characterization of two new genes essential for vegetative growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleotide sequence determination and chromosome mapping Gene 55 2 3 265 275 doi 10 1016 0378 1119 87 90286 1 PMID 3311883 Sommer H Beltran JP Huijser P Pape H Lonnig WE Saedler H Schwarz Sommer Z March 1990 Deficiens a homeotic gene involved in the control of flower morphogenesis in Antirrhinum majus the protein shows homology to transcription factors The EMBO Journal 9 3 605 13 doi 10 1002 j 1460 2075 1990 tb08152 x PMC 551713 PMID 1968830 Friedman William E Moore Richard C Purugganan Michael D 2004 The evolution of plant development American Journal of Botany Botanical Society of America Wiley 91 10 1726 1741 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1726 ISSN 0002 9122 PMID 21652320 a b c Becker A Theissen G December 2003 The major clades of MADS box genes and their role in the development and evolution of flowering plants Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29 3 464 89 doi 10 1016 S1055 7903 03 00207 0 PMID 14615187 a b c Gramzow L Theissen G 2010 A hitchhiker s guide to the MADS world of plants Genome Biology 11 6 214 doi 10 1186 gb 2010 11 6 214 PMC 2911102 PMID 20587009 a b c d Shore P Sharrocks AD April 1995 The MADS box family of transcription factors European Journal of Biochemistry 229 1 1 13 doi 10 1111 j 1432 1033 1995 0001l x PMID 7744019 Theissen G Saedler H January 2001 Plant biology Floral quartets Nature 409 6819 469 71 Bibcode 2001Natur 409 469T doi 10 1038 35054172 PMID 11206529 S2CID 5325496 Smaczniak C Immink RG Muino JM Blanvillain R Busscher M Busscher Lange J Dinh QD Liu S Westphal AH Boeren S Parcy F Xu L Carles CC Angenent GC Kaufmann K January 2012 Characterization of MADS domain transcription factor complexes in Arabidopsis flower development Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 5 1560 5 Bibcode 2012PNAS 109 1560S doi 10 1073 pnas 1112871109 PMC 3277181 PMID 22238427 Puranik S Acajjaoui S Conn S Costa L Conn V Vial A Marcellin R Melzer R Brown E Hart D Theissen G Silva CS Parcy F Dumas R Nanao M Zubieta C September 2014 Structural basis for the oligomerization of the MADS domain transcription factor SEPALLATA3 in Arabidopsis The Plant Cell 26 9 3603 15 doi 10 1105 tpc 114 127910 PMC 4213154 PMID 25228343 Winter KU Becker A Munster T Kim JT Saedler H Theissen G June 1999 MADS box genes reveal that gnetophytes are more closely related to conifers than to flowering plants Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 13 7342 7 Bibcode 1999PNAS 96 7342W doi 10 1073 pnas 96 13 7342 PMC 22087 PMID 10377416 a b c Adamski Nikolai M Simmonds James ORCID Brinton Jemima F ORCID Backhaus Anna E ORCID Chen Yi ORCID Smedley Mark ORCID Hayta Sadiye ORCID Florio Tobin ORCID Crane Pamela ORCID Scott Peter ORCID Pieri Alice ORCID Hall Olyvia ORCID Barclay J Elaine Clayton Myles ORCID Doonan John H ORCID Nibau Candida ORCID Uauy Cristobal ORCID 2021 05 01 Ectopic expression of Triticum polonicum VRT A2 underlies elongated glumes and grains in hexaploid wheat in a dosage dependent manner The Plant Cell American Society of Plant Biologists OUP 33 7 2296 2319 doi 10 1093 plcell koab119 ISSN 1532 298X PMC 8364232 PMID 34009390 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a External link in code class cs1 code first10 first11 first12 first14 first15 first16 first17 first2 first3 first4 first5 first6 first7 first8 and first9 code help CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Coen ES Meyerowitz EM September 1991 The war of the whorls genetic interactions controlling flower development Nature 353 6339 31 7 Bibcode 1991Natur 353 31C doi 10 1038 353031a0 PMID 1715520 S2CID 4276098 Onouchi H Igeno MI Perilleux C Graves K Coupland G June 2000 Mutagenesis of plants overexpressing CONSTANS demonstrates novel interactions among Arabidopsis flowering time genes The Plant Cell 12 6 885 900 doi 10 1105 tpc 12 6 885 PMC 149091 PMID 10852935 Michaels SD Amasino RM May 1999 FLOWERING LOCUS C encodes a novel MADS domain protein that acts as a repressor of flowering The Plant Cell 11 5 949 56 doi 10 1105 tpc 11 5 949 PMC 144226 PMID 10330478 a b Jack Thomas 2004 Molecular and genetic mechanisms of floral control The Plant Cell 16 Suppl Suppl S1 S17 doi 10 1105 tpc 017038 ISSN 1040 4651 PMC 2643400 PMID 15020744 Riechmann Jose Luis Meyerowitz Elliot M 1997 MADS Domain Proteins in Plant Development Biological Chemistry 378 10 1079 1101 ISSN 1431 6730 PMID 9372178 External links editM type MADS family at PlantTFDB Plant Transcription Factor Database MIKC type MADS family at PlantTFDB Plant Transcription Factor Database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title MADS box amp oldid 1188146763, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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