Treachery Act 1940
The Treachery Act 1940 (3 & 4 Geo. 6. c. 21)[5] was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom effective during World War II to facilitate the prosecution and execution of enemy spies, suspended afterwards, and repealed in 1968 or 1973, territory depending. The law was passed on 23 May 1940, in the month after Nazi Germany invaded France and Winston Churchill became prime minister.[6]
| Act of Parliament | |
| Long title | An Act to make further provision for the trial and punishment of treachery. |
|---|---|
| Citation | 3 & 4 Geo. 6. c. 21 |
| Introduced by | Sir John Anderson, Home Secretary (Commons) Viscount Simon, Lord Chancellor (Lords) |
| Territorial extent | applied to anything done:
|
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 23 May 1940 |
| Commencement | 23 May 1940 |
| Expired | 24 February 1946[c] |
| Repealed | 1 January 1968[1] (all other than with respect to Scotland and Northern Ireland[2]) 18 July 1973[3] (Scotland and Northern Ireland[4]) |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Criminal Law Act 1967 (c. 58), s. 10(2) and Part 1 of Schedule 3; Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973, s. 1(1) and Part V of Schedule 1 |
| Relates to | Treason Act 1945 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
Reasons for the Act edit
The Treachery Act was deemed necessary because treason still had its own special rules of evidence and procedure which made it a difficult offence to prove and prosecute (see Treason Act 1695). The newer offence, a felony, was designed to make convictions easier as it could be proved under the same rules of evidence as ordinary offences. It was also needed because there was doubt whether the treason laws were applicable to saboteurs.[7]
In commending the Bill to the House of Commons, the Home Secretary, Sir John Anderson, explained why the law was necessary:[8]
[T]he scope of Clause 1 of the Bill is substantially the same as the scope of the Treason Acts, but the Treason Acts might not be applicable to persons who are not normally resident within the King's jurisdiction; and moreover the Treason Acts are antiquated, excessively cumbrous and invested with a dignity and ceremonial that seems to us wholly inappropriate to the sort of case with which we are dealing here.[8]
In the House of Lords the Lord Chancellor, Viscount Simon, elaborated:
It is a very doubtful question indeed whether under the existing law of treason you could proceed against an alien who has come here suddenly, surreptitiously by air or otherwise, for the purposes of wreaking clandestine destruction or doing other acts against the safety of the realm. In as much as treason is a crime committed by someone who owes allegiance, it might be well argued that such a person does not owe allegiance to the British Crown. For these reasons it is urgently necessary that this Bill should be passed.[9]
The Act was always intended to be a temporary emergency measure which would be repealed after the War. It was rushed through Parliament in two weeks, passing the Lords in a few minutes and receiving royal assent on the same day.[10]
Treachery and treason edit
The first section of the Treachery Act 1940 read:
If, with intent to help the enemy, any person does, or attempts or conspires with any other person to do any act which is designed or likely to give assistance to the naval, military or air operations of the enemy, to impede such operations of His Majesty's forces, or to endanger life, he shall be guilty of felony and shall on conviction suffer death.
Some argue that the Act could easily have replaced the current, ancient statutes that relate to and define treason.[11] After the war, people continued to be prosecuted under the Treason Act 1351 for disloyalty during the War.
Besides the laxer rules of procedure and evidence, the other main difference was the death sentence for treason was mandatory, whereas the death sentence for treachery could be commuted by the court under the Judgement of Death Act 1823. No sentences were commuted by the courts. One was commuted by the Home Secretary.
Extent edit
Breach of a duty of allegiance was not an element of treachery. Section 4 of the Act provided:
This Act shall apply to anything done—
- (a) by a British subject elsewhere than in a Dominion, India, Burma, or Southern Rhodesia;
- (b) by any person subject to the Naval Discipline Act, to military law or to the Air Force Act, in any place whatsoever; or
- (c) by any person in the United Kingdom, or in any British ship or aircraft, not being a dominion ship or aircraft.
"Dominion" meant any Dominion within the meaning of the Statute of Westminster 1931, except Newfoundland, and included any territory administered by the Government as a Dominion (section 5(1)).
Uses of the Act edit
Between 1940 and 1946, 15 people were hanged for treachery.[12] The first British subject to be executed under the law was George Johnson Armstrong, who was hanged at HMP Wandsworth on 10 July 1941.[13] In addition, German agent Josef Jakobs, the last person to be executed in the Tower of London, was tried by a military court and executed by firing squad under this law. Jakobs was the only one to be shot instead of hanged under the act, since he had been captured as an enemy combatant. The last person to be executed under the law—and the last person to be executed in the United Kingdom for an offence other than murder—was British soldier Theodore Schurch. Of those executed for treachery, five were British. Two other British collaborators, John Amery and William Joyce, were executed on separate charges of treason. In Gibraltar, two young Spanish men, Luis Lopez Cordon-Cuenca and Jose Martin Munoz, were tried under a similar treachery statute for being involved in acts of sabotage against the British. Cordon-Cuenca was convicted at trial, while Munoz pleaded guilty. The two men were hanged at Moorish Castle on 11 January 1944.[14][15]
Another person, Portuguese diplomat Regério de Magalhaes Peixoto de Menezes, was sentenced to death, but had his sentence commuted by the Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison, to penal servitude for life.[16] He was deported in 1949.[17] Dorothy O'Grady was also sentenced to death for treachery, but had her sentence reduced to 14 years on appeal.[18][19]
Suspension and repeal edit
The Treachery Act 1940 was brought into being for the duration of the "war emergency" (section 6). The Treason Act 1945 enabled treason to be proved with the normal rules of evidence, abolishing its special status. The Treachery Act was suspended on 24 February 1946,[20] and was repealed in part in 1968, and totally in 1973.
See also edit
Further reading edit
- Hansard (House of Commons), 9 May 1940, vol. 360, col. 1412 (presentation) [1][2]
- Hansard (House of Commons), 22 May 1940, vol.361 col. 185 - 195, 195–235 (second and third reading)
- Hansard (House of Lords), 23 May 1940, vol. 116, col. 391–398 (first, second and third reading)
- Hansard (House of Commons), 23 May 1940, vol. 361, col. 362 – 363 (royal assent)
References edit
- ^ Criminal Law Act 1967, section 12(1)
- ^ Criminal Law Act 1967, section 11(1)
- ^ Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973. The repealing provision came into force on the date of royal assent because the contrary was not specified.
- ^ The repealing provision extends to the remainder of the United Kingdom, because the contrary was not specified.
- ^ – via Wikisource.
- ^ HM Prison Service – Prison Service News (Magazine)
- ^ Edward Coke's Institutes of the Lawes of England, Third Part, page 11: "An enemy coming in open hostility into England ... cannot be indicted of treason, for that he was never within the protection or ligeance of the king."
- ^ a b Hansard, 22 May 1940
- ^ Hansard, 23 May 1940
- ^ Hansard
- ^ D. Seaborne Davies, The Treachery Act, 1940, The Modern Law Review, Vol 4, No.3 (Jan 1941) pp 217–220, quotes the opinion of the Journal of Criminal Law (Vol 4, p.304) to this effect and comments on it.At JSTOR
- ^ "Hansard: House of Commons volume 705". UK Parliament. 1 February 1965. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ "Traitor Hanged in Britain": 10 July 1941 The New York Times (page 5)
- ^ "Spies, traitors and saboteurs in the UK and its colonies" (PDF). capitalpunishmentuk.org.
- ^ "Luis Lopez Cordon-Cuenca v The King (Gibraltar), [1943] UKPC 58 Privy Council, Judgment, Law, casemine.com". Casemine. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ British Military & Criminal History in the period 1900 to 1999
- ^ Barreiros, José António (2003). O homem das cartas de Londres: Regério Peixoto de Menezes, 1943 (in Portuguese). Lisboa: Gótica. ISBN 972-792-087-X. OCLC 156974344.
- ^ "Woman Sentenced To Death For Treachery", The Indian Express, 18 December 1940, retrieved 28 December 2012
- ^ "Woman Spy Granted Reprieve in England", Reading Eagle, Pennsylvania, 11 February 1941, retrieved 28 December 2012
- ^ The Treachery Act (End of Emergency) Order 1946 (S.R. & O. 1946, No. 893), article 2
Notes edit
- ^ Except Newfoundland.
- ^ Except British ships and aircraft registered in India, Burma, or Southern Rhodesia (unless it was under the control of the British Government).
- ^ No person could be prosecuted for an offence under the Act from this date (see section 6 of the Act).
External links edit
- 'Pathetic fantasist or Nazi spy'? – British newspaper advertorial promoting a newly published biography of the only woman to be convicted under the Act.