Trawsfynydd
Trawsfynydd (Welsh pronunciation: [trausˈvənɨ̞ð]; Welsh for "across [the] mountain") is a linear village in Gwynedd, Wales, near Llyn Trawsfynydd reservoir, and adjacent to the A470 north of Bronaber and Dolgellau and 10 km (6 miles) south of Blaenau Ffestiniog. It also neighbours the towns of Porthmadog and Bala.
| Trawsfynydd | |
|---|---|
Fronwynion Street, Trawsfynydd | |
Trawsfynydd Location within Gwynedd | |
| Area | 120.10 km2 (46.37 sq mi) |
| Population | 973 (2011) |
| • Density | 8/km2 (21/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | SH707356 |
| Community |
|
| Principal area | |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BLAENAU FFESTINIOG |
| Postcode district | LL41 |
| Dialling code | 01766 |
| Police | North Wales |
| Fire | North Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
| UK Parliament | |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament | |
| 52°54′07″N 3°55′23″W / 52.902°N 3.923°W | |
The total community area is 12,010 hectares (46.4 square miles) with a population of only 973.[1] The area is sparsely populated with each hectare (acre) inhabited by an average 0.07 (0.03) persons. The village is typical of many Welsh villages.[clarification needed] The community includes the sub-regions of Bronaber, Cwm Prysor and Abergeirw, in addition to the village itself.
Recent changes edit
Like many similar villages, Trawsfynydd has recently seen the closure of many of its shops and facilities. Since 2023, there remains one grocery shop, one public house, a chemist, garage, petrol service station, and a branch of a large agricultural merchants. As recent as the early 2000s, this would have been in addition to a separate newsagent (closed in 2023), an additional two pubs (The White Lion - closed in 2009, and Rhiw Goch Inn - destroyed in 2018), Post Office, Greengrocer, a shop for general purpose materials (Siop Arwel), a Cafe (Caffi Bodwyn), Bank (HSBC) and a Hostel (Llys Ednowain). These changes probably follow the rise of internet shopping and of bigger supermarkets such as Tesco in neighbouring towns, coinciding with the ongoing general decline in a smaller-scale community-based style of living.
While the nuclear powerstation as the area's largest ever single employer closed in 1991, the site still maintains 350 jobs even in 2023 as part of its prolonged decomissioning which is postulated to last around 100 years in total.
The closure of Llys Ednowain, which opened in served as a museum for the area's history (in addition to being a hostel), has followed the opening of a centre at Yr Ysgwrn which now serves a similar role as a museum for the area and the history of Hedd Wyn, based at his home.
The Rhiw Goch Inn in Bronaber was completely damaged by a fire in 2018, previously being a listed building serving as a restaurant and bar well liked by locals and visitors.
The local GP surgery, a branch of Penrhyndeudraeth's GP surgery, has now limited its opening hours to one or two half days a week, and no longer does house visits.
Despite clear challenges to the community's survival, Trawsfynydd maintains a reasonably active community for younger and older residents, with two choirs, a young farmers club, Merched y Wawr, among other societies. Many would describe a general decline in the proportion of residents speaking Welsh and in the total number of pupils at the primary school, although the area has new residents that have moved in from other areas (such as for social housing purposes) and maintains some descendants from families (including farming families) that have been around for generations.
Trawsfynydd is primarily an agriculture-based area with farming being a key centre of the community and culture. The village itself otherwise primarily (but not exclusively) hosts a population of lower socioeconomic group residents, in addition to many retired residents. Unlike other rural areas of Wales, there are relatively few holiday houses, although there are a few holiday lets.
History edit
Prehistoric people lived in the area in scattered groups of circular huts near the river, Afon Crawcwellt, about two miles south of today's village. A substantial Romano-British fort and settlement was established at Tomen y Mur in the first century CE. The area continued to be inhabited during sub Roman Britain. An example of activity is the Trawsfynydd tankard, a late Iron Age jug used to drink mead and beer between 100BC and 75AD.[2]
By the early medieval period, the village was part of a large Celtic Christian parish of the three settlements of Trawsfynydd, Prysor, and Cefn Clawdd. Trawsfynydd parish church is dedicated to St Madryn. Although the medieval church was badly damaged by fire in 1978 (re-opened 1981), it remains the only listed building in the village.
Records in the Meirionnydd Lay Subsidy Rolls show that following the English conquest of Wales there were 105 taxpayers in the parish in 1292–3. Throughout the next centuries, agriculture and mineral extraction (such as quarrying) remained the main economic focus of the area.
In the late 16th century, the parish of Trawsfynydd was home to Saint John Roberts, one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales (he was canonised in 1970). Roberts, who was baptised in the church, gained great respect helping those with the plague in London. However, he was found guilty of high treason and hanged, drawn and quartered on 10 December 1610.
By the mid 17th century, the parish of Trawsfynydd had grown to roughly 300 houses and cottages with a population of 1200, although there only 12 properties and a church in Trawsfynydd itself. Due to the economic hardship in the area, Trawsfynydd would remain quite small until the British Army established a training area near the village in 1930. Between 1924 and 1928, a large man-made reservoir named Llyn Trawsfynydd was created to supply water for Maentwrog hydro-electric power station. This would lead to the largest change to the village, when a location nearby was chosen as a site for one of the UK's first nuclear power stations in the 1950s.
Military training area edit
Before the Second World War, the War Office opened a site at Bronaber near Trawsfynydd as an artillery range and training area. Its continued use for training exercises after the war was the subject of protest by Plaid Cymru, who also challenged the UK government's continued military conscription in peacetime.[citation needed]
Trawsfynydd nuclear power stations edit
In 1965 the new power station was completed. It was capable of supplying the whole of North Wales' electricity needs. The lake was subsequently also used to supply cooling water to the twin reactor Trawsfynydd nuclear power station, which was used for the commercial generation of electricity for the UK national grid. It also became the biggest employer in the area which brought financial wealth to the village.[3]
One of the four original dams built to create the lake was subsequently rebuilt after construction of the nuclear power plant. Whereas previously the Maentwrog power station had access to all of the water in the lake, the needs of the nuclear plant dictated that from then on, the hydro plant should only use the top five feet of water.[citation needed]
In the 1990s the site was closed. Decommissioning is expected to take until 2083.[citation needed]
Governance edit
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward includes the community of Maentwrog and Gellilydan and has a total population of 1,604.[4]
Transport edit
Railways edit
Trawsfynydd used to be served by a section of the Great Western Railway branch line, which ran from Bala to Blaenau Ffestiniog. To the north of the station, the army built its own station to serve the large camp nearby.(camp detail) Today Trawsfynydd railway station is a private home. (pictures). The line closed to all traffic in 1961, and the trackbed at the Bala end was subsequently severed by the Llyn Celyn reservoir, but the section between Blaenau and Trawsfynydd Power Station reopened in 1964 for nuclear flask traffic. Access from the Bala end being no longer possible, a new section of track – the so-called "Trawsfynydd Link" – was constructed to link the previously separate ex-GWR and ex-LNWR stations in Blaenau Ffestiniog. It finally closed in 1998, although the track remains in situ.
The village has a high proportion of Welsh language speakers (81.7%),[5] and is accordingly in the top five Welsh-speaking communities in Gwynedd.[6]
Road edit
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries a turnpike was built that ran through the village. With the advent of motor transport, this became the A470 in the 1920s. Between 1963 and 1965, a bypass was built around the village for through traffic.
In popular culture edit
In 1976 the Children's Film Foundation production One Hour to Zero was filmed in the village and at the nearby power station. The film First Knight' (1995)' had scenes filmed around Llyn Trawsfynydd.[7]
Notable people edit
Hedd Wyn edit
Trawsfynydd was the home of the Welsh bard Hedd Wyn (1887–1917), who died during the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917, six weeks before his poem won the Bard's Chair at that year's National Eisteddfod. It was sent to his parents in the village draped in a black cloth. Y Gadair Ddu (The Black Chair) is now on display at his home farm Yr Ysgwrn. A statue of him by Leonard Stanford Merrifield, unveiled in 1924, stands in the main street of Trawsfynydd. Hedd Wyn is buried with others from his regiment, the Royal Welch Fusiliers, at Artillery Wood Cemetery, Boezinge in Flanders.[8] The film Hedd Wyn (1992) was filmed in and around Trawsfynydd.
Others edit
- Margaret Davies (ca.1700 – ca.1778), poet and poetry collector, was born near Trawsfynydd.[9]
- Maurice Jones (1863–1957), bardic name Meurig Prysor, a priest and university educator.
- Humphrey Lloyd (1610–1689), Bishop of Bangor from 1674 until 1689.
- Morgan Lloyd (1822–1893), Liberal politician and MP, was born in the parish of Trawsfynydd.
- Dewi Prysor, novelist and poet, was raised in the parish of Trawsfynydd.
- Iwan Roberts (born 1967), actor, lyricist and singer, was raised in the village.
- St. John Roberts (1577–1610), a Benedictine monk and priest; martyred at Tyburn.
- John Rowlands (1938–2015), novelist and academic, was born in the parish of Trawsfynydd.
- Elfed Wyn Jones (born ca.1998), originates from Hafodwen farm and known for his week-long hunger strike for broadcasting devolution in Wales.[10] Elfed was also one of the six youngsters who repainted the Cofiwch Dryweryn mural in Llanrhystud, Ceredigion after it was defaced with an “Elvis” graffiti in early February, 2019.[11]
References edit
- ^ "Trawsfynydd Parish", Office for National Statistics
- ^ "Ancient Drinking Culture". museum.wales. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
- ^ "The nuclear power plant that shut 30 years ago but still towers over a Welsh village". www.walesonline.co.uk. 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Ward population 2011". Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ^ Bwrdd yr Iaith - pdf file
- ^ Mentrau Iaith 26 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ MovieMap North Wales 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Casualty details—Evans, Ellis Humphrey". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ Lloyd-Morgan, Ceridwen (1996), "Women and their poetry in medieval Wales", in Meale, Carol M. (ed.), Women and Literature in Britain, vol. I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 189
- ^ "Hunger strike for Welsh television / Preparations for New Caledonia referendum progress". Nationalia (in Catalan). Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ "Drowned village mural vandalism re-painted". 4 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
External links edit
- 1851 Census information
- www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Trawsfynydd and surrounding area
- Map sources for Trawsfynydd