"Transhimalayan" redirects here. For the Trans-Himalayan language family, see Sino-Tibetan languages.
The Trans himalaya (also spelled Trans-Himalaya), or "Gangdise – Nyenchen Tanglha range" (Chinese: 冈底斯-念青唐古拉山脉; pinyin: Gāngdǐsī-Niànqīngtánggǔlā Shānmài), is a 1,600-kilometre-long (990 mi) mountain range in China, India and Nepal, extending in a west–east direction parallel to the main Himalayan range.[1][2] Located north of Yarlung Tsangpo river on the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, the Transhimalaya is composed of the Gangdise range to the west and the Nyenchen Tanglha range to the east.
Transhimalaya
(Gangdise – Nyenchen Tanglha range)
Part of the Nyenchen Tanglha range in the Trans himalayas
The name Transhimalaya was introduced by the Swedish geographer Sven Hedin in early 20th century.[3] The Transhimalaya was described by the Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer in 1952 as an "ill-defined mountain area" with "no marked crest line or central alignment and no division by rivers." On more-modern maps the Kailas Range (Gangdise or Kang-to-sé Shan) in the west is shown as distinct from the Nyenchen Tanglha range in the east.[4]
The Transhimalayas are geologically distinct from the other Himalayan ranges. They were probably formed by subduction of sediments from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. A consensus of different dating methods suggests that the older parts of this range formed in the upper Cretaceous (82-113 Mya), while the younger regions formed in the Eocene (40-60 Mya).[1]
Climateedit
The Transhimalays generally have a cold, arid montane climate. For example, the Spiti region of Himachal Pradesh, India, has an annual rainfall of about 170 mm.[2] However, studies in Mustang District, Nepal, indicate that climate change is warming the Transhimalayas at a rate of about 0.13 degrees a year.[5]
Biodiversityedit
The Transhimalayas generally have low species diversity (and vegetation cover) and are classified as dry alpine steppes. However, a study in the Spiti region found 23 medicinal plants. Previous surveys in this region had found a total of over 800 species of vascular plants.[2]
The Tibetan wolf, snow leopard and lynx are major predators of livestock in the Ladakh region of India. Goats, sheep, yak and horses were their most common prey.[6] In Mustang, Nepal, rising temperatures and declining snowfall are reducing the area available for agriculture, forcing villagers to relocate and reducing grassland and forest cover. This has also led to bharal shifting to lower elevations, where they raid crops. In turn, this attracts snow leopards to human settlements, where they prey on livestock.[5]
On the other hand, many wild herbivores are out-competed and displaced by livestock.[7][8] A historical analysis suggests that the Transhimalayas have lost four wild herbivores over the last millennium or so of human habitation.[9] Many parts of the Transhimalayas are now conserved. These include the Kangrinboqê National Forest Park in China, the Pin Valley National Park (675 sq. km.) and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary (1400 sq. km.) in India and parts of the Annapurna Conservation Area (7,629 sq. km.) in Nepal.[2] In addition to protecting species diversity, restoration of the native Transhimalayan grasslands has also been found to trap more carbon in the soil, mitigating climate change.[10]
Tectonic map of the Himalaya, modified after Le Fort & Cronin (1988). Red is Transhimalaya. Green is Indus-Yarlung suture zone, north of which lies Lhasa terrane, follow by Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone and then Qiangtang terrane.
Look up Transhimalaya in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Citationsedit
^ abDebon, Francois (1986). "The Four Plutonic Belts of the Transhimalaya-Himalaya: a Chemical, Mineralogical, Isotopic, and Chronological Synthesis along a Tibet-Nepal Section". Journal of Petrology. 27 (1): 219–250. CiteSeerX10.1.1.1018.511. doi:10.1093/petrology/27.1.219. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
^ abcdeKala, Chandra Prakash (2000). "Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans-Himalaya". Biological Conservation. 93 (3): 371–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00128-7.
^Hedin, Sven (1910). Trans-Himalaya. Nature, pp. 367–369.
^ abAryal, Achyut (2013). "Impact of climate change on human-wildlife-ecosystem interactions in the Trans-Himalaya region of Nepal" (PDF). Theor Appl Climatol. Wien: Springer-Verlag. 115 (3–4): 517. Bibcode:2014ThApC.115..517A. doi:10.1007/s00704-013-0902-4. S2CID 120932741. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
^Namgail, Tsewang (2007). "Carnivore-Caused Livestock Mortality in Trans-Himalaya". Environ Manage. Springer. 39 (4): 490–496. doi:10.1007/s00267-005-0178-2. PMID 17318699. S2CID 30967502.
^Mishra, Charudutt (2004). "Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya". Journal of Applied Ecology. British Ecological Society. 41 (2): 344–354. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00885.x.
^Mishra, Charudutt (2001). High-altitude survival: Conflicts between pastoralism and wildlife in the Trans-Himalaya (in English and Dutch). The Netherlands: Wageningen University.
^Mishra, Charudutt (2002). "A theoretical analysis of competitive exclusion in a Trans-Himalayan large-herbivore assemblage". Animal Conservation. 5 (3): 251–258. doi:10.1017/S1367943002002305. S2CID 55372179.
^Wang, Dangjun (2022). "Responses of soil microbial metabolic activity and community structure to different degraded and restored grassland gradients of the Tibetan Plateau". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 770315. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.770315. PMC9024238. PMID 35463442.
Sourcesedit
Allen, Charles (2013-01-17). A Mountain in Tibet: The Search for Mount Kailas and the Sources of the Great Rivers of Asia. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN978-1-4055-2497-1. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
Le Fort, P.; Cronin, V. S. (1 September 1988). "Granites in the Tectonic Evolution of the Himalaya, Karakoram and Southern Tibet". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 326 (1589): 281–299. Bibcode:1988RSPTA.326..281F. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0088. S2CID 202574726.
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transhimalaya, redirects, here, trans, himalayan, language, family, sino, tibetan, languages, trans, himalaya, also, spelled, trans, himalaya, gangdise, nyenchen, tanglha, range, chinese, 冈底斯, 念青唐古拉山脉, pinyin, gāngdǐsī, niànqīngtánggǔlā, shānmài, kilometre, lo. Transhimalayan redirects here For the Trans Himalayan language family see Sino Tibetan languages The Trans himalaya also spelled Trans Himalaya or Gangdise Nyenchen Tanglha range Chinese 冈底斯 念青唐古拉山脉 pinyin Gangdǐsi Nianqingtanggǔla Shanmai is a 1 600 kilometre long 990 mi mountain range in China India and Nepal extending in a west east direction parallel to the main Himalayan range 1 2 Located north of Yarlung Tsangpo river on the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau the Transhimalaya is composed of the Gangdise range to the west and the Nyenchen Tanglha range to the east Transhimalaya Gangdise Nyenchen Tanglha range Part of the Nyenchen Tanglha range in the Trans himalayasHighest pointPeakMount Nyenchen TanglhaElevation7 162 m 23 497 ft DimensionsLength1 600 km 990 mi GeographyStateTibetRange coordinates30 23 00 N 90 34 31 E 30 383427 N 90 5752890 E 30 383427 90 5752890Parent rangeAlpine orogeny Tibetan Plateau perimeter range The name Transhimalaya was introduced by the Swedish geographer Sven Hedin in early 20th century 3 The Transhimalaya was described by the Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer in 1952 as an ill defined mountain area with no marked crest line or central alignment and no division by rivers On more modern maps the Kailas Range Gangdise or Kang to se Shan in the west is shown as distinct from the Nyenchen Tanglha range in the east 4 Contents 1 Geology 2 Climate 3 Biodiversity 3 1 Conflict and Conservation 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 SourcesGeology editThe Transhimalayas are geologically distinct from the other Himalayan ranges They were probably formed by subduction of sediments from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates A consensus of different dating methods suggests that the older parts of this range formed in the upper Cretaceous 82 113 Mya while the younger regions formed in the Eocene 40 60 Mya 1 Climate editThe Transhimalays generally have a cold arid montane climate For example the Spiti region of Himachal Pradesh India has an annual rainfall of about 170 mm 2 However studies in Mustang District Nepal indicate that climate change is warming the Transhimalayas at a rate of about 0 13 degrees a year 5 Biodiversity editThe Transhimalayas generally have low species diversity and vegetation cover and are classified as dry alpine steppes However a study in the Spiti region found 23 medicinal plants Previous surveys in this region had found a total of over 800 species of vascular plants 2 The Transhimalayas are home to the once endangered snow leopard the Eurasian lynx Tibetan wolf red fox and Tibetan fox Native herbivores include the argali Tibetan gazelle urial wild ass or kiang Asiatic ibex yak and bharal 2 Conflict and Conservation edit The Tibetan wolf snow leopard and lynx are major predators of livestock in the Ladakh region of India Goats sheep yak and horses were their most common prey 6 In Mustang Nepal rising temperatures and declining snowfall are reducing the area available for agriculture forcing villagers to relocate and reducing grassland and forest cover This has also led to bharal shifting to lower elevations where they raid crops In turn this attracts snow leopards to human settlements where they prey on livestock 5 On the other hand many wild herbivores are out competed and displaced by livestock 7 8 A historical analysis suggests that the Transhimalayas have lost four wild herbivores over the last millennium or so of human habitation 9 Many parts of the Transhimalayas are now conserved These include the Kangrinboqe National Forest Park in China the Pin Valley National Park 675 sq km and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary 1400 sq km in India and parts of the Annapurna Conservation Area 7 629 sq km in Nepal 2 In addition to protecting species diversity restoration of the native Transhimalayan grasslands has also been found to trap more carbon in the soil mitigating climate change 10 Gallery edit nbsp Location of Transhimalaya which includes Lhasa Terrane In the north Bangong Nujiang Suture Zone separates Transhimalaya from the Qiangtang terrane In the south Indus Yarlung suture zone separates it from Himalayas nbsp Tectonic map of the Himalaya modified after Le Fort amp Cronin 1988 Red is Transhimalaya Green is Indus Yarlung suture zone north of which lies Lhasa terrane follow by Bangong Nujiang Suture Zone and then Qiangtang terrane See also editGeology of the Himalaya Indus Suture ZoneTranshimalaya includes the following two Lhasa terrane Karakoram fault systemBangong Nujiang Suture Zone Qiangtang terraneReferences edit nbsp Look up Transhimalaya in Wiktionary the free dictionary Citations edit a b Debon Francois 1986 The Four Plutonic Belts of the Transhimalaya Himalaya a Chemical Mineralogical Isotopic and Chronological Synthesis along a Tibet Nepal Section Journal of Petrology 27 1 219 250 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 1018 511 doi 10 1093 petrology 27 1 219 Retrieved 22 June 2022 a b c d e Kala Chandra Prakash 2000 Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans Himalaya Biological Conservation 93 3 371 9 doi 10 1016 S0006 3207 99 00128 7 Hedin Sven 1910 Trans Himalaya Nature pp 367 369 Allen 2013 p 142 a b Aryal Achyut 2013 Impact of climate change on human wildlife ecosystem interactions in the Trans Himalaya region of Nepal PDF Theor Appl Climatol Wien Springer Verlag 115 3 4 517 Bibcode 2014ThApC 115 517A doi 10 1007 s00704 013 0902 4 S2CID 120932741 Retrieved 22 June 2022 Namgail Tsewang 2007 Carnivore Caused Livestock Mortality in Trans Himalaya Environ Manage Springer 39 4 490 496 doi 10 1007 s00267 005 0178 2 PMID 17318699 S2CID 30967502 Mishra Charudutt 2004 Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans Himalaya Journal of Applied Ecology British Ecological Society 41 2 344 354 doi 10 1111 j 0021 8901 2004 00885 x Mishra Charudutt 2001 High altitude survival Conflicts between pastoralism and wildlife in the Trans Himalaya in English and Dutch The Netherlands Wageningen University Mishra Charudutt 2002 A theoretical analysis of competitive exclusion in a Trans Himalayan large herbivore assemblage Animal Conservation 5 3 251 258 doi 10 1017 S1367943002002305 S2CID 55372179 Wang Dangjun 2022 Responses of soil microbial metabolic activity and community structure to different degraded and restored grassland gradients of the Tibetan Plateau Frontiers in Plant Science 13 770315 doi 10 3389 fpls 2022 770315 PMC 9024238 PMID 35463442 Sources edit Allen Charles 2013 01 17 A Mountain in Tibet The Search for Mount Kailas and the Sources of the Great Rivers of Asia Little Brown Book Group ISBN 978 1 4055 2497 1 Retrieved 2015 02 07 Le Fort P Cronin V S 1 September 1988 Granites in the Tectonic Evolution of the Himalaya Karakoram and Southern Tibet Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical and Physical Sciences 326 1589 281 299 Bibcode 1988RSPTA 326 281F doi 10 1098 rsta 1988 0088 S2CID 202574726 nbsp This Tibet location article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Transhimalaya amp oldid 1194228657, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
