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Geography of Arunachal Pradesh

November 10, 2023

Arunachal Pradesh is primarily a hilly tract nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas in northeast India. It is spread over an area of 83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi).[3] 98% of the geographical area is land out of which 80% is forest cover;[1] 2% is water.[4] River systems in the region, including those from the higher Himalayas and Patkoi and Arakan Ranges, eventually drain into the Brahmaputra River.[5]

Geography of Arunachal Pradesh
RegionNortheast India
Area
 • Total83,743[1] km2 (32,333 sq mi)
 • Land98.09%
 • Water1.91%
BordersBhutan, China, Burma, Assam, Nagaland
Highest pointKangto, 7,060 metres (23,160 ft)
Lowest point~50 metres (160 ft)[2]
Natural resourcesHydro-power

Forest cover: 79.63% (2019)[1]

  • Very Dense Forest = 25%
  • Mod. Dense Forest = 36%
  • Open Forest = 18%
Boleng, Siang district

Elevation ranges from mountains that are above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft),[6] to the towns in the plains with an elevation of less than 300 metres (980 ft).[7] Arunachal shares international borders with Bhutan, Tibet (China) and Burma (Myanmar). Internally, Arunachal borders the states of Assam and Nagaland. Arunachal is called the "orchid state of India"[8][9] and "dawn-lit mountain/Land of Dawn/Land of Dawn-Lit Mountains".[10][11]

Area and borders edit

Arunachal Pradesh is located in northeast India, bordering Bhutan, Tibet (China) and Myanmar internationally.[12] The border with Bhutan is 160 km (99 mi), the China border is 1,080 km (670 mi), and the Myanmar border is 440 km (270 mi).[12] Internal borders includes the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border 804.1 km (499.6 mi),[13] while the border with Nagaland is 55 km (34 mi).

The territory covers 83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi).[3] 98% of the geographical area is land.[1] Most of this land state is hilly terrain, with flat land covering about 4,450 km2 (1,720 sq mi).[12] Water covers 2% of the area.[4] It is the 14th largest among the states and union territories of India by area.[14]

Physical geography edit

Topography and relief edit

Relief range varies between plains that are a few hundred meters in height and mountains above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft).[5] The elevation of the towns of Naharlagun, Pasighat and Tezu in the south are 290 m, 155 m and 210 m respectively,[7] while Kangto, Nyegi Kangsang and the Gorichen group of mountains are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalayas.[15] The southern borders of Arunachal Pradesh are encompassed by the Shivalik ranges which merge into plains.[5] The hills and mountains have associated features such as valleys and intermontane plateaus, that is plateaus between mountains.[5]

 
[Interactive fullscreen map + nearby articles]
Passes and mountains in Arunachal, or on or close to its borders.[16][17][18][19]

Legend：
 1: Gori Chen  2: Kangto  3: Bum La Pass  4: Yonggyap La  5: Nyegyi Kansang  6: Diphu Pass  7: Sela Pass  8: Dzo La  9: Chubumbu La  10: Gyoa La  11: Lo La  12: Shagam La  13: Tama La  14: Tapgyu La  15: Chupung La  16: Kashong La  17: Andra La  18: Zhabu La  19: Kaya La  20: Pangsau Pass  21: Kumjawng Pass  22: Chaukan Pass  23: Hpungan Pass  24: Dafla Range High Point  25: Dapha Bum  26: Pakhain Range High Point  27: Tulung La  28: Chumo  29: Lusha Pass  30: Kangri Karpo La  31: Adjamkho La  32: Tsang Khang La  33: Glei Dakhru  34: Mayodia Pass  35: Kepang La  36: Siang Pass  37: Aguia La  38: Hadigra Dakhru  39: Milakatong La  40: Chera La  41: Tse La  42: Poshing La  43: Shoka La  44: Tunga La  45: Vorjing Peak  46: Lamdo La

 47: Tsangdhar
Major Mountains and their Peaks
Mountain name Peak Coordinates Refs
Kangto # 7,089 metres (23,258 ft) 27°51′54″N 92°31′55″E / 27.865°N 92.532°E / 27.865; 92.532 [6][20]
Nyegyi Kansang # 7,047 metres (23,120 ft) 27°56′10″N 92°39′58″E / 27.936°N 92.666°E / 27.936; 92.666 [21]
Chumo # 6,890 metres (22,600 ft) 27°54′32″N 92°37′30″E / 27.909°N 92.625°E / 27.909; 92.625 [22]
Tapka Shiri # ** 6,565 metres (21,539 ft) 28°10′34″N 92°46′01″E / 28.176°N 92.767°E / 28.176; 92.767 [6][23]
Gori Chen 6,530 metres (21,420 ft) 27°47′42″N 92°23′13″E / 27.795°N 92.387°E / 27.795; 92.387 [24][25]
Shalundi 4,810 metres (15,780 ft) [6]
Dapha Bum 4,578 metres (15,020 ft) 27°39′36″N 96°41′56″E / 27.660°N 96.699°E / 27.660; 96.699 [6][26]
Komdi 4,185 metres (13,730 ft) [6]
Vorjing 3,991 metres (13,094 ft) 28°31′30″N 94°06′00″E / 28.525°N 94.100°E / 28.525; 94.100 [6]
Ladu 3,041 metres (9,977 ft) [6]
# Mountain (as compared to the peak) is located in both India and China
 
Gorichen group
 
Sangestar Tso

Parts of the Lohit district, Changlang district and Tirap district are covered by the Patkai hills. The hills extend towards Nagaland, and form a natural boundary between India and Burma.[27][28]

Namcha Barwa Himal range extends into India up to Siyom River.[29]

Major hills found in this region include:[30]

 
Hills[31][32] and altitudes of selected towns in the state.[7]

Drainage and river systems edit

Water/wetland cover is 154,609 hectares (1,546.09 km2) or 1.91% of the total area.[4] Out of this, 86% of wetlands are rivers.[4] Lohit district and Dibang Valley district have the highest number of wetlands in the state.[4]

 
Lohit River
 
Nuranang Falls

The major river systems are (from west to east clockwise):[33][34]

All of these are fed by snow from the Himalayas and numerous rivers and rivulets and eventually flow into Siang/Brahmaputra. Abrasion by the rivers which flow through the mountains has created a broad valley, which is a major feature of the geography of the state.

 
River Siyom

Other rivers include Tawang Chu, Dikrong, Ranga, Kamala/Kamla, Kamplang, Siyum, Dihing/ Noadihing and Tirap.[35]

 
Major rivers in Arunachal and their basins
  • Four major river basins of the state
  •  

    Kameng River Basin

  •  

    Subansiri River basin

  •  

    Dibang River basin

  •  

    Lohit River basin

Biodiversity edit

Eco-regions and forest types edit

Arunachal consists of a number of eco-regions. At the lowest elevations, at Arunachal Pradesh's border with Assam, are the Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests. Much of the state, including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills, are home to Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests. Towards the northern border with Tibet, with increasing elevation, come a mixture of Eastern and Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests followed by Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows.[citation needed]

Climatically, the forests can be categorised as Tropical forests, subtropical forests, temperate forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine and secondary forests.[36][37] At the lowest elevations, densely forested areas are seen with the trees ranging from seasonal tropical forest to broadleaf and semi-alpine coniferous forests. Alpine shrubs and meadows follow, ultimately leading to ice-clad peaks.

 
Evergreen forest of Pakke, Aurnachal Pradesh.

The Forest Research Institute of India's India State of Forest Report 2019 lists area under different forest types in the state.[38] The major forest types as a percentage of the forest cover area are:

  • East Himalayan Sub-Tropical Wet Hill Forest = 24.35%[38]
  • East Himalayan Wet Temperate Forest = 22.92%[38]
  • East Himalayan Sub-Alpine Birch/Fir Forest = 13.46%[38]
  • Alpine Pastures = 6.73%[38]
  • Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forest = 6.60%[38]
  • Others = Remaining[38]

Forest cover varies from 54% in Tawang district to 92% in Papum Pare district.[39] There are 110 species of trees.[38]

Protected areas include the Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve, Namdapha National Park, Mouling National Park, and 11 wildlife sanctuaries and reserves including elephant reserves, tiger reserves and an orchid sanctuary,[a] covering about 12% of the geographical area of the state.[40]

Flora and fauna edit

Flora and fauna in the state includes over 4000 species of flowering plants,[41] 600 bird species, 200 fish species,[42] 42 amphibian species, 85 terrestrial mammals and a wide number of insects, butterflies and reptiles.[36][43] Orchids, fern, bamboo, cane, rhododendrons, oak, hedychiums, and various medicinal plants form a diverse range of the state's green cover. Among the crops grown here are rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger, and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. Its major industries are rice mills, fruit preservation and processing units, and handloom handicrafts Apart from them, the forests of Arunachal are also home to a large number of people belonging to the different tribes. These tribal people, aloof from urbanization, dwell in these forests where the various forest-based products form a part of their livelihood.

Climatic conditions edit

 
Sela

As per the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system, the most prevalent climate types in the state are humid subtropical climate and monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate.[44] Other climates include subtropical highland climate, monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate and monsoon-influenced subarctic climate.[44]

The regions in the lower belts of the state experience hot and humid climates, with a maximum temperature in the foothills reaching up to 40 °C (during the summer). The average temperature in this region in winter ranges from 15° to 21 °C while that during the monsoon season remains between 22° and 30 °C.[45][46][47]

Arunachal Pradesh experiences heavy rainfall during May to September. The average rainfall recorded in Arunachal Pradesh is 300 centimeters, varying between 80 centimeters and 450 centimeters.[48]

Human geography edit

Demographics edit

Main article: Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh

Administrative divisions edit

Main articles: List of districts of Arunachal Pradesh and List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
class=notpageimage|
Districts of Arunachal Pradesh since 2018
Legend：   Capital   Year created 2018   Year created 2017   Year created 2015   Created before 2015

See also edit

References edit

Notes
  1. ^ D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary, Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary, Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kameng Elephant Reserve, Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary, Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, Pakke Tiger Reserve, Talle Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary and Sessa Orchid Sanctuary
References
  1. ^ a b c d ISFR Vol 1, Forest Survey of India (2019), pg. 24.
  2. ^ AP State Action Plan (2011), pp. 12.
  3. ^ a b "Arunachal Pradesh: Physiography, At a glance". gbpihedenvis.nic.in. Hosted by: G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development. Sponsored by: Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Govt of India. ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology. Retrieved 23 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e Space Applications Centre, ISRO (2009), pg. 19.
  5. ^ a b c d Sharma & Shukla 1992, p. 6-7.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Singh 2005, p. 5.
  7. ^ a b c State Profile of Arunachal Pradesh, Branch MSME Itanagar (2013), pg. 41.
  8. ^ "4 Reasons Why Arunachal Pradesh is a Natural Wonderland". Outlook India Traveller. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2021. We may as well call Arunachal a flowery paradise. Arunachal is also called Orchid State of India
  9. ^ "Launching IUCN Red-listing Process for Orchids in Arunachal Pradesh, India". IUCN. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2021. The biodiversity rich North-East States in India are endowed with over 870 species in 159 genera constituting over 73% of the total Orchid species reported from India. Arunachal Pradesh has the highest number of orchid species (around 622 species) reported from the state. Arunachal Pradesh has also been termed as 'Orchid Paradise of India' because of the maximum concentration of orchid species (about 40% of the country) in the State.
  10. ^ Bolingbroke-Kent, Antonia (15 June 2017). Land of the Dawn-lit Mountains. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4711-5657-1.
  11. ^ Arunachal Pradesh: Human Development Report (2005), pg. 3.
  12. ^ a b c "Border Area Development Programme in Arunachal Pradesh" (PDF). Department of Planning, Government of Arunachal Pradesh. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  13. ^ "Boundaries of Assam. Inter-State Border Areas". Directorate Of Border Protection And Development, Border Protection And Development, Government Of Assam. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Length of Inter-state Boundary (Source–SOI) ... [...] Assam-Arunachal Pradesh – 804.1 Km
  14. ^ (PDF). Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 598. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  15. ^ Sharma & Shukla 1992, p. 7.
  16. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (4 July 2021). "Arunachal Pradesh" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 4 July 2021. {{cite map}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  17. ^ (PDF). Survey of India, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2021. Published under Dr Swarna Subba Rao, Surveyor General of India
  18. ^ Frank Ludlow. (PDF). claudearpi.net. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021. Map prepared by Frank Ludlow during his visit to NEFA
  19. ^ *U.S. Army Map Service (1955), NG 46-2 Towang. Tile of the Map India and Pakistan 1:250,000. Series U502, retrieved 6 July 2021
    • U.S. Army Map Service (1955), NH 46-15 Kyimdong Dzong12. Tile of the Map India and Pakistan 1:250,000. Series U502, retrieved 5 July 2021
    • U.S. Army Map Service (1954), NH 46-12 Namcha Barwa. Tile of the Map China 1:250,000. Series L500, retrieved 5 July 2021
    • U.S. Army Map Service (1954), NH 47-9 Su-Tun. Tile of the Map China 1:250,000. Series L500, retrieved 5 July 2021
    • U.S. Army Map Service (1954), NH 47-13 Li-Ma. Tile of the Map China 1:250,000. Series L500, retrieved 5 July 2021
    • U.S. Army Map Service (1955), NG 47-1 Putao. Tile of the Map Burma 1:250,000. Series U542, retrieved 5 July 2021
    • U.S. Army Map Service (1955), NG 46-8 Sibsagar. Tile of the Map Burma 1:250,000. Series U542, retrieved 6 July 2021
  20. ^ "Kangtö". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  21. ^ "Nyegyi Kansang". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  22. ^ "Chumo". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  23. ^ a b "Takpa Shiri". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  24. ^ U.S. Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers (1955), NG 46-2 Towang. Tile of the Map India and Pakistan 1:250,000. Series U502, U.S. Army Map Service, 1955 (published 1961), retrieved 4 July 2021
  25. ^ Bailey, Frederick Marshman (1913), North-East Frontier of India (Arunachal Pradesh) and eastern Tibet, exploration in 1913 by Morshead and Bailey, retrieved 4 July 2021
  26. ^ "Dapha Bum". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  27. ^ Choudhury, S. Dutta, ed. (1980). Tirap District, Arunachal Pradesh, Gazetteer of India (PDF). pp. 3, 226. ISBN 9788190658713. Retrieved 1 August 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  28. ^ "North East India: People, History and Culture" (PDF). National Council of Educational Research and Training. April 2017. p. 10. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  29. ^ Carter, H. Adams (1985). "Classification of the Himalaya" (PDF). American Alpine Journal: 111. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  30. ^ Sharma & Shukla 1992, p. 6.
  31. ^ Coudurier-Curveur, A.; Tapponnier, P.; Okal, E.; Van Der Woerd, J.; Kali, E.; Choudhury, S.; Baruah, S.; Etchebes, M.; Karakaş, Ç. (1 February 2020). "A composite rupture model for the great 1950 Assam earthquake across the cusp of the East Himalayan Syntaxis". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 531. Figure 1, 2 and 3. Bibcode:2020E&PSL.53115928C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115928. ISSN 0012-821X. S2CID 210142365.
  32. ^ Páll-Gergely, Barna & Fehér, Zoltán & Hunyadi, András & Asami, Takahiro. (2015). Revision of the genus Pseudopomatias and its relatives (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea: Pupinidae). pp. 8. Zootaxa. 3937. 1-49. 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.1.1.
  33. ^ Singh 2005, p. 6.
  34. ^ Sharma & Shukla 1992, p. 8-10.
  35. ^ Singh, Abujam & Das 2019, p. 1.
  36. ^ a b Bharali, Sanjeeb; Khan, Mohamed Latif (2011). "Climate change and its impact on biodiversity; some management options for mitigation in Arunachal Pradesh". Current Science. 101 (7): 855–860. ISSN 0011-3891. JSTOR 24079121.
  37. ^ "Arunachal Pradesh Geography". mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India (2019), pg. 18.
  39. ^ ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India (2019), pg. 15.
  40. ^ Rina, Tongam (31 December 2019). "Arunachal registers decline in forest cover for second year in a row". The Arunachal Times. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  41. ^ Zoological Survey of India (2006), pg. 6.
  42. ^ Singh, Abujam & Das 2019, p. 2.
  43. ^ "Arunachal Pradesh at a Glance". arunachalpradesh.gov.in. from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  44. ^ a b "Climate Arunachal Pradesh: Temperature, climate graph". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  45. ^ Mizuno & Tenpa 2015, p. 3.
  46. ^ "Par Monthly Climate Averages, Arunachal Pradesh, IN". WorldWeatherOnline.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  47. ^ "Arunachal Pradesh". Weatherbase. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  48. ^ Sharma & Shukla 1992, p. 12.

Bibliography edit

Books
  • Sharma, N.; Shukla, Surya Pal (1992). Geography and Development of Hill Areas: A Case Study of Arunachal Pradesh. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170993834 – via Google Books.
  • Singh, Ravi S. (2005). Paths of Development in Arunachal Pradesh. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 9788172111830.
  • Mizuno, Kazuharu; Tenpa, Lobsang (2015). Himalayan Nature and Tibetan Buddhist Culture in Arunachal Pradesh, India: A Study of Monpa. Springer. ISBN 9784431554929 – via Google Books.
  • Singh, Achom Darshan; Abujam, Santoshkumar; Das, D.N. (2019). Biodiversity of Fishes in Arunachal Himalaya. Academic Press, Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-815837-1.
Government
  • (PDF), vol. 1 (16 ed.), Forest Survey of India. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Government of India., ISBN 9788194101802, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2021
  • (PDF), India State of Forest Report 2019, vol. 2 (16 ed.), Forest Survey of India. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Government of India., ISBN 9788194101802, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2021
  • (PDF), SAC/RESA/AFEG/NWIA/ATLAS/06/2009, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India, p. 98, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2013. (This is a PDF Size:59.00MB){{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  • Director (Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata), ed. (2006). (PDF). ISBN 81-8171-086-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2017. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Arunachal Pradesh State Action Plan on Climate Change. Consortium: INRM, IIMA, IISc. (PDF), March 2011
  • (PDF), Branch MSME-Development Institute. Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh., Development Commissioner. Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. Government of India., 2013–2014, archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2021{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  • Arunachal Pradesh: Human Development Report 2005 (PDF), Prepared by Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. Planning Commission, NITI Aayog., Department of Planning, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
 
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November 10, 2023
geography, arunachal, pradesh, arunachal, pradesh, primarily, hilly, tract, nestled, foothills, himalayas, northeast, india, spread, over, area, geographical, area, land, which, forest, cover, water, river, systems, region, including, those, from, higher, hima. Arunachal Pradesh is primarily a hilly tract nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas in northeast India It is spread over an area of 83 743 km2 32 333 sq mi 3 98 of the geographical area is land out of which 80 is forest cover 1 2 is water 4 River systems in the region including those from the higher Himalayas and Patkoi and Arakan Ranges eventually drain into the Brahmaputra River 5 Geography of Arunachal PradeshRegionNortheast IndiaArea Total83 743 1 km2 32 333 sq mi Land98 09 Water1 91 BordersBhutan China Burma Assam NagalandHighest pointKangto 7 060 metres 23 160 ft Lowest point 50 metres 160 ft 2 Natural resourcesHydro power Forest cover 79 63 2019 1 Very Dense Forest 25 Mod Dense Forest 36 Open Forest 18 Boleng Siang districtElevation ranges from mountains that are above 7 000 metres 23 000 ft 6 to the towns in the plains with an elevation of less than 300 metres 980 ft 7 Arunachal shares international borders with Bhutan Tibet China and Burma Myanmar Internally Arunachal borders the states of Assam and Nagaland Arunachal is called the orchid state of India 8 9 and dawn lit mountain Land of Dawn Land of Dawn Lit Mountains 10 11 Contents 1 Area and borders 2 Physical geography 2 1 Topography and relief 2 2 Drainage and river systems 3 Biodiversity 3 1 Eco regions and forest types 3 2 Flora and fauna 4 Climatic conditions 5 Human geography 5 1 Demographics 5 2 Administrative divisions 6 See also 7 References 8 BibliographyArea and borders editArunachal Pradesh is located in northeast India bordering Bhutan Tibet China and Myanmar internationally 12 The border with Bhutan is 160 km 99 mi the China border is 1 080 km 670 mi and the Myanmar border is 440 km 270 mi 12 Internal borders includes the Assam Arunachal Pradesh border 804 1 km 499 6 mi 13 while the border with Nagaland is 55 km 34 mi The territory covers 83 743 km2 32 333 sq mi 3 98 of the geographical area is land 1 Most of this land state is hilly terrain with flat land covering about 4 450 km2 1 720 sq mi 12 Water covers 2 of the area 4 It is the 14th largest among the states and union territories of India by area 14 Physical geography editTopography and relief edit Relief range varies between plains that are a few hundred meters in height and mountains above 7 000 metres 23 000 ft 5 The elevation of the towns of Naharlagun Pasighat and Tezu in the south are 290 m 155 m and 210 m respectively 7 while Kangto Nyegi Kangsang and the Gorichen group of mountains are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalayas 15 The southern borders of Arunachal Pradesh are encompassed by the Shivalik ranges which merge into plains 5 The hills and mountains have associated features such as valleys and intermontane plateaus that is plateaus between mountains 5 nbsp Interactive fullscreen map nearby articles Passes and mountains in Arunachal or on or close to its borders 16 17 18 19 Legend nbsp 1 Gori Chen nbsp 2 Kangto nbsp 3 Bum La Pass nbsp 4 Yonggyap La nbsp 5 Nyegyi Kansang nbsp 6 Diphu Pass nbsp 7 Sela Pass nbsp 8 Dzo La nbsp 9 Chubumbu La nbsp 10 Gyoa La nbsp 11 Lo La nbsp 12 Shagam La nbsp 13 Tama La nbsp 14 Tapgyu La nbsp 15 Chupung La nbsp 16 Kashong La nbsp 17 Andra La nbsp 18 Zhabu La nbsp 19 Kaya La nbsp 20 Pangsau Pass nbsp 21 Kumjawng Pass nbsp 22 Chaukan Pass nbsp 23 Hpungan Pass nbsp 24 Dafla Range High Point nbsp 25 Dapha Bum nbsp 26 Pakhain Range High Point nbsp 27 Tulung La nbsp 28 Chumo nbsp 29 Lusha Pass nbsp 30 Kangri Karpo La nbsp 31 Adjamkho La nbsp 32 Tsang Khang La nbsp 33 Glei Dakhru nbsp 34 Mayodia Pass nbsp 35 Kepang La nbsp 36 Siang Pass nbsp 37 Aguia La nbsp 38 Hadigra Dakhru nbsp 39 Milakatong La nbsp 40 Chera La nbsp 41 Tse La nbsp 42 Poshing La nbsp 43 Shoka La nbsp 44 Tunga La nbsp 45 Vorjing Peak nbsp 46 Lamdo La nbsp 47 Tsangdhar Major Mountains and their Peaks Mountain name Peak Coordinates RefsKangto 7 089 metres 23 258 ft 27 51 54 N 92 31 55 E 27 865 N 92 532 E 27 865 92 532 6 20 Nyegyi Kansang 7 047 metres 23 120 ft 27 56 10 N 92 39 58 E 27 936 N 92 666 E 27 936 92 666 21 Chumo 6 890 metres 22 600 ft 27 54 32 N 92 37 30 E 27 909 N 92 625 E 27 909 92 625 22 Tapka Shiri 6 565 metres 21 539 ft 28 10 34 N 92 46 01 E 28 176 N 92 767 E 28 176 92 767 6 23 Gori Chen 6 530 metres 21 420 ft 27 47 42 N 92 23 13 E 27 795 N 92 387 E 27 795 92 387 24 25 Shalundi 4 810 metres 15 780 ft 6 Dapha Bum 4 578 metres 15 020 ft 27 39 36 N 96 41 56 E 27 660 N 96 699 E 27 660 96 699 6 26 Komdi 4 185 metres 13 730 ft 6 Vorjing 3 991 metres 13 094 ft 28 31 30 N 94 06 00 E 28 525 N 94 100 E 28 525 94 100 6 Ladu 3 041 metres 9 977 ft 6 Mountain as compared to the peak is located in both India and China This is not Dakpa Sheri 5 735 metres 18 816 ft 23 nbsp Gorichen group nbsp Sangestar TsoParts of the Lohit district Changlang district and Tirap district are covered by the Patkai hills The hills extend towards Nagaland and form a natural boundary between India and Burma 27 28 Namcha Barwa Himal range extends into India up to Siyom River 29 Major hills found in this region include 30 Aka Hills Daphla Hills Miri Hills Abor Hills Mishmi Hills Patkai Hills nbsp Hills 31 32 and altitudes of selected towns in the state 7 Drainage and river systems editWater wetland cover is 154 609 hectares 1 546 09 km2 or 1 91 of the total area 4 Out of this 86 of wetlands are rivers 4 Lohit district and Dibang Valley district have the highest number of wetlands in the state 4 nbsp Lohit River nbsp Nuranang FallsThe major river systems are from west to east clockwise 33 34 Kameng Subansiri Siang Dibang LohitAll of these are fed by snow from the Himalayas and numerous rivers and rivulets and eventually flow into Siang Brahmaputra Abrasion by the rivers which flow through the mountains has created a broad valley which is a major feature of the geography of the state nbsp River SiyomOther rivers include Tawang Chu Dikrong Ranga Kamala Kamla Kamplang Siyum Dihing Noadihing and Tirap 35 nbsp Major rivers in Arunachal and their basinsFour major river basins of the state nbsp Kameng River Basin nbsp Subansiri River basin nbsp Dibang River basin nbsp Lohit River basinBiodiversity editEco regions and forest types editArunachal consists of a number of eco regions At the lowest elevations at Arunachal Pradesh s border with Assam are the Brahmaputra Valley semi evergreen forests Much of the state including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills are home to Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests Towards the northern border with Tibet with increasing elevation come a mixture of Eastern and Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests followed by Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows citation needed Ecoregions nbsp Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests nbsp Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests nbsp Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests nbsp Brahmaputra Valley semi evergreen forests nbsp Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadowsClimatically the forests can be categorised as Tropical forests subtropical forests temperate forest subalpine coniferous forest alpine and secondary forests 36 37 At the lowest elevations densely forested areas are seen with the trees ranging from seasonal tropical forest to broadleaf and semi alpine coniferous forests Alpine shrubs and meadows follow ultimately leading to ice clad peaks nbsp Evergreen forest of Pakke Aurnachal Pradesh The Forest Research Institute of India s India State of Forest Report 2019 lists area under different forest types in the state 38 The major forest types as a percentage of the forest cover area are East Himalayan Sub Tropical Wet Hill Forest 24 35 38 East Himalayan Wet Temperate Forest 22 92 38 East Himalayan Sub Alpine Birch Fir Forest 13 46 38 Alpine Pastures 6 73 38 Sub Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi Evergreen Forest 6 60 38 Others Remaining 38 Forest cover varies from 54 in Tawang district to 92 in Papum Pare district 39 There are 110 species of trees 38 Protected areas include the Dihang Dibang Biosphere Reserve Namdapha National Park Mouling National Park and 11 wildlife sanctuaries and reserves including elephant reserves tiger reserves and an orchid sanctuary a covering about 12 of the geographical area of the state 40 Flora and fauna editFlora and fauna in the state includes over 4000 species of flowering plants 41 600 bird species 200 fish species 42 42 amphibian species 85 terrestrial mammals and a wide number of insects butterflies and reptiles 36 43 Orchids fern bamboo cane rhododendrons oak hedychiums and various medicinal plants form a diverse range of the state s green cover Among the crops grown here are rice maize millet wheat pulses sugarcane ginger and oilseeds Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards Its major industries are rice mills fruit preservation and processing units and handloom handicrafts Apart from them the forests of Arunachal are also home to a large number of people belonging to the different tribes These tribal people aloof from urbanization dwell in these forests where the various forest based products form a part of their livelihood nbsp The Strobilanthus flower at the Namdapha National Park nbsp Hornbills at the Namdapha National Park nbsp Male azure sapphire nbsp Renanthera imschootiana nbsp View of Eaglenest forest canopyClimatic conditions edit nbsp SelaAs per the Koppen Geiger climate classification system the most prevalent climate types in the state are humid subtropical climate and monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate 44 Other climates include subtropical highland climate monsoon influenced warm summer humid continental climate and monsoon influenced subarctic climate 44 The regions in the lower belts of the state experience hot and humid climates with a maximum temperature in the foothills reaching up to 40 C during the summer The average temperature in this region in winter ranges from 15 to 21 C while that during the monsoon season remains between 22 and 30 C 45 46 47 Arunachal Pradesh experiences heavy rainfall during May to September The average rainfall recorded in Arunachal Pradesh is 300 centimeters varying between 80 centimeters and 450 centimeters 48 Human geography editDemographics edit Main article Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh Administrative divisions edit Main articles List of districts of Arunachal Pradesh and List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly nbsp nbsp Tawang nbsp West Kameng nbsp Pakke Kessang nbsp East Kameng nbsp Kurung Kumey nbsp Papum Pare nbsp Lower Subansiri nbsp Kamle nbsp Kra Daadi nbsp Upper Subansiri nbsp Lower Siang nbsp Lepa Rada nbsp West Siang nbsp Shi Yomi nbsp Siang nbsp Upper Siang nbsp East Siang nbsp Dibang Valley nbsp Lower Dibang Valley nbsp Anjaw nbsp Lohit nbsp Namsai nbsp Changlang nbsp Tirap nbsp Longding nbsp Itanagarclass notpageimage Districts of Arunachal Pradesh since 2018 Legend nbsp Capital nbsp Year created 2018 nbsp Year created 2017 nbsp Year created 2015 nbsp Created before 2015See also editDihang Dibang Biosphere ReserveReferences editNotes D Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary Kameng Elephant Reserve Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary Pakke Tiger Reserve Talle Valley Wildlife Sanctuary Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary and Sessa Orchid Sanctuary References a b c d ISFR Vol 1 Forest Survey of India 2019 pg 24 AP State Action Plan 2011 pp 12 a b Arunachal Pradesh Physiography At a glance gbpihedenvis nic in Hosted by G B Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development Sponsored by Ministry of Environment Forest amp Climate Change Govt of India ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology Retrieved 23 June 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint others link a b c d e Space Applications Centre ISRO 2009 pg 19 a b c d Sharma amp Shukla 1992 p 6 7 a b c d e f g h Singh 2005 p 5 a b c State Profile of Arunachal Pradesh Branch MSME Itanagar 2013 pg 41 4 Reasons Why Arunachal Pradesh is a Natural Wonderland Outlook India Traveller 26 June 2018 Retrieved 23 June 2021 We may as well call Arunachal a flowery paradise Arunachal is also called Orchid State of India Launching IUCN Red listing Process for Orchids in Arunachal Pradesh India IUCN 3 December 2020 Retrieved 23 June 2021 The biodiversity rich North East States in India are endowed with over 870 species in 159 genera constituting over 73 of the total Orchid species reported from India Arunachal Pradesh has the highest number of orchid species around 622 species reported from the state Arunachal Pradesh has also been termed as Orchid Paradise of India because of the maximum concentration of orchid species about 40 of the country in the State Bolingbroke Kent Antonia 15 June 2017 Land of the Dawn lit Mountains Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 1 4711 5657 1 Arunachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2005 pg 3 a b c Border Area Development Programme in Arunachal Pradesh PDF Department of Planning Government of Arunachal Pradesh Retrieved 31 July 2021 Boundaries of Assam Inter State Border Areas Directorate Of Border Protection And Development Border Protection And Development Government Of Assam Retrieved 31 July 2021 Length of Inter state Boundary Source SOI Assam Arunachal Pradesh 804 1 Km Area of Indian states PDF Government of Andhra Pradesh p 598 Archived from the original PDF on 26 November 2013 Retrieved 31 July 2021 Sharma amp Shukla 1992 p 7 OpenStreetMap contributors 4 July 2021 Arunachal Pradesh Map OpenStreetMap Retrieved 4 July 2021 a href Template Cite map html title Template Cite map cite map a author has generic name help State Map of Arunachal Pradesh 1 750000 2 centimeters 15 kilometers PDF Survey of India Government of India 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 21 April 2015 Retrieved 21 July 2021 Published under Dr Swarna Subba Rao Surveyor General of India Frank Ludlow Eastern Himalaya 1940 PDF claudearpi net Archived from the original on 12 January 2021 Retrieved 21 July 2021 Map prepared by Frank Ludlow during his visit to NEFA U S Army Map Service 1955 NG 46 2 Towang Tile of the Map India and Pakistan 1 250 000 Series U502 retrieved 6 July 2021 U S Army Map Service 1955 NH 46 15 Kyimdong Dzong12 Tile of the Map India and Pakistan 1 250 000 Series U502 retrieved 5 July 2021 U S Army Map Service 1954 NH 46 12 Namcha Barwa Tile of the Map China 1 250 000 Series L500 retrieved 5 July 2021 U S Army Map Service 1954 NH 47 9 Su Tun Tile of the Map China 1 250 000 Series L500 retrieved 5 July 2021 U S Army Map Service 1954 NH 47 13 Li Ma Tile of the Map China 1 250 000 Series L500 retrieved 5 July 2021 U S Army Map Service 1955 NG 47 1 Putao Tile of the Map Burma 1 250 000 Series U542 retrieved 5 July 2021 U S Army Map Service 1955 NG 46 8 Sibsagar Tile of the Map Burma 1 250 000 Series U542 retrieved 6 July 2021 Kangto Peakbagger com Retrieved 4 July 2021 Nyegyi Kansang Peakbagger com Retrieved 4 July 2021 Chumo Peakbagger com Retrieved 4 July 2021 a b Takpa Shiri Peakbagger com Retrieved 4 July 2021 U S Army Map Service Corps of Engineers 1955 NG 46 2 Towang Tile of the Map India and Pakistan 1 250 000 Series U502 U S Army Map Service 1955 published 1961 retrieved 4 July 2021 Bailey Frederick Marshman 1913 North East Frontier of India Arunachal Pradesh and eastern Tibet exploration in 1913 by Morshead and Bailey retrieved 4 July 2021 Dapha Bum Peakbagger com Retrieved 4 July 2021 Choudhury S Dutta ed 1980 Tirap District Arunachal Pradesh Gazetteer of India PDF pp 3 226 ISBN 9788190658713 Retrieved 1 August 2021 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help North East India People History and Culture PDF National Council of Educational Research and Training April 2017 p 10 Retrieved 1 August 2021 Carter H Adams 1985 Classification of the Himalaya PDF American Alpine Journal 111 Retrieved 1 August 2021 Sharma amp Shukla 1992 p 6 Coudurier Curveur A Tapponnier P Okal E Van Der Woerd J Kali E Choudhury S Baruah S Etchebes M Karakas C 1 February 2020 A composite rupture model for the great 1950 Assam earthquake across the cusp of the East Himalayan Syntaxis Earth and Planetary Science Letters 531 Figure 1 2 and 3 Bibcode 2020E amp PSL 53115928C doi 10 1016 j epsl 2019 115928 ISSN 0012 821X S2CID 210142365 Pall Gergely Barna amp Feher Zoltan amp Hunyadi Andras amp Asami Takahiro 2015 Revision of the genus Pseudopomatias and its relatives Gastropoda Cyclophoroidea Pupinidae pp 8 Zootaxa 3937 1 49 10 11646 zootaxa 3937 1 1 Singh 2005 p 6 Sharma amp Shukla 1992 p 8 10 Singh Abujam amp Das 2019 p 1 a b Bharali Sanjeeb Khan Mohamed Latif 2011 Climate change and its impact on biodiversity some management options for mitigation in Arunachal Pradesh Current Science 101 7 855 860 ISSN 0011 3891 JSTOR 24079121 Arunachal Pradesh Geography mapsofindia com Retrieved 16 May 2015 a b c d e f g h ISFR Vol 2 Forest Survey of India 2019 pg 18 ISFR Vol 2 Forest Survey of India 2019 pg 15 Rina Tongam 31 December 2019 Arunachal registers decline in forest cover for second year in a row The Arunachal Times Retrieved 5 July 2021 Zoological Survey of India 2006 pg 6 Singh Abujam amp Das 2019 p 2 Arunachal Pradesh at a Glance arunachalpradesh gov in Archived from the original on 2 January 2017 Retrieved 16 May 2015 a b Climate Arunachal Pradesh Temperature climate graph en climate data org Retrieved 23 June 2021 Mizuno amp Tenpa 2015 p 3 Par Monthly Climate Averages Arunachal Pradesh IN WorldWeatherOnline com Retrieved 23 June 2021 Arunachal Pradesh Weatherbase Retrieved 23 June 2021 Sharma amp Shukla 1992 p 12 Bibliography editBooksSharma N Shukla Surya Pal 1992 Geography and Development of Hill Areas A Case Study of Arunachal Pradesh Mittal Publications ISBN 9788170993834 via Google Books Singh Ravi S 2005 Paths of Development in Arunachal Pradesh Northern Book Centre ISBN 9788172111830 Mizuno Kazuharu Tenpa Lobsang 2015 Himalayan Nature and Tibetan Buddhist Culture in Arunachal Pradesh India A Study of Monpa Springer ISBN 9784431554929 via Google Books Singh Achom Darshan Abujam Santoshkumar Das D N 2019 Biodiversity of Fishes in Arunachal Himalaya Academic Press Elsevier ISBN 978 0 12 815837 1 GovernmentIndia State of Forest Report 2019 PDF vol 1 16 ed Forest Survey of India Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change Government of India ISBN 9788194101802 archived from the original PDF on 8 March 2021 11 2 Arunachal Pradesh PDF India State of Forest Report 2019 vol 2 16 ed Forest Survey of India Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change Government of India ISBN 9788194101802 archived from the original PDF on 4 July 2021 National Wetland Atlas Arunachal Pradesh PDF SAC RESA AFEG NWIA ATLAS 06 2009 Space Applications Centre ISRO Ahmedabad India p 98 archived from the original PDF on 28 July 2013 This is a PDF Size 59 00MB a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint postscript link Director Zoological Survey of India Kolkata ed 2006 Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh Part 1 PDF ISBN 81 8171 086 X Archived from the original PDF on 20 June 2017 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Arunachal Pradesh State Action Plan on Climate Change Consortium INRM IIMA IISc PDF March 2011 State Profile of Arunachal Pradesh PDF Branch MSME Development Institute Itanagar Arunachal Pradesh Development Commissioner Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises Government of India 2013 2014 archived from the original PDF on 31 July 2021 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint others link Arunachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2005 PDF Prepared by Rajiv Gandhi University Itanagar Arunachal Pradesh Planning Commission NITI Aayog Department of Planning Government of Arunachal Pradesh a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint others link nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Arunachal Pradesh Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Geography of Arunachal Pradesh amp oldid 1183990385 Topography, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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