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Titi monkey

January 01, 1970

This article is about New World monkeys of the subfamily Callicebinae. For other uses of "titi", see Titi (disambiguation).

The titis, or titi monkeys, are New World monkeys of the subfamily Callicebinae, which contains three extant genera: Cheracebus, Callicebus, and Plecturocebus.[1][2] This subfamily also contains the extinct genera Miocallicebus, Homunculus, and Carlocebus.[3]

Titis
Brown titi (Plecturocebus brunneus)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Pitheciidae
Subfamily: Callicebinae
Pocock, 1925
Genera

Cheracebus
Callicebus
Plecturocebus

Titi monkeys live in South America, from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, east through Brazil, and south to Bolivia and northern Paraguay.

Description edit

Depending on species, titis have a head and body length of 23–46 centimetres (9.1–18.1 in), and a tail, which is longer than the head and body, of 26–56 centimetres (10–22 in).[4] The different titi species vary substantially in coloring, but resemble each other in most other physical ways. They have long, soft fur, and it is usually reddish, brownish, grayish or blackish, and in most species the underside is lighter or more reddish than the upperside. Some species have contrasting blackish or whitish foreheads, while all members of the genus Cheracebus have a white half-collar.[5] The tail is always furry and is not prehensile.

Behaviour edit

Diurnal and arboreal, titis predominantly prefer dense forests near water. They easily jump from branch to branch, earning them their German name, Springaffen (jumping monkeys). They sleep at night, but can also take a midday nap.

Titis are territorial. They live in family groups that consist of parents and their offspring, about two to seven animals in total. They defend their territory by shouting and chasing off intruders, but rarely engage in actual fighting.[4] Their grooming and communication is important for the co-operation of the group. They can typically be seen in pairs sitting or sleeping with tails entwined.

The diet of the titis consists mainly of fruits, although they also eat leaves, flowers, insects, bird eggs and small vertebrates.[4]

Titis are monogamous, mating for life. The female bears a single young after about a five-month gestation. Twins occur rarely, having been documented in only 1.4% of all births in captive groups of Plecturocebus moloch.[6] While the second infant usually does not survive, cases where neighbouring groups have adopted infants are known, suggesting that twins may be reared successfully under certain circumstances.[7] Often it is the father who cares for the young, carrying it and bringing it to the mother only for nursing. Fathers tend to engage in more grooming, food-sharing, inspecting, aggression and playing with infants than mothers.[8] The young are weaned after 5 months and are fully grown after two years. After three or more years, they leave their family group in order to find a mate. While the life expectancy of most species is unclear, the members of the genus Cheracebus may live for up to 12 years in the wild,[9] while members of the P. moloch group have been known to live for more than 25 years in captivity.[4]

They make elaborate, powerful vocal duets used in long-range communication.[10]

Classification edit

The number of known species of titis has doubled in recent years, with eight, P. stephennashi, P. bernhardi, P. caquetensis, P. aureipalatii, P. miltoni, P. urubambensis, P. grovesi, and P. parecis being described from the Amazon basin since 2000. Furthermore, the most recent review uses the phylogenetic species concept (thereby not recognizing the concept of subspecies) rather than the 'traditional' biological species concept.[5] The classification presented here is therefore very different from the classifications used twenty years ago. The naming rights to a recently discovered species were auctioned off (with the funds going to a nonprofit organization), and the winner was the online casino GoldenPalace.com, as reflected in both the common and scientific name of P. aureipalatii.[11] While this typically is a highly unusual event in scientific classification, the possibility of naming a species of titi in exchange for a sizable donation to a nonprofit foundation was also presented a few years before, resulting in P. bernhardi being named after Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands.[12]

 
A pair of white-eared titis (P. donacophilus) entwining tails.

Historically, titis were monogeneric and formed the genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903. Owing to the great diversity found across titi monkey species, a new genus-level taxonomy was recently proposed that recognises three genera within the subfamily Callicebinae; Cheracebus Byrne et al. (2016) for the species of the torquatus group (Widow titis); Callicebus Thomas, 1903, for species of the Atlantic Forest personatus group; and Plecturocebus Byrne et al. (2016) for the Amazonian and Chaco titis of the moloch and donacophilus groups.[2]

References edit

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 141–146. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Byrne, Hazel; Rylands, Anthony B.; Carneiro, Jeferson C.; Alfaro, Jessica W. Lynch; Bertuol, Fabricio; da Silva, Maria N. F.; Messias, Mariluce; Groves, Colin P.; Mittermeier, Russell A. (2016-01-01). "Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence". Frontiers in Zoology. 13: 10. doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4. ISSN 1742-9994. PMC 4774130. PMID 26937245.
  3. ^ Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Serrano Serrano, Martha L.; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2017). "Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data" (PDF). BioRxiv. _: 1–32. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
  4. ^ a b c d Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  5. ^ a b van Roosmalen, Marc G. M.; Roosmalen, Tomas van; Mittermeier, Russell A. (2002). "A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, with the description of two new species, Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi, from Brazilian Amazonia" (PDF). Neotropical Primates. 10 (Suppl): 1–52. (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
  6. ^ Valeggia, C.R.; Mendoza, S.P.; Fernandez-Duque, E.; Mason, W.A.; Lasley, B. (1999). "Reproductive Biology of Female Titi Monkeys (Callicebus moloch) in captivity" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 47 (3): 183–195. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)47:3<183::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-J. PMID 10075433. S2CID 471338. (PDF) from the original on 2010-07-17. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
  7. ^ Cäsar, and Young; Young, RJ (2008). "A case of adoption in a wild group of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons)". Primates. 49 (2): 146–148. doi:10.1007/s10329-007-0066-x. PMID 17938856. S2CID 11927244.
  8. ^ Spence-Aizenberg, Andrea; Di Fiore, Anthony; Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo (January 2016). "Social monogamy, male–female relationships, and biparental care in wild titi monkeys (Callicebus discolor)". Primates. 57 (1): 103–112. doi:10.1007/s10329-015-0489-8. ISSN 0032-8332. PMID 26386712. S2CID 2457638.
  9. ^ Rowe, Noel (1996). The Pictorial Guide to Living Primates. Pogonias Press, Charlestown. ISBN 0-9648825-1-5
  10. ^ Adret, Patrice; Dingess, Kimberly; Caselli, Christini; Vermeer, Jan; Martínez, Jesus; Luna Amancio, Jossy; Van Kuijk, Silvy; Hernani Lineros, Lucero; Wallace, Robert; Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo; Di Fiore, Anthony (2018-10-13). "Duetting Patterns of Titi Monkeys (Primates, Pitheciidae: Callicebinae) and Relationships with Phylogeny". Animals. 8 (10): 178. doi:10.3390/ani8100178. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 6211037. PMID 30322178.
  11. ^ Wallace, R.B.; Gómez, H.; Felton, A.; Felton, A.M. (2006). "On a New Species of Titi Monkey, Genus Callicebus Thomas (Primates, Pitheciidae), from Western Bolivia with Preliminary Notes on Distribution and Abundance". Primate Conservation. 20: 29–39. doi:10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.29. S2CID 22884522.
  12. ^ Trials of a Primatologist. Archived 2009-10-14 at the Portuguese Web Archive Smithsonian magazine, February 2008. Accessed March 16, 2008.
  13. ^ a b Vermeer, J.; Tello-Alvarado, J. C. (2015). "The Distribution and Taxonomy of Titi Monkeys (Callicebus) in Central and Southern Peru, with the Description of a New Species". Primate Conservation. 29: 9–29. doi:10.1896/052.029.0102.
  14. ^ Dalponte, Julio César; Silva, Felipe Ennes; Silva Júnior, José de Sousa e. (2014). "New species of titi monkey, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903 (Primates, Pitheciidae), from Southern Amazonia, Brazil". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 54. doi:10.1590/0031-1049.2014.54.32.
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on 2015-04-27. Retrieved 2015-04-20.
  16. ^ Gualda-Barros, J.; Nascimento, F. O.; Amaral, M. K. (2012). "A new species of Callicebus Thomas, 1903 (Primates, Pitheciidae) from the states of Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil" (PDF). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 52 (23): 261–279. doi:10.1590/s0031-10492012002300001. (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2012.

January 01, 1970
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This article is about New World monkeys of the subfamily Callicebinae For other uses of titi see Titi disambiguation The titis or titi monkeys are New World monkeys of the subfamily Callicebinae which contains three extant genera Cheracebus Callicebus and Plecturocebus 1 2 This subfamily also contains the extinct genera Miocallicebus Homunculus and Carlocebus 3 Titis Brown titi Plecturocebus brunneus Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Suborder Haplorhini Infraorder Simiiformes Family Pitheciidae Subfamily CallicebinaePocock 1925 Genera Cheracebus Callicebus Plecturocebus Titi monkeys live in South America from Colombia Ecuador and Peru east through Brazil and south to Bolivia and northern Paraguay Contents 1 Description 2 Behaviour 3 Classification 4 ReferencesDescription editDepending on species titis have a head and body length of 23 46 centimetres 9 1 18 1 in and a tail which is longer than the head and body of 26 56 centimetres 10 22 in 4 The different titi species vary substantially in coloring but resemble each other in most other physical ways They have long soft fur and it is usually reddish brownish grayish or blackish and in most species the underside is lighter or more reddish than the upperside Some species have contrasting blackish or whitish foreheads while all members of the genus Cheracebus have a white half collar 5 The tail is always furry and is not prehensile Behaviour editDiurnal and arboreal titis predominantly prefer dense forests near water They easily jump from branch to branch earning them their German name Springaffen jumping monkeys They sleep at night but can also take a midday nap Titis are territorial They live in family groups that consist of parents and their offspring about two to seven animals in total They defend their territory by shouting and chasing off intruders but rarely engage in actual fighting 4 Their grooming and communication is important for the co operation of the group They can typically be seen in pairs sitting or sleeping with tails entwined The diet of the titis consists mainly of fruits although they also eat leaves flowers insects bird eggs and small vertebrates 4 Titis are monogamous mating for life The female bears a single young after about a five month gestation Twins occur rarely having been documented in only 1 4 of all births in captive groups of Plecturocebus moloch 6 While the second infant usually does not survive cases where neighbouring groups have adopted infants are known suggesting that twins may be reared successfully under certain circumstances 7 Often it is the father who cares for the young carrying it and bringing it to the mother only for nursing Fathers tend to engage in more grooming food sharing inspecting aggression and playing with infants than mothers 8 The young are weaned after 5 months and are fully grown after two years After three or more years they leave their family group in order to find a mate While the life expectancy of most species is unclear the members of the genus Cheracebus may live for up to 12 years in the wild 9 while members of the P moloch group have been known to live for more than 25 years in captivity 4 They make elaborate powerful vocal duets used in long range communication 10 Classification editThe number of known species of titis has doubled in recent years with eight P stephennashi P bernhardi P caquetensis P aureipalatii P miltoni P urubambensis P grovesi and P parecis being described from the Amazon basin since 2000 Furthermore the most recent review uses the phylogenetic species concept thereby not recognizing the concept of subspecies rather than the traditional biological species concept 5 The classification presented here is therefore very different from the classifications used twenty years ago The naming rights to a recently discovered species were auctioned off with the funds going to a nonprofit organization and the winner was the online casino GoldenPalace com as reflected in both the common and scientific name of P aureipalatii 11 While this typically is a highly unusual event in scientific classification the possibility of naming a species of titi in exchange for a sizable donation to a nonprofit foundation was also presented a few years before resulting in P bernhardi being named after Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands 12 nbsp A pair of white eared titis P donacophilus entwining tails Historically titis were monogeneric and formed the genus Callicebus Thomas 1903 Owing to the great diversity found across titi monkey species a new genus level taxonomy was recently proposed that recognises three genera within the subfamily Callicebinae Cheracebus Byrne et al 2016 for the species of the torquatus group Widow titis Callicebus Thomas 1903 for species of the Atlantic Forest personatus group and Plecturocebus Byrne et al 2016 for the Amazonian and Chaco titis of the moloch and donacophilus groups 2 Genus Plecturocebus P donacophilus group White eared titi Plecturocebus donacophilus Rio Beni titi Plecturocebus modestus Rio Mayo titi Plecturocebus oenanthe Ollala brothers s titi Plecturocebus olallae White coated titi Plecturocebus pallescens Urubamba brown titi Plecturocebus urubambensis 13 P moloch group Baptista Lake titi Plecturocebus baptista Prince Bernhard s titi Plecturocebus bernhardi Brown titi Plecturocebus brunneus Ashy black titi Plecturocebus cinerascens Parecis titi Plecturocebus parecis Hoffmanns s titi Plecturocebus hoffmannsi Alta Floresta titi Plecturocebus grovesi Milton s titi Plecturocebus miltoni 14 15 Red bellied titi Plecturocebus moloch Vieira s titi Plecturocebus vieirai 16 Toppin s titi Plecturocebus toppini 13 Madidi titi Plecturocebus aureipalatii Chestnut bellied titi Plecturocebus caligatus Caqueta titi Plecturocebus caquetensis Coppery titi Plecturocebus cupreus White tailed titi Plecturocebus discolor Hershkovitz s titi Plecturocebus dubius Ornate titi Plecturocebus ornatus Stephen Nash s titi Plecturocebus stephennashi Genus Cheracebus Lucifer titi Cheracebus lucifer Black titi Cheracebus lugens Colombian black handed titi Cheracebus medemi Red headed titi Cheracebus regulus Collared titi Cheracebus torquatus Genus Callicebus Barbara Brown s titi Callicebus barbarabrownae Coimbra Filho s titi Callicebus coimbrai Coastal black handed titi Callicebus melanochir Black fronted titi Callicebus nigrifrons Atlantic titi Callicebus personatus Genus Miocallicebus Miocallicebus villaviejai Genus Carlocebus Carlocebus carmenensis Carlocebus intermedius Genus Homunculus Homunculus patagonicusReferences edit Groves C P 2005 Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press pp 141 146 ISBN 0 801 88221 4 OCLC 62265494 a b Byrne Hazel Rylands Anthony B Carneiro Jeferson C Alfaro Jessica W Lynch Bertuol Fabricio da Silva Maria N F Messias Mariluce Groves Colin P Mittermeier Russell A 2016 01 01 Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys Callicebus first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence Frontiers in Zoology 13 10 doi 10 1186 s12983 016 0142 4 ISSN 1742 9994 PMC 4774130 PMID 26937245 Silvestro Daniele Tejedor Marcelo F Serrano Serrano Martha L Loiseau Oriane Rossier Victor Rolland Jonathan Zizka Alexander Antonelli Alexandre Salamin Nicolas 2017 Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data PDF BioRxiv 1 32 Retrieved 2019 02 20 a b c d Nowak R M 1999 Walker s Mammals of the World 6th edition The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore ISBN 0 8018 5789 9 a b van Roosmalen Marc G M Roosmalen Tomas van Mittermeier Russell A 2002 A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys genus Callicebus Thomas 1903 with the description of two new species Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi from Brazilian Amazonia PDF Neotropical Primates 10 Suppl 1 52 Archived PDF from the original on 2016 12 20 Retrieved 2015 08 26 Valeggia C R Mendoza S P Fernandez Duque E Mason W A Lasley B 1999 Reproductive Biology of Female Titi Monkeys Callicebus moloch in captivity PDF American Journal of Primatology 47 3 183 195 doi 10 1002 SICI 1098 2345 1999 47 3 lt 183 AID AJP1 gt 3 0 CO 2 J PMID 10075433 S2CID 471338 Archived PDF from the original on 2010 07 17 Retrieved 2008 03 18 Casar and Young Young RJ 2008 A case of adoption in a wild group of black fronted titi monkeys Callicebus nigrifrons Primates 49 2 146 148 doi 10 1007 s10329 007 0066 x PMID 17938856 S2CID 11927244 Spence Aizenberg Andrea Di Fiore Anthony Fernandez Duque Eduardo January 2016 Social monogamy male female relationships and biparental care in wild titi monkeys Callicebus discolor Primates 57 1 103 112 doi 10 1007 s10329 015 0489 8 ISSN 0032 8332 PMID 26386712 S2CID 2457638 Rowe Noel 1996 The Pictorial Guide to Living Primates Pogonias Press Charlestown ISBN 0 9648825 1 5 Adret Patrice Dingess Kimberly Caselli Christini Vermeer Jan Martinez Jesus Luna Amancio Jossy Van Kuijk Silvy Hernani Lineros Lucero Wallace Robert Fernandez Duque Eduardo Di Fiore Anthony 2018 10 13 Duetting Patterns of Titi Monkeys Primates Pitheciidae Callicebinae and Relationships with Phylogeny Animals 8 10 178 doi 10 3390 ani8100178 ISSN 2076 2615 PMC 6211037 PMID 30322178 Wallace R B Gomez H Felton A Felton A M 2006 On a New Species of Titi Monkey Genus Callicebus Thomas Primates Pitheciidae from Western Bolivia with Preliminary Notes on Distribution and Abundance Primate Conservation 20 29 39 doi 10 1896 0898 6207 20 1 29 S2CID 22884522 Trials of a Primatologist Archived 2009 10 14 at the Portuguese Web Archive Smithsonian magazine February 2008 Accessed March 16 2008 a b Vermeer J Tello Alvarado J C 2015 The Distribution and Taxonomy of Titi Monkeys Callicebus in Central and Southern Peru with the Description of a New Species Primate Conservation 29 9 29 doi 10 1896 052 029 0102 Dalponte Julio Cesar Silva Felipe Ennes Silva Junior Jose de Sousa e 2014 New species of titi monkey genus Callicebus Thomas 1903 Primates Pitheciidae from Southern Amazonia Brazil Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 54 doi 10 1590 0031 1049 2014 54 32 news nationalgeographic com 2015 03 15 New Titi Monkey Found Fire Tailed With Sideburns Archived from the original on 2015 04 27 Retrieved 2015 04 20 Gualda Barros J Nascimento F O Amaral M K 2012 A new species of Callicebus Thomas 1903 Primates Pitheciidae from the states of Mato Grosso and Para Brazil PDF Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 52 23 261 279 doi 10 1590 s0031 10492012002300001 Archived PDF from the original on 16 July 2015 Retrieved 2 July 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Titi monkey amp oldid 1209097734, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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