The dredge oyster,[2]bluff oyster[3] or Chilean oyster[4] (Ostrea chilensis),[5] is also known in Chile as ostra verde, [6] is a species of bivalve mollusc in the familyOstreidae.
Also, a self-sustaining population in the Menai Strait was deliberately introduced from the Fisheries Laboratory, Conwy, during the 1960s as an experiment to establish if they could form an alternative to the native oysters Ostrea edulis in fisheries, when the species was shown to be unsuitable because of low recruitment and vulnerability to parasites and pathogens the experiment was abandoned. O. chilensis has now spread to other areas of the Menai Strait and is regarded as an invasive species.[8]
Whereas in Chile, its range limit is from Chiloé Island, Los Lagos region to Guaitecas Islands, Aysén region.[9] Practically, nowadays it only exists in the wild in one natural bank, Pullinque, a sector located in the Quetalmahue Gulf of Ancud which was declared a genetic reserve in 1982, and as a marine reserve in 2003.[10]
Habitat
This bivalve is found from low tide to depths of up to 35 m. In Chile it lives attached to hard rocky or muddy bottoms, from intertidal to about 8 meters deep, in enclosed bays or areas protected from strong waves.[11]
Description
Its length is up to 105 mm, width up to 70 mm, and inflation up to 33 mm. In Chile its maximum controlled length is 87 mm.[11]
Commercial importance
Bluff oysters served on ice
Bluff oysters at a restaurant
In New Zealand, they are a prized delicacy, and harvested from March to August from the Foveaux Strait oyster fishery, which centres on the town of Bluff (hence the local name).[3] From the early 1980s, the fishery went into serious decline, due to the outbreak of an oyster parasite, Bonamia exitiosa, with the disease killing an estimated billion oysters between 2000 and 2003.[3] The population has been recovering since 2003, with fishermen voluntarily limiting the catch to half the allowable to aid the revival.[3][12]
In Chile, it has been harvested by the fishermen of Chiloé Island since ancient times, but the written and photographic information dates back to the mid-1800s.[6] As Chile is the longest country in the world, the transportation of the harvested oysters by wooden-made ships, or by early trains in the early 1900s from the south (42°S) to the port of Valparaíso, and then to the capital, Santiago, was complex; however, it got solved when the oysters were placed in barrels that were grated and jointed by quila, a kind of bamboo, and then filled with seawater.[13] The trip lasted half a month.[13] In the city of Ancud, Chiloé Island, the extraction of the oyster was banned even at that time (as in 1869 and then in 1874) due to its overexploitation, on the other hand its sale brought thousands of barrels, boxes and sacks of oysters to the capital to supply its great demand.[6][13] The oysters was even kept in ponds for growing by Frenchmen, first by Mr. Choloux in Lechagua, Ancud, 1874 and later by the Solminihac family, formally with a concession in Quetalmahue, city of Ancud, in 1915.[6] A couple of years later, in 1935, the Pullinque Oyster Station was built in Pullinque to try to cultivate the Chilean oyster, initiative that proved to be successful because it could provide with seeds for growth to other aquaculture centers that emerged during the agrarian reform period.[6] The economy of Chilean oysters was severely hurt when the most powerful earthquake recorded happened in Valdivia, 1960 because the Pullinque Oyster Station was destroyed by it.[6] Hence, the Corfo institution tried to bring-in the Pacific oyster, but the intention was not recommended by the consulted experts, a decision that was respected by the national government.[6] After the agrarian reform the commercial aquaculture started in the 80s, during the Civic-military dictatorship of Chile, according to FAO, since producers that were state-managed passed to be privately regulated, and also because many exotic species were tentative to introduce as culture options.[14][6] Nowadays, its culture is successful in Chile with considerable tons exported, and consumed in some places and restaurants.
Other
Changes in river flows in Southland, due to farming and especially power generation, carrying less limestone deposits into the Strait, is therefore believed to have caused an increase in susceptibility to Bonamia, as well as lower growth rates for some seasons in the past,[citation needed] but little evidence supports this and it seems only coincidental.[opinion]
Flawed discards practices in Chile during the 1890s of the small oysters ended up killing some oyster banks in Ancud. Particularly in Corona lighthouse and Quetalmahue Gulf; as the turbulence generated by the falling oysters resuspended the bottom sand, creating hypoxia conditions that did not allow to breath the bivalve. [15][6]
References
^ ab"Ostrea chilensis Philippi, 1844". World Registry of Marine Species. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^"§2 Interpretation -- Fisheries Act 1996 No 88 as at 3 January 2013 -- New Zealand Legislation". Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 9 March 2013. "dredge oyster" means the mollusc known as Tiostrea chilensis
^ abcd"High demand for recession-proof oysters". New Zealand Herald. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
^SUBPESCA. "Ostra chilena". Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura.
^"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Ostrea chilensis Küster, 1844". marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
^ abcdefghiVillarroel-Pérez, Martín (2021). "Historia de la Ostra chilena (Ostrea chilensis Philippi, 1845)". Sociedad Malacológica de Chile. from the original on 2021-04-30.
^CABI (2019). "Ostrea chilensis (Chilean oyster)". Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International.
^Eilir Hedd Morgan (2012). The invasion potential of the non-native Chilean oyster (Ostrea chilensis Philippi 1845) in the Menai Strait (North Wales, UK) : present observations and future predictions (Ph.D.). Prifysgol Bangor University.
^Solís, I.F. (1967). "Observaciones biológicas en ostras (Ostrea chilensis Philippi) de Pullinque". Biología Pesquera. 2: 51–82.
^Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional (2004). "Decreto 133 DECLARA RESERVA MARINA PARA LA OSTRA CHILENA EN PULLINQUE X REGION". www.bcn.cl/leychile (in Spanish).
^ abOsorio (2002). "Moluscos marinos en Chile. Especies de importancia económica: Guía para su identificación". libros.uchile.cl.
^H.J. Cranfield, A. Dunn, I.J. Doonan and K.P. Michael 2005. Bonamia exitiosa epizootic in Ostrea chilensis from Foveaux Strait, southern New Zealand between 1986 and 1992. ICES J. Mar. Sci. (2005) 62 (1): 3-13 doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.06.021
^ abcCouyoumdjian, Juan Ricardo (2009). "El Mar y el Paladar: El Consumo de Pescados y Mariscos en Chile Desde la Independencia Hasta 1930". Historia (Santiago). 42: 57–107. doi:10.4067/S0717-71942009000100002.
^FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization (2005–2021). "National Aquaculture Sector Overview. Visión General del Sector Acuícola Nacional - Chile. National Aquaculture Sector Overview Fact Sheets". fao. from the original on 2008-08-04.
^Maldonado, R (1897). Estudios geográficos e hidrográficos sobre Chiloé (in Spanish). Establecimiento Poligráfico Roma. p. 169.
External links
JNCC: Tiostrea chilensis
January 30, 2023
dredge, oyster, dredge, oyster, bluff, oyster, chilean, oyster, ostrea, chilensis, also, known, chile, ostra, verde, species, bivalve, mollusc, family, ostreidae, museum, specimen, shell, ostrea, chilensisscientific, classificationkingdom, animaliaphylum, moll. The dredge oyster 2 bluff oyster 3 or Chilean oyster 4 Ostrea chilensis 5 is also known in Chile as ostra verde 6 is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Ostreidae Dredge oysterMuseum specimen of the shell of Ostrea chilensisScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum MolluscaClass BivalviaOrder OstreidaFamily OstreidaeGenus OstreaSpecies O chilensisBinomial nameOstrea chilensisKuster 1844 1 Synonyms 1 Crassostrea chilensis Kuster 1844 Crassostrea discoidea Gould 1850 Crassostrea nelsoniana Zittel 1865 Ostraea angasi var digitata Lamy 1929 Ostraea chiloensis G B Sowerby II 1871 Ostrea callichroa Hanley 1846 Ostrea charlottae Finlay 1928 Ostrea cibialis Hupe in Gay 1854 Ostrea corrugata Hutton 1873 Ostrea discoidea Gould 1850 Ostrea fococarens Finlay 1928 Ostrea hefferdi Finlay 1928 Ostrea huttoni Lamy 1929 Ostrea longiuscula Hupe in Gay 1854 Ostrea lutaria Hutton 1873 Ostrea nelsoniana Zittel 1865 Ostrea vinolenta Hupe in Gay 1854 Tiostrea chilensis Kuster 1844 Tiostrea lutaria Hutton 1873 This species of flat oyster is a marine bivalve mollusc of the family Ostreidae Contents 1 Distribution 2 Habitat 3 Description 4 Commercial importance 5 Other 6 References 7 External linksDistribution EditThis species is native to Chile and New Zealand 7 Also a self sustaining population in the Menai Strait was deliberately introduced from the Fisheries Laboratory Conwy during the 1960s as an experiment to establish if they could form an alternative to the native oysters Ostrea edulis in fisheries when the species was shown to be unsuitable because of low recruitment and vulnerability to parasites and pathogens the experiment was abandoned O chilensis has now spread to other areas of the Menai Strait and is regarded as an invasive species 8 Whereas in Chile its range limit is from Chiloe Island Los Lagos region to Guaitecas Islands Aysen region 9 Practically nowadays it only exists in the wild in one natural bank Pullinque a sector located in the Quetalmahue Gulf of Ancud which was declared a genetic reserve in 1982 and as a marine reserve in 2003 10 Habitat EditThis bivalve is found from low tide to depths of up to 35 m In Chile it lives attached to hard rocky or muddy bottoms from intertidal to about 8 meters deep in enclosed bays or areas protected from strong waves 11 Description EditIts length is up to 105 mm width up to 70 mm and inflation up to 33 mm In Chile its maximum controlled length is 87 mm 11 Commercial importance Edit Bluff oysters served on ice Bluff oysters at a restaurant In New Zealand they are a prized delicacy and harvested from March to August from the Foveaux Strait oyster fishery which centres on the town of Bluff hence the local name 3 From the early 1980s the fishery went into serious decline due to the outbreak of an oyster parasite Bonamia exitiosa with the disease killing an estimated billion oysters between 2000 and 2003 3 The population has been recovering since 2003 with fishermen voluntarily limiting the catch to half the allowable to aid the revival 3 12 In Chile it has been harvested by the fishermen of Chiloe Island since ancient times but the written and photographic information dates back to the mid 1800s 6 As Chile is the longest country in the world the transportation of the harvested oysters by wooden made ships or by early trains in the early 1900s from the south 42 S to the port of Valparaiso and then to the capital Santiago was complex however it got solved when the oysters were placed in barrels that were grated and jointed by quila a kind of bamboo and then filled with seawater 13 The trip lasted half a month 13 In the city of Ancud Chiloe Island the extraction of the oyster was banned even at that time as in 1869 and then in 1874 due to its overexploitation on the other hand its sale brought thousands of barrels boxes and sacks of oysters to the capital to supply its great demand 6 13 The oysters was even kept in ponds for growing by Frenchmen first by Mr Choloux in Lechagua Ancud 1874 and later by the Solminihac family formally with a concession in Quetalmahue city of Ancud in 1915 6 A couple of years later in 1935 the Pullinque Oyster Station was built in Pullinque to try to cultivate the Chilean oyster initiative that proved to be successful because it could provide with seeds for growth to other aquaculture centers that emerged during the agrarian reform period 6 The economy of Chilean oysters was severely hurt when the most powerful earthquake recorded happened in Valdivia 1960 because the Pullinque Oyster Station was destroyed by it 6 Hence the Corfo institution tried to bring in the Pacific oyster but the intention was not recommended by the consulted experts a decision that was respected by the national government 6 After the agrarian reform the commercial aquaculture started in the 80s during the Civic military dictatorship of Chile according to FAO since producers that were state managed passed to be privately regulated and also because many exotic species were tentative to introduce as culture options 14 6 Nowadays its culture is successful in Chile with considerable tons exported and consumed in some places and restaurants Other EditChanges in river flows in Southland due to farming and especially power generation carrying less limestone deposits into the Strait is therefore believed to have caused an increase in susceptibility to Bonamia as well as lower growth rates for some seasons in the past citation needed but little evidence supports this and it seems only coincidental opinion Flawed discards practices in Chile during the 1890s of the small oysters ended up killing some oyster banks in Ancud Particularly in Corona lighthouse and Quetalmahue Gulf as the turbulence generated by the falling oysters resuspended the bottom sand creating hypoxia conditions that did not allow to breath the bivalve 15 6 References Edit a b Ostrea chilensis Philippi 1844 World Registry of Marine Species Retrieved 1 January 2017 2 Interpretation Fisheries Act 1996 No 88 as at 3 January 2013 New Zealand Legislation Parliamentary Counsel Office Retrieved 9 March 2013 dredge oyster means the mollusc known as Tiostrea chilensis a b c d High demand for recession proof oysters New Zealand Herald 2 March 2009 Retrieved 2009 03 02 SUBPESCA Ostra chilena Subsecretaria de Pesca y Acuicultura WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Ostrea chilensis Kuster 1844 marinespecies org Retrieved 2021 10 21 a b c d e f g h i Villarroel Perez Martin 2021 Historia de la Ostra chilena Ostrea chilensis Philippi 1845 Sociedad Malacologica de Chile Archived from the original on 2021 04 30 CABI 2019 Ostrea chilensis Chilean oyster Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Eilir Hedd Morgan 2012 The invasion potential of the non native Chilean oyster Ostrea chilensisPhilippi 1845 in the Menai Strait North Wales UK present observations and future predictions Ph D Prifysgol Bangor University Solis I F 1967 Observaciones biologicas en ostras Ostrea chilensis Philippi de Pullinque Biologia Pesquera 2 51 82 Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional 2004 Decreto 133 DECLARA RESERVA MARINA PARA LA OSTRA CHILENA EN PULLINQUE X REGION www bcn cl leychile in Spanish a b Osorio 2002 Moluscos marinos en Chile Especies de importancia economica Guia para su identificacion libros uchile cl H J Cranfield A Dunn I J Doonan and K P Michael 2005 Bonamia exitiosa epizootic in Ostrea chilensis from Foveaux Strait southern New Zealand between 1986 and 1992 ICES J Mar Sci 2005 62 1 3 13 doi 10 1016 j icesjms 2004 06 021 a b c Couyoumdjian Juan Ricardo 2009 El Mar y el Paladar El Consumo de Pescados y Mariscos en Chile Desde la Independencia Hasta 1930 Historia Santiago 42 57 107 doi 10 4067 S0717 71942009000100002 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization 2005 2021 National Aquaculture Sector Overview Vision General del Sector Acuicola Nacional Chile National Aquaculture Sector Overview Fact Sheets fao Archived from the original on 2008 08 04 Maldonado R 1897 Estudios geograficos e hidrograficos sobre Chiloe in Spanish Establecimiento Poligrafico Roma p 169 External links EditThe National Centre for Fisheries amp Aquaculture s page on Bluff oysters Tiostrea chilensis JNCC Tiostrea chilensis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dredge oyster amp oldid 1136423298, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
