Timbira is a dialect continuum of the Northern Jê language group of the Jê languages ̣(Macro-Jê) spoken in Brazil. The various dialects are distinct enough to sometimes be considered separate languages. The principal varieties, Krahô/ˈkrɑːhoʊ/[2] (Craó), and Canela/kæˈnɛlə/[2] (Kanela), have 2000 speakers apiece, few of whom speak Portuguese. Pará Gavião has 600–700 speakers. Krẽje, however, is nearly extinct, with only 30 speakers in 1995.
Timibira has been intensive contact with various Tupi-Guarani languages of the lower Tocantins-Mearim area, such as Guajajára, Tembé, Guajá, and Urubú-Ka'apór. Ararandewára, Turiwára, Tupinamba, and Nheengatu have also been spoken in the area. Some of people in the area are also remembers of Anambé and Amanajé.[3]
Ramirez et al. (2015) considers Timbira-Kayapó to be a dialect continuum, as follows:[6]
Canela-Krahô ↔ Gavião-Krĩkati ↔ Apinajé ↔ Kayapó ↔ Suyá-Tapayuna ↔ Panará-Kayapó do Sul
Apart from Kapiekran, all Krao varieties are recognized by the ISO. Under the Timbira group, Loukotka included several purported languages for which nothing is recorded: Kukoekamekran, Karákatajé, Kenpokatajé, Kanakatayé, Norokwajé (Ñurukwayé). The Poncatagê (Põkateye) are likewise unidentifiable.
Another common convention for division, though geographic rather than linguistic, is Western Timbira (Apinayé alone) vs Eastern Timbira (Canela, Krikatí, Krahô, Gavião, and others).
Gurupy is a river, sometimes used to refer to the Krenye.
Nikulin (2020)
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References
^Canela at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Krahô at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Pará Gavião at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Krĩkatí at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Krẽje at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ abLaurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
^Cabral, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara; Beatriz Carreta Corrêa da Silva; Maria Risolta Silva Julião; Marina Maria Silva Magalhães. 2007. Linguistic diffusion in the Tocantins-Mearim area. In: Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral; Aryon Dall’Igna Rodrigues (ed.), Línguas e culturas Tupi, p. 357–374. Campinas: Curt Nimuendaju; Brasília: LALI.
^Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo(PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
^Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
^Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
January 06, 2023
timbira, language, timbira, dialect, continuum, northern, language, group, languages, macro, spoken, brazil, various, dialects, distinct, enough, sometimes, considered, separate, languages, principal, varieties, krahô, ɑː, craó, canela, kanela, have, 2000, spe. Timbira is a dialect continuum of the Northern Je language group of the Je languages Macro Je spoken in Brazil The various dialects are distinct enough to sometimes be considered separate languages The principal varieties Kraho ˈ k r ɑː h oʊ 2 Crao and Canela k ae ˈ n ɛ l e 2 Kanela have 2000 speakers apiece few of whom speak Portuguese Para Gaviao has 600 700 speakers Krẽje however is nearly extinct with only 30 speakers in 1995 TimbiraNative toBrazilRegionMaranhao Para TocantinsEthnicityTimbiraNative speakers5 000 2005 2008 1 Language familyMacro Je JeCerradoJe of GoyazNorthern JeTimbiraDialectsCanela Kraho Para Gaviao KrẽjeLanguage codesISO 639 3Variously a href https iso639 3 sil org code ram class extiw title iso639 3 ram ram a Canela a href https iso639 3 sil org code xra class extiw title iso639 3 xra xra a Kraho a href https iso639 3 sil org code gvp class extiw title iso639 3 gvp gvp a Para Gaviao a href https iso639 3 sil org code xri class extiw title iso639 3 xri xri a Krĩkati a href https iso639 3 sil org code xre class extiw title iso639 3 xre xre a KrẽjeGlottologtimb1253Timibira has been intensive contact with various Tupi Guarani languages of the lower Tocantins Mearim area such as Guajajara Tembe Guaja and Urubu Ka apor Ararandewara Turiwara Tupinamba and Nheengatu have also been spoken in the area Some of people in the area are also remembers of Anambe and Amanaje 3 Contents 1 Varieties 1 1 Loukotka 1968 1 2 Ramirez et al 2015 1 3 Nikulin 2020 2 ReferencesVarieties EditLinguistic varieties of Timbira include 4 Canela subdivided into Apanjekra and Mẽmortũmre a k a Ramkokamẽkra 2 500 speakers in Maranhao Kraho 2 000 speakers in Tocantins Krĩkati spoken in Terra Indigena Krikati Maranhao Pykobje 600 speakers in Terra Indigena Governador close to Amarante Maranhao Parkateje 12 speakers in Terra Indigena Mae Maria Bom Jesus do Tocantins Para Kỳikateje 9 speakers in Terra Indigena Mae Maria Bom Jesus do Tocantins Para Krẽje under 30 speakers in Maranhao and ParaLoukotka 1968 Edit Loukotka 1968 divides the Timbira tribes into two groups Timbira Canela and Krao 5 The majority are included under Timbira Timbira Canela Mehin Taje Timbira Kreapimkataje Krepunkateye Krenje Krẽye Remkokamekran Remako Kamekrere Merrime Aponegicran Apanekra Krenkataje Canella Kenkateye Sakamekran Chacamecran Mateiros Purekamekran Makamekran Pepuxi Apinage Karaho Carauau Menren Gavioes Augutje only a few words known MeitajeKraoKraho Krikati Kỳikateje Piokobje Bucobu Pukobje Paicoge KapiekranRamirez et al 2015 Edit Ramirez et al 2015 considers Timbira Kayapo to be a dialect continuum as follows 6 Canela Kraho Gaviao Krĩkati Apinaje Kayapo Suya Tapayuna Panara Kayapo do SulApart from Kapiekran all Krao varieties are recognized by the ISO Under the Timbira group Loukotka included several purported languages for which nothing is recorded Kukoekamekran Karakataje Kenpokataje Kanakataye Norokwaje Nurukwaye The Poncatage Pokateye are likewise unidentifiable Another common convention for division though geographic rather than linguistic is Western Timbira Apinaye alone vs Eastern Timbira Canela Krikati Kraho Gaviao and others Gurupy is a river sometimes used to refer to the Krenye Nikulin 2020 Edit This section is empty You can help by adding to it August 2020 References Edit Canela at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Kraho at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Para Gaviao at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Krĩkati at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Krẽje at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b Laurie Bauer 2007 The Linguistics Student s Handbook Edinburgh Cabral Ana Suelly Arruda Camara Beatriz Carreta Correa da Silva Maria Risolta Silva Juliao Marina Maria Silva Magalhaes 2007 Linguistic diffusion in the Tocantins Mearim area In Ana Suelly Arruda Camara Cabral Aryon Dall Igna Rodrigues ed Linguas e culturas Tupi p 357 374 Campinas Curt Nimuendaju Brasilia LALI Nikulin Andrey 2020 Proto Macro Je um estudo reconstrutivo PDF Ph D dissertation Brasilia Universidade de Brasilia Loukotka Cestmir 1968 Classification of South American Indian languages Los Angeles UCLA Latin American Center Ramirez H Vegini V amp Franca M C V de 2015 Koropo puri kamaka e outras linguas do Leste Brasileiro LIAMES Linguas Indigenas Americanas 15 2 223 277 doi 10 20396 liames v15i2 8642302 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Timbira language amp oldid 1049131555, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
