fbpx
Wikipedia

Tilmen Hoyuk

January 01, 1970

Tilmen Höyük (also Tilmen Hüyük) is an archaeological mound located near the town of Islahiye, in the Gaziantep province of Turkey. It is 225 meters in diameter and 21 meters high on the shores of Karasu River. It is located on the western edge of the Sakçagözü Plain. It is very near the Amanos Mountains.[1]

Tilmen Höyük
Ancient city of Tilmen Höyük
Shown within Turkey
LocationGaziantep Province, Turkey
Coordinates37°01′48.216″N 36°42′15.214″E / 37.03006000°N 36.70422611°E / 37.03006000; 36.70422611
TypeSettlement
History
Founded4th millennium BC

The settlement on the mound began in the 4th millennium BC. It became a large city at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. The high point of the city was between the 19th and 15th centuries BC.

The city is probably to be identified with ancient Zalbar, mentioned in the Annals of Hattusili I, the capital of Zalbar kingdom. It is also known as Zalbar or Zalwar.[2] The city of Zalpa was formerly equated by scholars with Zalpuwa (Zalpuwa) in Anatolia, located to the north of Ḫattuša near the Black Sea.

Excavations history edit

 
King's palace at Tilmen Höyük

The mound rises 20 meters above the vast marshes of Karasu River. The river flows on the eastern and northern edges of town.[3]

The excavations were started in 1959 by Dr. Bahadır Alkım and continued until 1972.[4][5] Also in 1959, excavations were conducted in Gedikli Karahöyük, a nearby settlement. Excavations were also carried out in 1969-1972.[6][7][8]

The recent excavations were started in 2003 by a joint Turco-Italian team directed by Nicolò Marchetti from the University of Bologna Bologna University, in collaboration with Dr. Refik Duru of Istanbul University.

Work has created since 2007 an archaeological park.[9] This is a very rich ancient cultural area with over fifty mounds identified on the surrounding plain.[10]

Stratification edit

  • Late Chalcolithic Age (3,600 - 3,100 BC)
  • Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC)
  • Middle Bronze Age (2,000 - 1,600 BC)
  • Late Bronze I (1,600 - 1,400 BC)
  • Late Roman period
  • Early Byzantine/Early Islamic Period

In the second half of the 17th century BC, the Hittite Great King Ḫattušili I led a military campaign into the Amuq plain and against Aleppo: at that time Tilmen Höyük was destroyed in a major fire.

Excavations results edit

According to the excavator there was an extensive conflagration level between levels IIIb (Early Bronze IVb) and IIIc (Middle Bronze I) after which a completely new type of pottery appeared.[11]

The finds indicate that Tilmen Höyük was an important link in the cultural contacts between Northern Mesopotamia and Anatolia.[2]

The double casemate walls of the city were made of large stones without mortar, and date from the end of the 2nd millennium BC to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC.

Two basalt gate lions were found next to the monumental gate on the east side of the city, which was the main entrance gate. There are two smaller gates, one in the northwest and the other in the southwest. Rectangular defence towers around the perimeter were also constructed, and there was a casemate fortification system.[12]

The buildings were made of basalt, which is abundant in the area; adobe construction was used only on the upper part of the walls.

One of the monumental structures unearthed is very similar to the palace in Alalah in Amik Plain (7th stratum). Alalah was part of the kingdom of Yamhad, an Amorite kingdom centered mainly in Aleppo. Tilmen was one of the 20 kingdoms of Yamhad.

Tilmen stela edit

An Old Syrian stela was discovered in Tilmen in 2004. It was found in the western lower town, in a monumental in antis temple and its temenos in Area M. The stela[13] measures 67 cm in height, and 53 cm in width. It portrays a standing god with his cap with two opposite horns, and an important local official.[14]

According to the archaeologist Nicolò Marchetti,

"This sculpture is the most ancient piece thus far retrieved in Gaziantep area and it is one of the few provenanced Old Syrian sculptures found outside of Ebla. This find also supplies an important piece of evidence for setting the scope of the activities of high-ranking personages within Old Syrian society: that a dignitary at the very end of the MBA represented himself on a stela dedicated to a deity in its temple seems significant if one compares this pattern with that of Old Babylonian Mesopotamia."[14]

Clay bulla edit

Also an interesting classic Old Syrian Bulla (seal) was found the palace area in earlier excavations in 1962. The 'Old Syrian period' is generally defined as the time of the rise and predominance of Yamkhad in upper Syria.

The clay bulla was found at the mound, and it is believed to be from the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. This find suggests the existence of a Babylonian trading station at Tilmen going back to the early Old Babylonian period.[15]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Ezer, Tulay, et al. "Bryophytes on the Archaeological Site of Tilmen Höyük Gaziantep (Turkey)." International Journal of Botany 4.3 (2008): 297-302
  2. ^ a b Valentina Orsi, "Excavations at Tilmen Höyük I. The Fortification System in the Lower Town.", (Ante Quem: OrientLab Series Maior Volume 7, 2022) ISBN 978-88-7849-163-2
  3. ^ Tilmen Höyük turkisharchaeonews.net (2017)
  4. ^ Alkim, U. Bahadir. “Archaeological Activities in Turkey (1962): Explorations and Excavations Undertaken under the Auspices of the Turkish Historical Society.” Orientalia, vol. 33, 1964, pp. 500–12
  5. ^ Alkim, U. Bahadir, "Work in the Islâhiye Region and the Excavations at Tilmen Hüyük" AnSt 20, pp. 29–31, 1970
  6. ^ ALKIM, U. BAHADIR. “The Amanus Region in Turkey: NEW LIGHT ON THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AND ARCHAEOLOGY.” Archaeology, vol. 22, no. 4, 1969, pp. 280–89
  7. ^ Koşay, Hâmit Zübeyr, et al. “Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey.” Anatolian Studies, vol. 20, 1970, pp. 7–35
  8. ^ French, David, et al. “Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey.” Anatolian Studies, vol. 22, 1972, pp. 11–62
  9. ^ Marchetti, Nicolò, et al., eds. An Integrated Approach for an Archaeological and Environmental Park in South-Eastern Turkey: Tilmen Höyük. Springer Nature, 2020 ISBN 978-3-030-32753-8
  10. ^ for the map of important ancient archaeological sites in the area
  11. ^ Astour, Michael C., "A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 2)", Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4, edited by Cyrus H. Gordon and Gary A. Rendsburg, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 57-196, 2002
  12. ^ The Tilmen Project orientlab.net
  13. ^ labelled as TH.04.M.100
  14. ^ a b Marchetti, N. (2007). A Late Old Syrian Stela from Temple M at Tilmen Höyük. In G. Umurtak, Ş. Dönmez, & A. Yurtsever (Eds.), Refik Duru’ya Armağan. Studies in Honour of Refik Duru (pp. 153–167). Istanbul: Ege.
  15. ^ Gianni Marchesi (2013), Tilmen Höyük: an Inscribed Bulla from the 1962 Campaign. Gaziantep Regional Project Occasional Paper 2013:7 doi:10.12877/grpop201307

Bibliography edit

  • R. Duru, Excavations at Tilmen Höyük I. Tilmen Höyük Kazıları I, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2013.
  • Marchetti, N. (2008). A preliminary report on the 2003 and 2004 excavations at Tilmen Höyük. In Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (Vol. 2, pp. 353-360)
  • Marchetti, N. (2008). A preliminary report on the 2005 and 2006 excavations at Tilmen Höyük. In Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid April 3-8 2006: Actas del V Congreso Internacional de Arqueología del Oriente Próximo Antiguo (pp. 465-479). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Marchetti, N., Matthiae, P., Pinnock, F., Nigro, L., & Marchetti, N. (2010). A preliminary report on the 2007 and 2008 excavations and restorations at Tilmen Höyük. In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (pp. 369-383)
  • Marchesi, G., & Marchetti, N. (2019). A babylonian official at Tilmen Höyük in the time of king Sumu-la-el of Babylon (Tab. I-XII). Orientalia, 88(1), 1-36
  • Nicolò Marchetti: La cittadella regale di Tilmen Höyük. Palazzi, templi e fortezze del II millennio a.C. in un'antica capitale dell'Anatolia sud-orientale (Turchia) In: Maria Teresa Guaitoli u. a. (Hrsg.): Scoprire. Scavi del Dipartimento di Archeologia. Bologna, Ante Quem 2004, ISBN 88-900972-6-4, S. 191–196.
  • Nicolò Marchetti: Middle Bronze Age Public Architecture at Tilmen Höyük and the Architectural Tradition of Old Syrien Palaces. In: Ina Kibrāt Erbetti. Studi di archeologia orientale dedicati a Paolo Matthiae. Rom, Università La Sapienza 2006, ISBN 88-87242-73-9, S. 275–308.
  • Nicolò Marchetti: The 2005 joint turkish-italian excavations at Tilmen Höyük. In: 28. Kazi Sonuçları Toplantısı Bd. 2. Ankara, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı 2007, ISBN 978-975-17-3244-6, S. 355–364.

External links edit

  • The Tilmen Project orientlab.net
  • New Results on Middle Bronze Age Urbanism in South-Eastern Anatolia: The 2004 Campaign at Tilmen Höyük - Nicolò Marchetti - Colloquium Anatolicum V 2006 pp. 199-211

January 01, 1970
tilmen, hoyuk, tilmen, höyük, also, tilmen, hüyük, archaeological, mound, located, near, town, islahiye, gaziantep, province, turkey, meters, diameter, meters, high, shores, karasu, river, located, western, edge, sakçagözü, plain, very, near, amanos, mountains. Tilmen Hoyuk also Tilmen Huyuk is an archaeological mound located near the town of Islahiye in the Gaziantep province of Turkey It is 225 meters in diameter and 21 meters high on the shores of Karasu River It is located on the western edge of the Sakcagozu Plain It is very near the Amanos Mountains 1 Tilmen HoyukAncient city of Tilmen HoyukShown within TurkeyLocationGaziantep Province TurkeyCoordinates37 01 48 216 N 36 42 15 214 E 37 03006000 N 36 70422611 E 37 03006000 36 70422611TypeSettlementHistoryFounded4th millennium BC The settlement on the mound began in the 4th millennium BC It became a large city at the end of the 3rd millennium BC The high point of the city was between the 19th and 15th centuries BC The city is probably to be identified with ancient Zalbar mentioned in the Annals of Hattusili I the capital of Zalbar kingdom It is also known as Zalbar or Zalwar 2 The city of Zalpa was formerly equated by scholars with Zalpuwa Zalpuwa in Anatolia located to the north of Ḫattusa near the Black Sea Contents 1 Excavations history 2 Stratification 3 Excavations results 3 1 Tilmen stela 3 2 Clay bulla 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External linksExcavations history edit nbsp King s palace at Tilmen Hoyuk The mound rises 20 meters above the vast marshes of Karasu River The river flows on the eastern and northern edges of town 3 The excavations were started in 1959 by Dr Bahadir Alkim and continued until 1972 4 5 Also in 1959 excavations were conducted in Gedikli Karahoyuk a nearby settlement Excavations were also carried out in 1969 1972 6 7 8 The recent excavations were started in 2003 by a joint Turco Italian team directed by Nicolo Marchetti from the University of Bologna Bologna University in collaboration with Dr Refik Duru of Istanbul University Work has created since 2007 an archaeological park 9 This is a very rich ancient cultural area with over fifty mounds identified on the surrounding plain 10 Stratification editLate Chalcolithic Age 3 600 3 100 BC Early Bronze Age 3rd millennium BC Middle Bronze Age 2 000 1 600 BC Late Bronze I 1 600 1 400 BC Late Roman period Early Byzantine Early Islamic Period In the second half of the 17th century BC the Hittite Great King Ḫattusili I led a military campaign into the Amuq plain and against Aleppo at that time Tilmen Hoyuk was destroyed in a major fire Excavations results editAccording to the excavator there was an extensive conflagration level between levels IIIb Early Bronze IVb and IIIc Middle Bronze I after which a completely new type of pottery appeared 11 The finds indicate that Tilmen Hoyuk was an important link in the cultural contacts between Northern Mesopotamia and Anatolia 2 The double casemate walls of the city were made of large stones without mortar and date from the end of the 2nd millennium BC to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC Two basalt gate lions were found next to the monumental gate on the east side of the city which was the main entrance gate There are two smaller gates one in the northwest and the other in the southwest Rectangular defence towers around the perimeter were also constructed and there was a casemate fortification system 12 The buildings were made of basalt which is abundant in the area adobe construction was used only on the upper part of the walls One of the monumental structures unearthed is very similar to the palace in Alalah in Amik Plain 7th stratum Alalah was part of the kingdom of Yamhad an Amorite kingdom centered mainly in Aleppo Tilmen was one of the 20 kingdoms of Yamhad Tilmen stela edit An Old Syrian stela was discovered in Tilmen in 2004 It was found in the western lower town in a monumental in antis temple and its temenos in Area M The stela 13 measures 67 cm in height and 53 cm in width It portrays a standing god with his cap with two opposite horns and an important local official 14 According to the archaeologist Nicolo Marchetti This sculpture is the most ancient piece thus far retrieved in Gaziantep area and it is one of the few provenanced Old Syrian sculptures found outside of Ebla This find also supplies an important piece of evidence for setting the scope of the activities of high ranking personages within Old Syrian society that a dignitary at the very end of the MBA represented himself on a stela dedicated to a deity in its temple seems significant if one compares this pattern with that of Old Babylonian Mesopotamia 14 Clay bulla edit Also an interesting classic Old Syrian Bulla seal was found the palace area in earlier excavations in 1962 The Old Syrian period is generally defined as the time of the rise and predominance of Yamkhad in upper Syria The clay bulla was found at the mound and it is believed to be from the first half of the 2nd millennium BC This find suggests the existence of a Babylonian trading station at Tilmen going back to the early Old Babylonian period 15 See also editCities of the ancient Near East Titris Hoyuk Coba Hoyuk SamʼalNotes edit Ezer Tulay et al Bryophytes on the Archaeological Site of Tilmen Hoyuk Gaziantep Turkey International Journal of Botany 4 3 2008 297 302 a b Valentina Orsi Excavations at Tilmen Hoyuk I The Fortification System in the Lower Town Ante Quem OrientLab Series Maior Volume 7 2022 ISBN 978 88 7849 163 2 Tilmen Hoyuk turkisharchaeonews net 2017 Alkim U Bahadir Archaeological Activities in Turkey 1962 Explorations and Excavations Undertaken under the Auspices of the Turkish Historical Society Orientalia vol 33 1964 pp 500 12 Alkim U Bahadir Work in the Islahiye Region and the Excavations at Tilmen Huyuk AnSt 20 pp 29 31 1970 ALKIM U BAHADIR The Amanus Region in Turkey NEW LIGHT ON THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AND ARCHAEOLOGY Archaeology vol 22 no 4 1969 pp 280 89 Kosay Hamit Zubeyr et al Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey Anatolian Studies vol 20 1970 pp 7 35 French David et al Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey Anatolian Studies vol 22 1972 pp 11 62 Marchetti Nicolo et al eds An Integrated Approach for an Archaeological and Environmental Park in South Eastern Turkey Tilmen Hoyuk Springer Nature 2020 ISBN 978 3 030 32753 8 for the map of important ancient archaeological sites in the area Astour Michael C A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla Part 2 Eblaitica Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language Volume 4 edited by Cyrus H Gordon and Gary A Rendsburg University Park USA Penn State University Press pp 57 196 2002 The Tilmen Project orientlab net labelled as TH 04 M 100 a b Marchetti N 2007 A Late Old Syrian Stela from Temple M at Tilmen Hoyuk In G Umurtak S Donmez amp A Yurtsever Eds Refik Duru ya Armagan Studies in Honour of Refik Duru pp 153 167 Istanbul Ege Gianni Marchesi 2013 Tilmen Hoyuk an Inscribed Bulla from the 1962 Campaign Gaziantep Regional Project Occasional Paper 2013 7 doi 10 12877 grpop201307Bibliography editR Duru Excavations at Tilmen Hoyuk I Tilmen Hoyuk Kazilari I Turk Tarih Kurumu Ankara 2013 Marchetti N 2008 A preliminary report on the 2003 and 2004 excavations at Tilmen Hoyuk In Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Vol 2 pp 353 360 Marchetti N 2008 A preliminary report on the 2005 and 2006 excavations at Tilmen Hoyuk In Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Madrid April 3 8 2006 Actas del V Congreso Internacional de Arqueologia del Oriente Proximo Antiguo pp 465 479 Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Marchetti N Matthiae P Pinnock F Nigro L amp Marchetti N 2010 A preliminary report on the 2007 and 2008 excavations and restorations at Tilmen Hoyuk In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East pp 369 383 Marchesi G amp Marchetti N 2019 A babylonian official at Tilmen Hoyuk in the time of king Sumu la el of Babylon Tab I XII Orientalia 88 1 1 36 Nicolo Marchetti La cittadella regale di Tilmen Hoyuk Palazzi templi e fortezze del II millennio a C in un antica capitale dell Anatolia sud orientale Turchia In Maria Teresa Guaitoli u a Hrsg Scoprire Scavi del Dipartimento di Archeologia Bologna Ante Quem 2004 ISBN 88 900972 6 4 S 191 196 Nicolo Marchetti Middle Bronze Age Public Architecture at Tilmen Hoyuk and the Architectural Tradition of Old Syrien Palaces In Ina Kibrat Erbetti Studi di archeologia orientale dedicati a Paolo Matthiae Rom Universita La Sapienza 2006 ISBN 88 87242 73 9 S 275 308 Nicolo Marchetti The 2005 joint turkish italian excavations at Tilmen Hoyuk In 28 Kazi Sonuclari Toplantisi Bd 2 Ankara Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi 2007 ISBN 978 975 17 3244 6 S 355 364 External links editThe Tilmen Project orientlab net New Results on Middle Bronze Age Urbanism in South Eastern Anatolia The 2004 Campaign at Tilmen Hoyuk Nicolo Marchetti Colloquium Anatolicum V 2006 pp 199 211 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tilmen Hoyuk amp oldid 1214719576, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.