Zalpuwa, also Zalpa, was a still-undiscovered Bronze Age city in Anatolia of around the 18th century BC. Its history is largely known from the Proclamation of Anitta, CTH 1.[1][2] But the Zalpa mentioned in the Annals of Hattusili I, CTH 4, is now convincingly identified as Tilmen Höyük, in the Karasu River Valley south of the Taurus Mountains by Tubingen and Chicago Universities recent excavations.[3]
Hittite Empire showing "Zalpa of the Black Sea" at the north. "Zalpa of the Annals of Hattusili I" is located at Tilmen Hoyuk, c. 90 kilometers to the northeast of Alalah
Earlier identification of Zalpa near the Black Sea
Zalpuwa was by a "Sea of Zalpa". It was the setting for an ancient legend about the Queen of Kanesh, which was either composed in or translated into the Hurrian language:[4]
"[The Queen] of Kanesh once bore thirty sons in a single year. She said: 'What a horde is this which I have born[e]!' She caulked(?) baskets with fat, put her sons in them, and launched them in the river. The river carried them down to the sea at the land of Zalpuwa. Then the gods took them up out of the sea and reared them. When some years had passed, the queen again gave birth, this time to thirty daughters. This time she herself reared them."
The river at Kanesh (Sarımsaklı Çayı) drains into the Black Sea, not (for example) Lake Tuz. "Zalpuwa" is further mentioned alongside Nerik in Arnuwanda I's prayer. Nerik was a Hattic language speaking city which had fallen to the Kaskians by Arnuwanda's time. This portion of the prayer also mentioned Kammama, which was Kaskian as of the reign of Arnuwanda II. The conclusion until recently, was to locate Zalpuwa in a region of Hattian cities of northern central Anatolia: as were Nerik, Hattusa, and probably Sapinuwa, and Zalpuwa was thought to have been founded by Hattians, like its neighbours.
Around the 18th century BC, Uhna the king of Zalpuwa invaded Neša, after which the Zalpuwans carried off the city's "Sius" idol. Under Huzziya's reign, the king of Neša, Anitta, invaded Zalpuwa. Anitta took Huzziya captive, and recovered the Sius idol for Neša. Soon after that, Zalpuwa seems to have become culturally and linguistically Hittite.
Arnuwanda's prayer implies that Zalpuwa was laid waste by Kaskians, at the same time that Nerik fell to them, in the early 14th century BC.
In 1990, J. M. Córdoba identified Zalpa with Tell Hammam et-Turkman, on the Balikh river, and this proposal was commented as possible by French scholars Nele Ziegler and Anne-Isabelle Langlois in 2016,[6][7] as well as Eva von Dassow in her (2022) essay.[8]
New identification of Zalpa
The city of Zalpa was formerly equated by scholars with Zalpuwa in Anatolia, located to the north of Ḫattuša near the Black Sea. But the Zalpa mentioned in the Annals of Hattusili I is now convincingly identified as Tilmen Höyük, in the Karasu River Valley south of the Taurus Mountains, which had a palace and temple that were violently destroyed near the end of the Middle Bronze Age II. This North Syrian Zalpa was called Zalwar in Old Babylonian texts. The military exploits of Hattusili I, a Hittite king who reigned in the latter part of the seventeenth century BC, are described both in Hittite and Akkadian in clay tablets, now in the Catalogue of Hittite Texts, excavated in Hattusa, the Hittite capital, and mention that he destroyed the city of Zalpa (written Za-al-pa in Hittite and Za-al-ba-ar in Akkadian).[3]
^ abChicago-Tubingen Expedition to Zincirli, "Annals of Ḫattušili I (mid- to late 17th cent. BCE)", Retrieved: 18 November 2020.
^Leick, Gwendolyn. A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge. 1998. p. 142. ISBN9780415198110
^Bajramovic, Gojko, (2011). Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period, Museum Tusculanum Press, p.120, ISBN8763536455
^Ziegler, Nele, and Anne-Isabelle Langlois, (2016). Les toponymes paléo-babyloniens de la Haute-Mésopotamie, Collège de France Collège, p. 462.
^Ziegler, Nele, and Anne-Isabelle Langlois, (2017). "Toponymes U-Z: Zalpah (1)", in Les toponymes paléo-babyloniens de la Haute-Mésopotamie, Collège de France.
^von Dassow, Eva, (2022). "Mittani and Its Empire", in Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, D. T. Potts (eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Volume III: From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC, Oxford University Press, p. 462.
January 06, 2023
zalpuwa, also, zalpa, still, undiscovered, bronze, city, anatolia, around, 18th, century, history, largely, known, from, proclamation, anitta, zalpa, mentioned, annals, hattusili, convincingly, identified, tilmen, höyük, karasu, river, valley, south, taurus, m. Zalpuwa also Zalpa was a still undiscovered Bronze Age city in Anatolia of around the 18th century BC Its history is largely known from the Proclamation of Anitta CTH 1 1 2 But the Zalpa mentioned in the Annals of Hattusili I CTH 4 is now convincingly identified as Tilmen Hoyuk in the Karasu River Valley south of the Taurus Mountains by Tubingen and Chicago Universities recent excavations 3 Hittite Empire showing Zalpa of the Black Sea at the north Zalpa of the Annals of Hattusili I is located at Tilmen Hoyuk c 90 kilometers to the northeast of Alalah Contents 1 Earlier identification of Zalpa near the Black Sea 2 Identification of Zalpa on the Balikh river 3 New identification of Zalpa 4 See also 5 ReferencesEarlier identification of Zalpa near the Black Sea EditZalpuwa was by a Sea of Zalpa It was the setting for an ancient legend about the Queen of Kanesh which was either composed in or translated into the Hurrian language 4 The Queen of Kanesh once bore thirty sons in a single year She said What a horde is this which I have born e She caulked baskets with fat put her sons in them and launched them in the river The river carried them down to the sea at the land of Zalpuwa Then the gods took them up out of the sea and reared them When some years had passed the queen again gave birth this time to thirty daughters This time she herself reared them The river at Kanesh Sarimsakli Cayi drains into the Black Sea not for example Lake Tuz Zalpuwa is further mentioned alongside Nerik in Arnuwanda I s prayer Nerik was a Hattic language speaking city which had fallen to the Kaskians by Arnuwanda s time This portion of the prayer also mentioned Kammama which was Kaskian as of the reign of Arnuwanda II The conclusion until recently was to locate Zalpuwa in a region of Hattian cities of northern central Anatolia as were Nerik Hattusa and probably Sapinuwa and Zalpuwa was thought to have been founded by Hattians like its neighbours Around the 18th century BC Uhna the king of Zalpuwa invaded Nesa after which the Zalpuwans carried off the city s Sius idol Under Huzziya s reign the king of Nesa Anitta invaded Zalpuwa Anitta took Huzziya captive and recovered the Sius idol for Nesa Soon after that Zalpuwa seems to have become culturally and linguistically Hittite Arnuwanda s prayer implies that Zalpuwa was laid waste by Kaskians at the same time that Nerik fell to them in the early 14th century BC Ikiztepe on the Kizilirmak Delta near the Black Sea coast was suggested as a possible location for Zalpuwa 5 Identification of Zalpa on the Balikh river EditIn 1990 J M Cordoba identified Zalpa with Tell Hammam et Turkman on the Balikh river and this proposal was commented as possible by French scholars Nele Ziegler and Anne Isabelle Langlois in 2016 6 7 as well as Eva von Dassow in her 2022 essay 8 New identification of Zalpa EditThe city of Zalpa was formerly equated by scholars with Zalpuwa in Anatolia located to the north of Ḫattusa near the Black Sea But the Zalpa mentioned in the Annals of Hattusili I is now convincingly identified as Tilmen Hoyuk in the Karasu River Valley south of the Taurus Mountains which had a palace and temple that were violently destroyed near the end of the Middle Bronze Age II This North Syrian Zalpa was called Zalwar in Old Babylonian texts The military exploits of Hattusili I a Hittite king who reigned in the latter part of the seventeenth century BC are described both in Hittite and Akkadian in clay tablets now in the Catalogue of Hittite Texts excavated in Hattusa the Hittite capital and mention that he destroyed the city of Zalpa written Za al pa in Hittite and Za al ba ar in Akkadian 3 See also Edit Asia portalHattusili I History of the HittitesReferences Edit Kimball Sara E amp Jonathan Slocum Hittite Online Proclamation of Anitta CHT 1 The University of Texas at Austin Retrieved 6 December 2020 Information about the Hittites Retrieved 6 December 2020 a b Chicago Tubingen Expedition to Zincirli Annals of Ḫattusili I mid to late 17th cent BCE Retrieved 18 November 2020 Leick Gwendolyn A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology Routledge 1998 p 142 ISBN 9780415198110 Bajramovic Gojko 2011 Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period Museum Tusculanum Press p 120 ISBN 8763536455 Ziegler Nele and Anne Isabelle Langlois 2016 Les toponymes paleo babyloniens de la Haute Mesopotamie College de France College p 462 Ziegler Nele and Anne Isabelle Langlois 2017 Toponymes U Z Zalpah 1 in Les toponymes paleo babyloniens de la Haute Mesopotamie College de France von Dassow Eva 2022 Mittani and Its Empire in Karen Radner Nadine Moeller D T Potts eds The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Volume III From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC Oxford University Press p 462 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zalpuwa amp oldid 1125703038, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
