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Tibouchina

January 01, 1970

Tibouchina /ˌtɪbuːˈkaɪnə/[2][3] is a neotropical flowering plant genus in the family Melastomataceae.[4][5][6] Species of this genus are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees and typically have purple flowers.[7] They are native to Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America where they are found as far south as northern Argentina.[1][7][8] Members of this genus are known as glory bushes, glory trees or princess flowers. The name Tibouchina is adapted from a Guianan indigenous name for a member of this genus.[3] A systematic study in 2013 showed that as then circumscribed the genus was paraphyletic,[4] and in 2019 the genus was split into a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina, two re-established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra, and a new genus, Andesanthus.[9]

Tibouchina
Tibouchina papyrus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Melastomataceae
Genus: Tibouchina
Aubl.[1]
Type species
Tibouchina aspera
Aubl.
Species

See text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Bractearia DC. ex Steud.
  • Gynomphis Raf.
  • Savastania Scop.

Description edit

Tibouchina species are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees. Their leaves are opposite, usually with petioles, and often covered with scales. The inflorescence is a panicle or some modification of a panicle with reduced branching. The individual flowers have five free petals, purple or lilac in color; the color does not change as the flowers age. There are ten stamens, either all the same or dimorphic, with five larger and five smaller ones. The connective tissue below the anthers of the stamens is prolonged and modified at the base of the stamens into ventrally bilobed appendages. When mature, the seeds are contained in a dry, semiwoody capsule and are cochleate (spiralled).[9]

Taxonomy edit

The genus Tibouchina was established by Aublet in 1775 in his Flora of French Guiana with the description of a single species, T. aspera, which is thus the type species.[10][11] In 1885, in his treatment for Flora brasiliensis, Alfred Cogniaux used a broad concept of the genus, transferring into it many of the species at that time placed in Chaetogastra, Diplostegium, Lasiandra, Pleroma and Purpurella, among others. This broad concept was generally adopted subsequently, and around 470 taxa were at one time or another assigned to Tibouchina.[9]

Phylogeny edit

A phylogenetic analysis in 2013 based on molecular data (2 plastid and 1 nuclear regions) determined that the traditional circumscription of Tibouchina was paraphyletic. Four major clades were resolved within the genus which were supported by morphological, molecular and geographic evidence.[4] Based on the traditional code of nomenclature, the clade that the type species falls in retains the name of the genus; therefore, the clade containing Tibouchina aspera remains Tibouchina.[12]

A further molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 used the same molecular markers but included more species. It reached the same conclusion: the original broadly circumscribed Tibouchina consisted of four monophyletic clades. The authors proposed a split into four genera: a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina, two re-established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra, and a new genus, Andesanthus. The relationship between Chaetogastra and the genus Brachyotum differed between a maximum likelihood analysis and a Bayesian inference analysis: the former found Brachyotum embedded within Chaetogastra, the latter found the two to be sisters. The part of their maximum likelihood cladogram which includes former Tibouchina species is as follows,[9] using their genus names and with shading added to show the original broadly circumscribed Tibouchina s.l.:

Tibouchina s.s.

Pleroma

clade 1 (other genera)

clade 2 (other genera)

Andesanthus

Chaetogastra / Brachyotum

As re-circumscribed, Tibouchina is monophyletic and contains species belonging to the traditional sections T. section Tibouchina and T. section Barbigerae.[10][4] Diagnostic characteristics include the presence of scale-like trichomes on the hypanthium and leaves and a long pedoconnective on lilac anthers, and the absence of glandular trichomes.[10][13][4] Species are found in savanna habitats.[10]

Species edit

As of May 2022, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species within Tibouchina:[1]

Selected former species edit

Species placed in Tibouchina in its former broad sense include:

Distribution and invasive potential edit

All the species of Tibouchina are native to the Americas as far north as Mexico south to northern Argentina,[1] with many found in Brazil,[4] and others in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.[1] Members of Tibouchina tend to be found in lowland savannas and on the lower slopes of the Andes.[4][14] All Tibouchina species as well as those formerly placed in the genus are considered noxious weeds in Hawaii,[15] because of their high potential for being invasive species.[16][17][18] Many species, such as T. araguaiensis, T. papyrus, T. mathaei and T. nigricans, have narrow distributions, being known from only a handful of locations, while a few other species, including T. aspera, T. barbigera and T. bipenicillata, have broader distributions.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Tibouchina Aubl". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. ^ a b "Tibouchina." Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Merriam Webster, 1961.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Michelangeli, Fabian; Guimaraes, Paulo J.F.; Penneys, Darin S.; Almeda, Frank; Kriebel, Ricardo (2013). "Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of New World Melastomeae (Melastomataceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 171: 38–60. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01295.x.
  5. ^ "Tropicos - Name Search". www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  6. ^ "Search results — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Neotropical Melastomataceae - Neotropikey from Kew". www.kew.org. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  8. ^ Renner, Susanne S. (1993). "Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae". Nord. J. Bot. 13 (5): 519–540. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00096.x.
  9. ^ a b c d Guimarães, P.J.F.; Michelangeli, F.A.; Sosa, K. & de Santiago Gómez, J. (2019). "Systematics of Tibouchina and allies (Melastomataceae: Melastomateae): A new taxonomic classification". Taxon. 68 (5): 937–1002. doi:10.1002/tax.12151. S2CID 213372275.
  10. ^ a b c d Guimarães, Paulo José Fernandes (2014). "Two New Species of Tibouchina (Melastomataceae) from Brazil". Novon. 23 (1): 42–46. doi:10.3417/2012029. S2CID 84301952.
  11. ^ Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée (1775). Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1. & se trouve à Paris, chez Pierre-François Didot jeune. pp. 446–448.
  12. ^ McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) Regnum Vegetabile 154. Königstein:Koelz Scientific Books. ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6.
  13. ^ Oliveira, Ana Luiza Freitas; Guimarães, Paulo José Fernandes; Romero, Rosana (2015). "Validation of the Names Tibouchina albescens and Tibouchina nigricans (Melastomataceae), Two New Species from Central Brazil". Systematic Botany. 40 (4): 1003–1011. doi:10.1600/036364415x690049. S2CID 86179249.
  14. ^ Rojas, Ruilova, Xavier; Isabel, Marques (1 October 2016). "Better common than rare? Effects of low reproductive success, scarce pollinator visits and interspecific gene flow in threatened and common species of Tibouchina (Melastomataceae)". Plant Species Biology. 31 (4): 288. doi:10.1111/1442-1984.12114. ISSN 1442-1984.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 4 Department of Agriculture, Subtitle 6 Division of Plant Industry, Chapter 68, Noxious Weed Rules ( (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), cited 5 February 2007)
  16. ^ Tibouchina urvilleana: Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project [PIER] data (http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tibouchina_herbacea.htm, accessed 5 February 2007)
  17. ^ Plants of Hawaii reports: Tibouchina longifolia (. Archived from the original on 11 December 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2006., accessed 5 February 2007)
  18. ^ Plants of Hawaii reports: Tibouchina urvilleana (. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2007., accessed 5 February 2007)

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tibouchina.
  •   Data related to Tibouchina at Wikispecies
  • GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.7.1: Species of Tibouchina
  • Flora Brasiliensis: Tibouchina—(in Portuguese)
  • Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (MOBOT) - Myrtales

January 01, 1970
tibouchina, neotropical, flowering, plant, genus, family, melastomataceae, species, this, genus, subshrubs, shrubs, small, trees, typically, have, purple, flowers, they, native, mexico, caribbean, south, america, where, they, found, south, northern, argentina,. Tibouchina ˌ t ɪ b uː ˈ k aɪ n e 2 3 is a neotropical flowering plant genus in the family Melastomataceae 4 5 6 Species of this genus are subshrubs shrubs or small trees and typically have purple flowers 7 They are native to Mexico the Caribbean and South America where they are found as far south as northern Argentina 1 7 8 Members of this genus are known as glory bushes glory trees or princess flowers The name Tibouchina is adapted from a Guianan indigenous name for a member of this genus 3 A systematic study in 2013 showed that as then circumscribed the genus was paraphyletic 4 and in 2019 the genus was split into a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina two re established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra and a new genus Andesanthus 9 Tibouchina Tibouchina papyrus Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Myrtales Family Melastomataceae Genus TibouchinaAubl 1 Type species Tibouchina asperaAubl Species See text Synonyms 1 Bractearia DC ex Steud Gynomphis Raf Savastania Scop Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Phylogeny 2 2 Species 2 3 Selected former species 3 Distribution and invasive potential 4 References 5 External linksDescription editTibouchina species are subshrubs shrubs or small trees Their leaves are opposite usually with petioles and often covered with scales The inflorescence is a panicle or some modification of a panicle with reduced branching The individual flowers have five free petals purple or lilac in color the color does not change as the flowers age There are ten stamens either all the same or dimorphic with five larger and five smaller ones The connective tissue below the anthers of the stamens is prolonged and modified at the base of the stamens into ventrally bilobed appendages When mature the seeds are contained in a dry semiwoody capsule and are cochleate spiralled 9 Taxonomy editThe genus Tibouchina was established by Aublet in 1775 in his Flora of French Guiana with the description of a single species T aspera which is thus the type species 10 11 In 1885 in his treatment for Flora brasiliensis Alfred Cogniaux used a broad concept of the genus transferring into it many of the species at that time placed in Chaetogastra Diplostegium Lasiandra Pleroma and Purpurella among others This broad concept was generally adopted subsequently and around 470 taxa were at one time or another assigned to Tibouchina 9 Phylogeny edit A phylogenetic analysis in 2013 based on molecular data 2 plastid and 1 nuclear regions determined that the traditional circumscription of Tibouchina was paraphyletic Four major clades were resolved within the genus which were supported by morphological molecular and geographic evidence 4 Based on the traditional code of nomenclature the clade that the type species falls in retains the name of the genus therefore the clade containing Tibouchina aspera remains Tibouchina 12 A further molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 used the same molecular markers but included more species It reached the same conclusion the original broadly circumscribed Tibouchina consisted of four monophyletic clades The authors proposed a split into four genera a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina two re established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra and a new genus Andesanthus The relationship between Chaetogastra and the genus Brachyotum differed between a maximum likelihood analysis and a Bayesian inference analysis the former found Brachyotum embedded within Chaetogastra the latter found the two to be sisters The part of their maximum likelihood cladogram which includes former Tibouchina species is as follows 9 using their genus names and with shading added to show the original broadly circumscribed Tibouchina s l Tibouchina s s Pleroma clade 1 other genera clade 2 other genera Andesanthus Chaetogastra Brachyotum As re circumscribed Tibouchina is monophyletic and contains species belonging to the traditional sections T section Tibouchina and T section Barbigerae 10 4 Diagnostic characteristics include the presence of scale like trichomes on the hypanthium and leaves and a long pedoconnective on lilac anthers and the absence of glandular trichomes 10 13 4 Species are found in savanna habitats 10 Species edit As of May 2022 update Plants of the World Online accepts the following species within Tibouchina 1 Tibouchina aegopogon Naudin Cogn Tibouchina albescens Cogn ex P J F Guim A L F Oliveira amp R Romero Tibouchina alpestris Cogn Tibouchina araguaiensis P J F Guim Tibouchina aspera Aubl Tibouchina barbigera Naudin Baill Tibouchina bicolor Naudin Cogn Tibouchina bipenicillata Naudin Cogn Tibouchina brevisepala Cogn Tibouchina bruniana P J F Guim Tibouchina caatingae J G Freitas Tibouchina calycina Cogn Tibouchina catharinae Pittier Tibouchina cujabensis Cogn Tibouchina dissitiflora Wurdack Tibouchina duidae Gleason Tibouchina edmundoi Brade Tibouchina exasperata Naudin Cogn Tibouchina fraterna N E Br Tibouchina huberi Wurdack Tibouchina itatiaiae Cogn Tibouchina johnwurdackiana Todzia Tibouchina karstenii Cogn Tibouchina lithophila Wurdack Tibouchina lepidota P J F Guim amp Michelang Tibouchina llanorum Wurdack Tibouchina mathaei Cogn Tibouchina melastomoides Naudin Cogn Tibouchina nigricans Cogn ex P J F Guim A L F Oliveira amp R Romero Tibouchina octopetala Cogn Tibouchina papyrus Pohl Toledo Tibouchina pogonanthera Naudin Cogn Tibouchina rosanae P J F Guim amp Woodgyer Tibouchina sickii Brade Tibouchina sipapoana Gleason Tibouchina spruceana Cogn Tibouchina steyermarkii Wurdack Tibouchina striphnocalyx DC Pittier Tibouchina verticillaris Cogn Tibouchina xochiatencana de Santiago Selected former species edit Species placed in Tibouchina in its former broad sense include Tibouchina anderssonii Wurdack synonym of Chaetogastra anderssonii Tibouchina asperior Cham Cogn synonym of Pleroma asperius Tibouchina campii Wurdack synonym of Chaetogastra campii Tibouchina ciliaris Vent Cogn synonym of Chaetogastra ciliaris Tibouchina clinopodifolia DC Cogn synonym of Chaetogastra clinopodifolia Tibouchina elegans Cogn synonym of Pleroma elegans Tibouchina francavillana Cogn synonym of Pleroma francavillanum Tibouchina gleasoniana Wurdack synonym of Andesanthus gleasonianus Tibouchina granulosa synonym of Pleroma granulosum Tibouchina gracilis Bonpl Cogn synonym of Chaetogastra gracilis Tibouchina grossa synonym of Chaetogastra grossa Tibouchina heteromalla synonym of Pleroma heteromallum silver leaved princess flower Tibouchina lepidota Bonpl Baill synonym of Andesanthus lepidotus Tibouchina mollis Bonpl Bonpl synonym of Chaetogastra mollis Tibouchina mutabilis Vell Cogn synonym of Pleroma mutabile Tibouchina oroensis Gleason synonym of Chaetogastra oroensis Tibouchina pereirae Brade amp Markgr synonym of Pleroma pereirae Tibouchina pulchra Cham Cogn synonym of Pleroma raddianum Tibouchina rufipilis Schltdl Cogn synonym of Chaetogastra rufipilis Tibouchina semidecandra synonym of Pleroma semidecandrum Tibouchina trichopoda DC Baill synonym of Pleroma trichopodum Tibouchina urvilleana synonym of Pleroma urvilleanum princess flower glory bush Tibouchina versicolor Lindl Cogn synonym of Chaetogastra versicolorDistribution and invasive potential editAll the species of Tibouchina are native to the Americas as far north as Mexico south to northern Argentina 1 with many found in Brazil 4 and others in Belize Bolivia Brazil Colombia Costa Rica French Guiana Guyana Honduras Nicaragua Panama Peru Suriname and Venezuela 1 Members of Tibouchina tend to be found in lowland savannas and on the lower slopes of the Andes 4 14 All Tibouchina species as well as those formerly placed in the genus are considered noxious weeds in Hawaii 15 because of their high potential for being invasive species 16 17 18 Many species such as T araguaiensis T papyrus T mathaei and T nigricans have narrow distributions being known from only a handful of locations while a few other species including T aspera T barbigera and T bipenicillata have broader distributions References edit a b c d e f Tibouchina Aubl Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 2 May 2022 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 606 607 a b Tibouchina Webster s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged Merriam Webster 1961 a b c d e f g Michelangeli Fabian Guimaraes Paulo J F Penneys Darin S Almeda Frank Kriebel Ricardo 2013 Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of New World Melastomeae Melastomataceae Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171 38 60 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2012 01295 x Tropicos Name Search www tropicos org Retrieved 24 February 2017 Search results The Plant List www theplantlist org Retrieved 24 February 2017 a b Neotropical Melastomataceae Neotropikey from Kew www kew org Retrieved 24 February 2017 Renner Susanne S 1993 Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae Nord J Bot 13 5 519 540 doi 10 1111 j 1756 1051 1993 tb00096 x a b c d Guimaraes P J F Michelangeli F A Sosa K amp de Santiago Gomez J 2019 Systematics of Tibouchina and allies Melastomataceae Melastomateae A new taxonomic classification Taxon 68 5 937 1002 doi 10 1002 tax 12151 S2CID 213372275 a b c d Guimaraes Paulo Jose Fernandes 2014 Two New Species of Tibouchina Melastomataceae from Brazil Novon 23 1 42 46 doi 10 3417 2012029 S2CID 84301952 Aublet Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusee 1775 Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Francoise 1 amp se trouve a Paris chez Pierre Francois Didot jeune pp 446 448 McNeill J Barrie F R Buck W R Demoulin V Greuter W Hawksworth D L Herendeen P S Knapp S Marhold K 2012 International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants Melbourne Code Regnum Vegetabile 154 Konigstein Koelz Scientific Books ISBN 978 3 87429 425 6 Oliveira Ana Luiza Freitas Guimaraes Paulo Jose Fernandes Romero Rosana 2015 Validation of the Names Tibouchina albescens and Tibouchina nigricans Melastomataceae Two New Species from Central Brazil Systematic Botany 40 4 1003 1011 doi 10 1600 036364415x690049 S2CID 86179249 Rojas Ruilova Xavier Isabel Marques 1 October 2016 Better common than rare Effects of low reproductive success scarce pollinator visits and interspecific gene flow in threatened and common species of Tibouchina Melastomataceae Plant Species Biology 31 4 288 doi 10 1111 1442 1984 12114 ISSN 1442 1984 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Hawaii Administrative Rules Title 4 Department of Agriculture Subtitle 6 Division of Plant Industry Chapter 68 Noxious Weed Rules Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 4 February 2007 Retrieved 17 January 2007 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link cited 5 February 2007 Tibouchina urvilleana Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project PIER data http www hear org pier species tibouchina herbacea htm accessed 5 February 2007 Plants of Hawaii reports Tibouchina longifolia Plants of Hawaii Tibouchina longifolia REPORT Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 Retrieved 11 December 2006 accessed 5 February 2007 Plants of Hawaii reports Tibouchina urvilleana Plants of Hawaii Tibouchina urvilleana REPORT Archived from the original on 23 February 2007 Retrieved 23 February 2007 accessed 5 February 2007 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tibouchina nbsp Data related to Tibouchina at Wikispecies GRIN Global Web v 1 9 7 1 Species of Tibouchina Flora Brasiliensis Tibouchina in Portuguese Angiosperm Phylogeny Website MOBOT Myrtales Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tibouchina amp oldid 1186050998, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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