Thymulin (also known as thymic factor or its old name facteur thymique serique) is a nonapeptide produced by two distinct epithelial populations in the thymus first described by Bach in 1977.[1] It requires zinc for biological activity. Its peptide sequence is H-Pyr-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn-OH.
The hormone is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation and enhancement of T and NK cell actions.[1] Besides this rather paracrine or auto-organic effects on the thymus dependent immune system, thymulin seems to have neuroendocrine effects as well. There exist bidirectional interactions between thymic epithelium and the hypothalamus-pituitary axis (for example, thymulin follows a circadian rhythm and physiologically elevated ACTH levels correlate positively with thymulin plasma levels and vice versa[2]).
A recent focus has been on the role of thymulin as an effector on proinflammatory mediators/cytokines. A peptide analog of thymulin (PAT) has been found to have analgesic effects in higher concentrations and particularly neuroprotective anti-inflammatory effects in the CNS.[3]Astrocytes seem to be the target for thymulin for this effect. Researchers hope to develop drugs thwarting inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative diseases and even rheumatism with the help of thymulin analogs.
^ abBach J, Bardenne M, Pleau J, Rosa J (1977). "Biochemical characterisation of a serum thymic factor". Nature. 266 (5597): 55–7. Bibcode:1977Natur.266...55B. doi:10.1038/266055a0. PMID 300146. S2CID 4200019.
^Hadley AJ, Rantle CM, Buckingham JC (1997). "Thymulin stimulates corticotrophin release and cyclic nucleotide formation in the rat anterior pituitary gland". Neuroimmunomodulation. 4 (2): 62–9. doi:10.1159/000097322. PMID 9483196.
^Dardenne M, Saade N, Safieh-Garabedian B (2006). "Role of thymulin or its analogue as a new analgesic molecule". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1088 (1): 153–63. Bibcode:2006NYASA1088..153D. doi:10.1196/annals.1366.006. PMID 17192563. S2CID 24966297.
^Wade S, Bleiberg F, Mossé A, et al. (1985). "Thymulin (Zn-facteur thymique serique) activity in anorexia nervosa patients". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42 (2): 275–80. doi:10.1093/ajcn/42.2.275. PMID 3927699.
April 12, 2024
thymulin, also, known, thymic, factor, name, facteur, thymique, serique, nonapeptide, produced, distinct, epithelial, populations, thymus, first, described, bach, 1977, requires, zinc, biological, activity, peptide, sequence, namesiupac, name, pyroglutamyl, al. Thymulin also known as thymic factor or its old name facteur thymique serique is a nonapeptide produced by two distinct epithelial populations in the thymus first described by Bach in 1977 1 It requires zinc for biological activity Its peptide sequence is H Pyr Ala Lys Ser Gln Gly Gly Ser Asn OH Thymulin NamesIUPAC name L Pyroglutamyl L alanyl L lysyl L seryl L glutaminyl glycyl glycyl L seryl L asparagineIdentifiersCAS Number 63958 90 7 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageChemSpider 2342226PubChem CID 3085284UNII 9H198D04WL YCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID10213801InChI InChI 1S C33H54N12O15 c1 15 39 29 55 18 6 8 24 50 40 18 27 53 42 16 4 2 3 9 34 30 56 45 21 14 47 32 58 43 17 5 7 22 35 48 28 54 38 11 25 51 37 12 26 52 41 20 13 46 31 57 44 19 33 59 60 10 23 36 49 h15 21 46 47H 2 14 34H2 1H3 H2 35 48 H2 36 49 H 37 51 H 38 54 H 39 55 H 40 50 H 41 52 H 42 53 H 43 58 H 44 57 H 45 56 H 59 60 t15 16 17 18 19 20 21 m0 s1Key LIFNDDBLJFPEAN BPSSIEEOSA NSMILES C C H C O N C H CCCCN C O N C H CO C O N C H CCC O N C O NCC O NCC O N C H CO C O N C H CC O N C O O NC O C H 1CCC O N1PropertiesChemical formula C 33H 54N 12O 15Molar mass 858 864 g mol 1Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Y verify what is Y N Infobox references The hormone is believed to be involved in T cell differentiation and enhancement of T and NK cell actions 1 Besides this rather paracrine or auto organic effects on the thymus dependent immune system thymulin seems to have neuroendocrine effects as well There exist bidirectional interactions between thymic epithelium and the hypothalamus pituitary axis for example thymulin follows a circadian rhythm and physiologically elevated ACTH levels correlate positively with thymulin plasma levels and vice versa 2 A recent focus has been on the role of thymulin as an effector on proinflammatory mediators cytokines A peptide analog of thymulin PAT has been found to have analgesic effects in higher concentrations and particularly neuroprotective anti inflammatory effects in the CNS 3 Astrocytes seem to be the target for thymulin for this effect Researchers hope to develop drugs thwarting inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative diseases and even rheumatism with the help of thymulin analogs Moreover thymulin has been associated with anorexia nervosa 4 See also editIL 2 receptorReferences edit a b Bach J Bardenne M Pleau J Rosa J 1977 Biochemical characterisation of a serum thymic factor Nature 266 5597 55 7 Bibcode 1977Natur 266 55B doi 10 1038 266055a0 PMID 300146 S2CID 4200019 Hadley AJ Rantle CM Buckingham JC 1997 Thymulin stimulates corticotrophin release and cyclic nucleotide formation in the rat anterior pituitary gland Neuroimmunomodulation 4 2 62 9 doi 10 1159 000097322 PMID 9483196 Dardenne M Saade N Safieh Garabedian B 2006 Role of thymulin or its analogue as a new analgesic molecule Ann N Y Acad Sci 1088 1 153 63 Bibcode 2006NYASA1088 153D doi 10 1196 annals 1366 006 PMID 17192563 S2CID 24966297 Wade S Bleiberg F Mosse A et al 1985 Thymulin Zn facteur thymique serique activity in anorexia nervosa patients Am J Clin Nutr 42 2 275 80 doi 10 1093 ajcn 42 2 275 PMID 3927699 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thymulin amp oldid 1172457931, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
