fbpx
Wikipedia

Threskiornithidae

January 01, 1970

The family Threskiornithidae includes 36 species of large wading birds. The family has been traditionally classified into two subfamilies, the ibises and the spoonbills; however recent genetic studies have cast doubt on this arrangement, and have found the spoonbills to be nested within the Old World ibises, and the New World ibises as an early offshoot.

Threskiornithidae
Scarlet ibis
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Suborder: Ardei
Family: Threskiornithidae
Richmond, 1917
Subfamilies

Taxonomy edit

The family Threskiornithidae was formerly known as Plataleidae. The spoonbills and ibises were once thought to be related to other groups of long-legged wading birds in the order Ciconiiformes. A recent study found that they are members of the order Pelecaniformes.[2] In response to these findings, the International Ornithological Congress (IOC) recently[when?] reclassified Threskiornithidae and their sister taxa Ardeidae under the order Pelecaniformes instead of the previous order of Ciconiiformes.[3] Whether the two subfamilies are reciprocally monophyletic is an open question. The South American Checklist Committee's entry for the Threskiornithidae includes the following comment "Two subfamilies are traditionally (e.g., Matheu & del Hoyo 1992) recognized: Threskiornithinae for ibises and Plataleinae for spoonbills; because the main distinction has to do with bill shape, additional information, especially genetic, is required to recognize a major, deep split in the family."[4]

A study of mitochondrial DNA of the spoonbills plus the sacred and scarlet ibises found that the spoonbills formed a clade with old world genus Threskiornis, with Nipponia nippon and Eudocimus as progressively earlier offshoots and more distant relatives, and hence casts doubt on the arrangement of the family into ibis and spoonbill subfamilies.[5] Subsequent studies have supported these findings, the spoonbills forming a monophyletic clade within the "widespread" clade of ibises, including Plegadis and Threskiornis, while the "new World Endemic" clade is formed by the genera restricted to the Americas such as Eudocimus and Theristicus.[6]

Description edit

Members of the family have long, broad wings with 11 primary feathers and about 20 secondaries. They are strong fliers and, rather surprisingly, given their size and weight, very capable soarers. The body tends to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, decurved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills. They are large birds, but mid-sized by the standards of their order, ranging from the dwarf olive ibis (Bostrychia bocagei), at 45 cm (18 in) and 450 g (0.99 lb), to the giant ibis (Thaumatibis gigantea), at 100 cm (39 in) and 4.2 kg (9.3 lb).

Distribution and ecology edit

They are distributed almost worldwide, being found near almost any area of standing or slow-flowing fresh or brackish water. Ibises are also found in drier areas, including landfills.

The Llanos are notable in that these wetland plains support seven species of ibis in the one region.[7]

All ibises are diurnal; spending the day feeding on a wide range of invertebrates and small vertebrates: ibises by probing in soft earth or mud, spoonbills by swinging the bill from side to side in shallow water. At night, they roost in trees near water. They are gregarious, feeding, roosting, and flying together, often in formation.

Nesting is colonial in ibises, more often in small groups or singly in spoonbills, nearly always in trees overhanging water, but sometimes on islands or small islands in swamps. Generally, the female builds a large structure out of reeds and sticks brought by the male. Typical clutch size is two to five; hatching is asynchronic. Both sexes incubate in shifts, and after hatching feed the young by partial regurgitation. Two or three weeks after hatching, the young no longer need to be brooded continuously and may leave the nest, often forming creches but returning to be fed by the parents.

Species edit

 
Black-headed ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) in Tamil Nadu, India
 
Eurasian spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) in India

FAMILY: THRESKIORNITHIDAE

References edit

  1. ^ Myers, P. R.; C. S. Parr; T. Jones; G. S. Hammond; T. A. Dewey. "Family Threskiornithidae (ibises and spoonbills)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
  2. ^ Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (June 2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
  3. ^ "Gill, F. & D. Donsker (Eds). 2010. IOC World Bird Names (version 2.4). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ [Accessed 29 May 2010].
  4. ^ "A classification of the bird species of South America". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  5. ^ Chesser, R.Terry; Yeung, Carol K.L.; Yao, Cheng-Te; Tians, Xiu-Hua; Li Shou-Hsien (2010). "Molecular phylogeny of the spoonbills (Aves: Threskiornithidae) based on mitochondrial DNA". Zootaxa. 2603 (2603): 53–60. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2603.1.2. ISSN 1175-5326.
  6. ^ J.L. Ramirez; C.Y. Miyaki & S.N. Del Lama (2013). "Molecular phylogeny of Threskiornithidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA". Genetics and Molecular Research. 12 (3): 2740–2750. doi:10.4238/2013.July.30.11. PMID 23979898.
  7. ^ Frederick, Peter C.; Bildstein, Keith L. "Foraging Ecology of Seven Species of Neotropical Ibises (Threskiornithidae) during the Dry Season in the Llanos of Venezuela". The Wilson Bulletin. 104 (1): 1–21.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Threskiornithidae.
  • Threskiornithidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection

January 01, 1970
threskiornithidae, family, includes, species, large, wading, birds, family, been, traditionally, classified, into, subfamilies, ibises, spoonbills, however, recent, genetic, studies, have, cast, doubt, this, arrangement, have, found, spoonbills, nested, within. The family Threskiornithidae includes 36 species of large wading birds The family has been traditionally classified into two subfamilies the ibises and the spoonbills however recent genetic studies have cast doubt on this arrangement and have found the spoonbills to be nested within the Old World ibises and the New World ibises as an early offshoot Threskiornithidae Scarlet ibis Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Pelecaniformes Suborder Ardei Family ThreskiornithidaeRichmond 1917 Subfamilies Threskiornithinae Plataleinae 1 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and ecology 4 Species 5 References 6 External linksTaxonomy editThe family Threskiornithidae was formerly known as Plataleidae The spoonbills and ibises were once thought to be related to other groups of long legged wading birds in the order Ciconiiformes A recent study found that they are members of the order Pelecaniformes 2 In response to these findings the International Ornithological Congress IOC recently when reclassified Threskiornithidae and their sister taxa Ardeidae under the order Pelecaniformes instead of the previous order of Ciconiiformes 3 Whether the two subfamilies are reciprocally monophyletic is an open question The South American Checklist Committee s entry for the Threskiornithidae includes the following comment Two subfamilies are traditionally e g Matheu amp del Hoyo 1992 recognized Threskiornithinae for ibises and Plataleinae for spoonbills because the main distinction has to do with bill shape additional information especially genetic is required to recognize a major deep split in the family 4 A study of mitochondrial DNA of the spoonbills plus the sacred and scarlet ibises found that the spoonbills formed a clade with old world genus Threskiornis with Nipponia nippon and Eudocimus as progressively earlier offshoots and more distant relatives and hence casts doubt on the arrangement of the family into ibis and spoonbill subfamilies 5 Subsequent studies have supported these findings the spoonbills forming a monophyletic clade within the widespread clade of ibises including Plegadis and Threskiornis while the new World Endemic clade is formed by the genera restricted to the Americas such as Eudocimus and Theristicus 6 Description editMembers of the family have long broad wings with 11 primary feathers and about 20 secondaries They are strong fliers and rather surprisingly given their size and weight very capable soarers The body tends to be elongated the neck more so with rather long legs The bill is also long decurved in the case of the ibises straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills They are large birds but mid sized by the standards of their order ranging from the dwarf olive ibis Bostrychia bocagei at 45 cm 18 in and 450 g 0 99 lb to the giant ibis Thaumatibis gigantea at 100 cm 39 in and 4 2 kg 9 3 lb Distribution and ecology editThey are distributed almost worldwide being found near almost any area of standing or slow flowing fresh or brackish water Ibises are also found in drier areas including landfills The Llanos are notable in that these wetland plains support seven species of ibis in the one region 7 All ibises are diurnal spending the day feeding on a wide range of invertebrates and small vertebrates ibises by probing in soft earth or mud spoonbills by swinging the bill from side to side in shallow water At night they roost in trees near water They are gregarious feeding roosting and flying together often in formation Nesting is colonial in ibises more often in small groups or singly in spoonbills nearly always in trees overhanging water but sometimes on islands or small islands in swamps Generally the female builds a large structure out of reeds and sticks brought by the male Typical clutch size is two to five hatching is asynchronic Both sexes incubate in shifts and after hatching feed the young by partial regurgitation Two or three weeks after hatching the young no longer need to be brooded continuously and may leave the nest often forming creches but returning to be fed by the parents Species edit nbsp Black headed ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus in Tamil Nadu India nbsp Eurasian spoonbill Platalea leucorodia in India FAMILY THRESKIORNITHIDAE Subfamily Threskiornithinae Ibises Genus Threskiornis African sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus Malagasy sacred ibis Threskiornis bernieri Reunion ibis Threskiornis solitarius extinct Black headed ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Australian white ibis Threskiornis molucca Solomons white ibis Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus Straw necked ibis Threskiornis spinicollis Genus Pseudibis Red naped ibis Pseudibis papillosa White shouldered ibis Pseudibis davisoni Genus Thaumatibis Giant ibis Thaumatibis gigantea Genus Geronticus Northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita Southern bald ibis Geronticus calvus Genus Nipponia Crested ibis Nipponia nippon Genus Bostrychia Olive ibis Bostrychia olivacea Sao Tome ibis Bostrychia bocagei Spot breasted ibis Bostrychia rara Hadada ibis Bostrychia hagedash Wattled ibis Bostrychia carunculata Genus Theristicus Plumbeous ibis Theristicus caerulescens Buff necked ibis Theristicus caudatus Black faced ibis Theristicus melanopis Genus Cercibis Sharp tailed ibis Cercibis oxycerca Genus Mesembrinibis Green ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis Genus Phimosus Bare faced ibis Phimosus infuscatus Genus Eudocimus American white ibis Eudocimus albus Scarlet ibis Eudocimus ruber Genus Plegadis Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus White faced ibis Plegadis chihi Puna ibis Plegadis ridgwayi Genus Lophotibis Madagascar ibis Lophotibis cristata Subfamily Plataleinae Spoonbills Genus Platalea Eurasian spoonbill Platalea leucorodia Black faced spoonbill Platalea minor African spoonbill Platalea alba Royal spoonbill Platalea regia Yellow billed spoonbill Platalea flavipes Roseate spoonbill Platalea ajajaReferences edit Myers P R C S Parr T Jones G S Hammond T A Dewey Family Threskiornithidae ibises and spoonbills Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Retrieved 9 September 2009 Hackett Shannon J Kimball Rebecca T Reddy Sushma Bowie Rauri C K Braun Edward L Braun Michael J Chojnowski Jena L Cox W Andrew Han Kin Lan Harshman John Huddleston Christopher J Marks Ben D Miglia Kathleen J Moore William S Sheldon Frederick H Steadman David W Witt Christopher C Yuri Tamaki June 2008 A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History Science 320 5884 1763 1768 Bibcode 2008Sci 320 1763H doi 10 1126 science 1157704 PMID 18583609 S2CID 6472805 Gill F amp D Donsker Eds 2010 IOC World Bird Names version 2 4 Available at http www worldbirdnames org Accessed 29 May 2010 A classification of the bird species of South America South American Classification Committee American Ornithologists Union Retrieved 24 September 2015 Chesser R Terry Yeung Carol K L Yao Cheng Te Tians Xiu Hua Li Shou Hsien 2010 Molecular phylogeny of the spoonbills Aves Threskiornithidae based on mitochondrial DNA Zootaxa 2603 2603 53 60 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 2603 1 2 ISSN 1175 5326 J L Ramirez C Y Miyaki amp S N Del Lama 2013 Molecular phylogeny of Threskiornithidae Aves Pelecaniformes based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA Genetics and Molecular Research 12 3 2740 2750 doi 10 4238 2013 July 30 11 PMID 23979898 Frederick Peter C Bildstein Keith L Foraging Ecology of Seven Species of Neotropical Ibises Threskiornithidae during the Dry Season in the Llanos of Venezuela The Wilson Bulletin 104 1 1 21 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Threskiornithidae Threskiornithidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Threskiornithidae amp oldid 1191145193, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.