Thomas Davis (Young Irelander)
Thomas Osborne Davis (14 October 1814 – 16 September 1845) was an Irish writer; with Charles Gavan Duffy and John Blake Dillon, a founding editor of The Nation, the weekly organ of what came to be known as the Young Ireland movement. While embracing the common cause of a representative, national government for Ireland, Davis took issue with the nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell by arguing for the common ("mixed") education of Catholics and Protestants and by advocating for Irish as the national language.
Thomas Davis | |
|---|---|
Davis in the 1840s | |
| Born | 14 October 1814 Mallow, Ireland |
| Died | 16 September 1845 (aged 30) Dublin, Ireland |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Education | Arts degree |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Dublin |
| Period | 1842–1845 |
| Literary movement | Young Ireland |
| Notable works | "The West's Asleep" "A Nation Once Again" |
Early life edit
Thomas Davis was born on 14 October 1814, in Mallow, County Cork, fourth and last child of James Davis, a Welsh surgeon in the Royal Artillery based for many years in Dublin, and an Irish mother. His father died in Exeter a month before his birth, en route to serve in the Peninsular War.[1] His mother was Protestant, but also related to the Chiefs of Clan O'Sullivan of Beare, members of the Gaelic nobility of Ireland.[2]
His mother had enough money to live on her own and moved back to Dublin in 1818, taking up residence at 67 Lower Baggot Street in 1830, where Davis lived until his death in 1845. He attended school in Lower Mount Street, then went to Trinity College, Dublin. He became auditor of the College Historical Society,[3] and graduated in 1835 with a degree in Logic. From 1836 to 1838, he studied law in London and Europe; although he qualified as a lawyer in 1838, he never practiced.[4]
Cultural nationalist edit
Davis has been seen as an early exponent in Ireland of what has since been understood as cultural nationalism. In contrast to the Painite republicanism of the 1790s, and to the mix of Benthamite utilitarianism and Catholic devotionalism that characterised O'Connell's leadership of the national movement, Davis sought inspiration in the study of Gaelic civilisation, Christian and pre-Christian.[5]
As a Protestant, Davis preached religious unity, often building on the civic and enlightenment ideas promoted by the United Irishmen prior to the 1798 Rebellion. But he was also heavily influenced by romantic nationalism and by the ideas of Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744–1803), who argued nationality was not genetic but the product of climate, geography and inclination.[6]
In September 1842, he established The Nation newspaper with Charles Gavan Duffy and John Blake Dillon. Ostensibly designed to support O'Connell's campaign for repeal of the 1801 Union, Davis made it a vehicle for promoting the Irish language, and an Irish cultural identity separate from that of Britain.[7] This focus can be seen in several letters written shortly before his death in 1843, that emphasise the uniqueness of the Irish countryside, and its inhabitants as a "rising, not declining, people".[8]
His June 1840 speech as the outgoing president of the College Historical Society,[9] contains the first explicit statement of belief in the Irish nation.[10]
The country of our birth, our educations, our recollections, ancestral, personal, national; the country of our loves, our friendships, our hopes; our country: the cosmopolite is unnatural, base - I would fain say, impossible. To act on a world is for those above it, not of it. Patriotism is human philanthropy.[11]
Although a native Irish speaker, O’Connell did not share this cultural nationalism. He declared "the superior utility of the English tongue, as the medium of all modern communication" too great a consideration for him to regret "the gradual abandonment " of Irish.[12]
Differences with Daniel O'Connell edit
Davis supported O'Connell's Repeal Association from 1840, hoping to restore, on a reformed basis, an Irish Parliament in Dublin. There were tensions, but an open split with O'Connell first developed in 1845 on the question of non-denominational education, when the vehemence of O'Connell's opposition reduced Davis to tears. In advance of some the Catholic bishops, O'Connell had denounced as "godless" the three new Queens Colleges in which Dublin Castle proposed to educate Catholics and Protestants together in a non-denominational basis.
When, in The Nation, Davis pleaded that "reasons for separate education are reasons for [a] separate life".[13] O'Connell accused Davis of suggesting it a "crime to be a Catholic" and declared himself content to take a stand "for Old Ireland".[14] Davis, Duffy and others in the circle around The Nation he now referred to as Young Irelanders—for O'Connell an unflattering reference to Giuseppe Mazzini's anti-clerical and insurrectionist Young Italy.
A further rift with O'Connell opened over the question of a path to a possible compromise between Union and Repeal. While insisting he would "never ask for or work" for anything less than an independent legislature, O'Connell had suggested he might accept a "subordinate parliament" (an Irish legislature with powers devolved from Westminster) as "an instalment".[15] Unlike some of his colleagues at The Nation, Davis did not reject this in principle. But while O'Connell looked for compromise at Westminster, Davis sought agreement with the "federalist" William Sharman Crawford,[16] a representative of Protestant Ulster upon which O'Connell appeared to turn his back.[17][18]
Death edit
Despite their differences, O'Connell was distraught at Davis's early and sudden death.[19] Davis died from scarlet fever in 1845 at the age of 30. He was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery, Dublin.[20]
Legacy edit
Davis composed a number of songs, including Irish rebel songs, such as "The West's Asleep", "A Nation Once Again", "In Bodenstown Churchyard", and the "Lament for Owen Roe O'Neill".[21] He wrote that "a song is worth a thousand harangues". Music, he suggested, "is the first faculty of the Irish... we will endeavour to teach the people to sing the songs of their country that they may keep alive in their minds the love of the fatherland."[22]
As well as many contributions to periodicals and newspapers, he wrote a memoir of John Philpot Curran, the Irish lawyer and orator, prefixed to an edition of his speeches, and a history of the 1689 Patriot Parliament; other literary plans were left unfinished by his early death.
A statue of Davis, created by Edward Delaney, was unveiled on College Green, Dublin, in 1966, attended by the Irish president, Éamon de Valera.
The main street of his home town of Mallow is named Davis Street, which contains a bronze statue of Davis designed by sculptor Leo Higgins. One of the secondary schools in Mallow, Davis College, is named after him.
A number of Gaelic Athletic Association clubs around the country are also named after him, including one in Tallaght, Dublin and one in Corrinshego, County Armagh.
Fort Davis, at the entrance to Cork Harbour, is named after him.
Thomas Davis Street, off Francis Street in Dublin 8, is also named after him.
Bibliography edit
- The Patriot Parliament of 1689: first edition (1843); third edition, with an introduction by Charles Gavan Duffy (1893)
- The Life of the Right Hon. J. P. Curran (1846)
- Letters of a Protestant, on Repeal [Five letters originally published in The Nation.] Edited by Thomas F. Meagher (1847)
- Literary and Historical Essays (edited by Charles Gavan Duffy) (1846)
- The Poems of Thomas Davis (with notes and historical illustrations edited by Thomas Wallis) (1846)
References edit
- ^ Moody 1966, pp. 5–6.
- ^ Mulvey 2003, p. 22.
- ^ various 1892, p. 127,253.
- ^ Moody 1966, p. 6.
- ^ Campbell, Flann (1991). The Dissenting Voice: Protestant Democracy in Ulster from Plantation to Partition. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press. pp. 225–226. ISBN 0856404578.
- ^ King 2016, p. 112.
- ^ Penet 2007, pp. 433–434.
- ^ Cullen 1854, pp. 63–65.
- ^ Davis, Thomas Osborne (June 1840). "Address to the Historical Society, Thomas Osborne Davis". Retrieved 19 February 2020 – via From-Ireland.net.
- ^ Moody 1966, p. 7.
- ^ Potter 2017, p. 27.
- ^ Ó Tuathaigh, Gearóid (1975). "Gaelic Ireland, Popular Politics and Daniel O'Connell". Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society. 34: 21–34. JSTOR 25535454.
- ^ Macken, Ultan (2008). The Story of Daniel O'Connell. Cork: Mercier Press. p. 120. ISBN 9781856355964.
- ^ Mulvey 2003, p. 180.
- ^ Quoted in MacDonagh, Oliver (1977). Ireland: The Union and its Aftermath. London. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-900621-81-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Mulvey 2003, pp. 161–162.
- ^ Foster, R.F. (1988). Modern Ireland, 1600-1972. London: Allen Lane. p. 306. ISBN 0713990104.
- ^ Hoppen, K. Theodore (1999). Ireland since 1800: conflict and conformity (Second ed.). London: Longman. pp. 22, 24. ISBN 9780582322547.
- ^ Podcast by "Newstalk" radio, accessed 7 January 2015
- ^ Hachey 2010, p. 62.
- ^ 108. Lament for the Death of Eoghan Ruadh O’Neill by Thomas Davis Colum, Padraic. 1922. Anthology of Irish Verse]
- ^ Raymond Daly, Celtic and Ireland in Song and Story, Studio Print, 2008, p. 84.
Sources edit
- Cullen, Fintan (1854). Sources in Irish Art: A Reader. Cork University Press.
- Hachey, Thomas E (2010). The Irish Experience Since 1800: A Concise History. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765628435.
- King, Brian (2016). "Herder & Human Identity". Philosophy Now (112).
- Moody, TW (1966). "Thomas Davis and the Irish Nation". Hermathena. 103 (103): 5–31. JSTOR 23039825.
- Mulvey, Helen (2003). Thomas Davis and Ireland: A Biographical Sketch. Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0813213033.
- Penet, Jean-Christophe (2007). "Thomas Davis, 'The Nation' and the Irish Language". An Irish Quarterly Review. 96 (284): 433–443. JSTOR 25660516.
- Potter, Tony, ed. (2017), The Pocket Book of Great Irish Speeches, Gill Books, ISBN 978-0717172917
- various (1892), The Book of Trinity College, Dublin, 1591-1891, Marcus Ward & Co. – via Project Gutenberg
External links edit
- Barker, George Fisher Russell (1888). . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 14. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- Works by Thomas Davis at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Thomas Davis at Internet Archive