fbpx
Wikipedia

Verse of Ikmal al-Din

January 06, 2023

The Verse of Ikmal al-Din (Arabic: إِکْمَال الدِّيْن) or the Verse of Ikmal is verse 5:3 of Islam's central religious text, the Quran, which includes the passage

This day those who disbelieve have despaired of your religion. So fear them not, but fear Me! This day I have perfected for you your religion, and completed My Blessing upon you, and have approved for you as religion, Submission (Islam).[1]

The interpretation of the Verse of Ikmal is disputed between the Sunni and Shia sects of Islam. Sunni authors offer different explanations, chief among them is that this verse was revealed to Muhammad during the Farewell Pilgrimage to signal the completion of the Islamic legislation. In contrast, Shia authors are nearly unanimous that the Verse of Ikmal was revealed after the Ghadir Khumm. In Shia sources, the perfection of Islam and the disappointment of the faithless signify Muhammad's designation of his cousin and son-in-law Ali to lead the nascent Muslim community after him. Some Sunni sources also associate the Verse of Ikmal with the Ghadir Khumm.

Background

Main articles: Ghadir Khumm and Farewell Pilgrimage
 
Artwork depicting the Ghadir Khumm. Muhammad is on the left and Ali is by his side.

Farewell Pilgrimage

Shortly before his death in 632 CE, Muhammad performed the Hajj ritual in Mecca, which has become known as his Farewell Pilgrimage.[2] In his sermon in Mecca (at Arafat) and again later at the Ghadir Khumm by some accounts, he alerted Muslims about his impending death.[3][4][5] On his return trip to Medina after the Hajj, Muhammad called the Muslim caravan to a halt at the Ghadir Khumm (lit. 'pond of Khumm') ahead of the noon congregational prayer, before the pilgrims parted to go their separate ways.[6]

Ghadir Khumm

After the prayer, Muhammad gave a sermon in which he declared, "Anyone who has me as his mawla, has this Ali as his mawla,"[7][8][3] as reported by some canonical Sunni and Shia sources, such as Musnad Ibn Hanbal and al-Ghadir.[9][10][4] In particular, the musnad of Ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855) adds that Muhammad repeated this statement three or four times and that his companion Umar congratulated Ali after the sermon and told him, "You have now become mawla of every faithful man and woman."[11][3][12]

Interpretations

While the authenticity of the Ghadir Khumm is rarely contested, its interpretation is a source of controversy between Sunni and Shia.[13] In particular, the interpretation of the Arabic word mawla tends to be split along sectarian lines in the context of this hadith. Shia sources interpret this word as meaning 'leader' or 'ruler',[4][14] while Sunni accounts of this sermon tend to offer little explanation or substitute the word wali (of God, lit. 'friend of God') in place of mawla.[3] Sunni authors argue that Muhammad did not explicitly refer to Ali as his successor in the sermon,[4] while the Shia Amini enumerates the Sunni sources that corroborate the Shia interpretation in the eleven volumes of al-Ghadir.[4][15]

Sunni view

Sunni scholars proffer different views about when or why the Verse of Ikmal was revealed to Muhammad. The majority[1] Sunni view is that Muhammad received this verse after his sermon at Arafat during the Farewell Pilgrimage in 632.[16] This view is also noted by Nöldeke.[2] Some other Sunni historians report that this verse was revealed first at the Farewell Pilgrimage and then repeated at the Ghadir Khumm. This group includes al-Tabari (d. 310/923), al-Baghdadi (d. 463/1071), and Ibn al-Jawzi (d. 597/1201), according to Abbas.[16] The Verse of Ikmal is instead linked to the 629/630 conquest of Mecca in Tafsir al-Qurtubi.[1] In this vein, the perfection of Islam in the verse refers to the banishment of idolatry from the pilgrimage in some reports collected by al-Tabari and al-Zamakhshari (d. 538/1144).[17]

Some Sunni commentators view the perfection of Islam in this verse as a reference to the rites of Hajj which were established by Muhammad in his Farewell Pilgrimage. Yet for others, the Verse of Ikmal signifies the completion of revelation,[18] though there are also other candidates for the last verse, namely, verses 2:281, 4:176, 9:128-9, 110:1-3.[1] Al-Tabari and al-Zamakhshari claim that no ritual or legal ruling was revealed after the Verse of Ikmal, while al-Qurtubi (d. 671/1272) asserts that Muhammad received some legal but no ritual injunctions after this verse.[18] This last view that the perfection of religion in this verse corresponds to the completion of the Islamic legislation is common among the Sunni, though criticism of it is that some legal injunctions about riba were likely revealed after the Verse of Ikmal.[19]

Shia view

Shia sources are nearly unanimous[16] that the Verse of Ikmal was revealed to Muhammad after his sermon at the Ghadir Khumm on the return trip from the Farewell Pilgrimage in 632.[20][4][3] As reported by Sunni and Shia sources, Muhammad at the Ghadir Khumm announced, "For whomever I am his mawla, Ali is [also] his mawla." Alternatively, this verse and Muhammad's announcement both took place during the Farewell Pilgrimage by a few Shia accounts. In Shia sources, the perfection of religion and the completion of blessing in the Verse of Ikmal refer to the establishment of the spiritual authority (wilaya) of Ali over Muslims.[18]

Al-Mizan

Tabatabai, the author of the seminal Shia exegesis al-Mizan, attempts to prove in his work that "today" in the Verse of Ikmal is the day of the Ghadir Khumm, as opposed to the conquest of Mecca or any other day. In particular, the unbelievers' despair in the Verse of Ikmal followed Muhammad's designation of Ali to guide the nascent Muslim community, he argues.[20] The enemies of Islam despaired from destroying it,[21] suggests Tabatabai, because Ali's leadership would have rightly guided the Muslim community.[20]

Tabatabai argues that the perfection of religion in the Verse of Ikmal is the guardianship (wilaya) of Ali, as opposed to the closure of the Islamic legislation advanced by some Sunni scholars. For Tabatabai, this Sunni view ignores the injunctions about riba which were revealed after the Verse of Ikmal. Mavani adds that the traditions cited by Tabatabai are mutawatir, that is, they have numerous, uninterrupted chains of transmissions.[19] Tabatabai elsewhere challenges the Sunni view by arguing that the perfection of Islam in the Verse of Ikmal cannot refer to a minor occasion such as the promulgation of a religious injunction.[22]

He also argues that the perfection of religion in the Verse of Ikmal was the fulfillment of an earlier divine promise in verse 24:55, which reads,

God has made a promise to those among you who believe and do good deeds: He will make them successors to the land, as He did those who came before them; He will strengthen the religion He has chosen for them; He will grant them security to replace their fear. They worship Me and do not join anything with Me.[20]

For Tabatabai, the authority of the divine guides (ulu al-amr) completes the spiritual authority (wilaya) of God and His prophet. Nevertheless, he adds, all this was conditional on the obedience of Muslims to the divine instructions at the Ghadir Khumm per verse 8:53 of the Quran, which includes the passage, "God would never change a favor He had conferred on a people unless they changed what was within themselves."[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Nasr et al. 2015, p. 648.
  2. ^ a b Stewart 2002.
  3. ^ a b c d e Veccia Vaglieri 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Amir-Moezzi 2022.
  5. ^ Campo 2009.
  6. ^ Lalani 2011.
  7. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 18.
  8. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 79.
  9. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 80.
  10. ^ Abbas 2021, p. 81.
  11. ^ Momen 1985, p. 15.
  12. ^ Abbas 2021, p. 82.
  13. ^ Al-Shahrastani, Gimaret & Monnot 1986, p. 479.
  14. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 20.
  15. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 70.
  16. ^ a b c Abbas 2021, p. 210.
  17. ^ Nasr et al. 2015, pp. 650–1.
  18. ^ a b c Nasr et al. 2015, p. 650.
  19. ^ a b Mavani 2013, p. 71.
  20. ^ a b c d e Mavani 2013, pp. 70–1.
  21. ^ Tabatabai 1977, p. 155.
  22. ^ Tabatabai 1977, p. 154.

Sources

  • Stewart, Devin J. (2002). McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Quran. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 178. ISBN 90-04-14743-8.
  • Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780853982005.
  • Abbas, Hassan (2021). The prophet's heir: The life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057.
  • Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404.
  • Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2022). "Ghadir Khumm". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.
  • Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2022). "Ghadir Khumm". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). Brill Reference Online.
  • Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman.
  • Campo, Juan Eduardo, ed. (2009). "Ghadir Khumm". Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 257. ISBN 9781438126968.
  • Hazleton, Lesley (2013). The First Muslim: the Story of Muhammad. Atlantic Books Ltd. ISBN 9781782392316.
  • Lalani, Arzina (2011). "Ghadir Khumm". Oxford Bibliographies. Retrieved 9 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  • Al-Shahrastani, Muhammad; Gimaret, Daniel; Monnot, Guy (1986). Livre des religions et des sects. Vol. 1. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789068310658.
  • Tabatabai, Muhammad Husayn (1977). Shiite Islam. Translated by Nasr, Hossein. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-272-9.
  • Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dagli, Caner K.; Dakake, Maria Massi; Lumbard, Joseph E.B.; Rustom, Mohammed (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780062227621.

January 06, 2023
verse, ikmal, arabic, ال, الد, verse, ikmal, verse, islam, central, religious, text, quran, which, includes, passage, this, those, disbelieve, have, despaired, your, religion, fear, them, fear, this, have, perfected, your, religion, completed, blessing, upon, . The Verse of Ikmal al Din Arabic إ ک م ال الد ي ن or the Verse of Ikmal is verse 5 3 of Islam s central religious text the Quran which includes the passage This day those who disbelieve have despaired of your religion So fear them not but fear Me This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My Blessing upon you and have approved for you as religion Submission Islam 1 The interpretation of the Verse of Ikmal is disputed between the Sunni and Shia sects of Islam Sunni authors offer different explanations chief among them is that this verse was revealed to Muhammad during the Farewell Pilgrimage to signal the completion of the Islamic legislation In contrast Shia authors are nearly unanimous that the Verse of Ikmal was revealed after the Ghadir Khumm In Shia sources the perfection of Islam and the disappointment of the faithless signify Muhammad s designation of his cousin and son in law Ali to lead the nascent Muslim community after him Some Sunni sources also associate the Verse of Ikmal with the Ghadir Khumm Contents 1 Background 1 1 Farewell Pilgrimage 1 2 Ghadir Khumm 1 3 Interpretations 2 Sunni view 3 Shia view 3 1 Al Mizan 4 See also 5 References 6 SourcesBackground EditMain articles Ghadir Khumm and Farewell Pilgrimage Artwork depicting the Ghadir Khumm Muhammad is on the left and Ali is by his side Farewell Pilgrimage Edit Shortly before his death in 632 CE Muhammad performed the Hajj ritual in Mecca which has become known as his Farewell Pilgrimage 2 In his sermon in Mecca at Arafat and again later at the Ghadir Khumm by some accounts he alerted Muslims about his impending death 3 4 5 On his return trip to Medina after the Hajj Muhammad called the Muslim caravan to a halt at the Ghadir Khumm lit pond of Khumm ahead of the noon congregational prayer before the pilgrims parted to go their separate ways 6 Ghadir Khumm Edit After the prayer Muhammad gave a sermon in which he declared Anyone who has me as his mawla has this Ali as his mawla 7 8 3 as reported by some canonical Sunni and Shia sources such as Musnad Ibn Hanbal and al Ghadir 9 10 4 In particular the musnad of Ibn Hanbal d 241 855 adds that Muhammad repeated this statement three or four times and that his companion Umar congratulated Ali after the sermon and told him You have now become mawla of every faithful man and woman 11 3 12 Interpretations Edit While the authenticity of the Ghadir Khumm is rarely contested its interpretation is a source of controversy between Sunni and Shia 13 In particular the interpretation of the Arabic word mawla tends to be split along sectarian lines in the context of this hadith Shia sources interpret this word as meaning leader or ruler 4 14 while Sunni accounts of this sermon tend to offer little explanation or substitute the word wali of God lit friend of God in place of mawla 3 Sunni authors argue that Muhammad did not explicitly refer to Ali as his successor in the sermon 4 while the Shia Amini enumerates the Sunni sources that corroborate the Shia interpretation in the eleven volumes of al Ghadir 4 15 Sunni view EditSunni scholars proffer different views about when or why the Verse of Ikmal was revealed to Muhammad The majority 1 Sunni view is that Muhammad received this verse after his sermon at Arafat during the Farewell Pilgrimage in 632 16 This view is also noted by Noldeke 2 Some other Sunni historians report that this verse was revealed first at the Farewell Pilgrimage and then repeated at the Ghadir Khumm This group includes al Tabari d 310 923 al Baghdadi d 463 1071 and Ibn al Jawzi d 597 1201 according to Abbas 16 The Verse of Ikmal is instead linked to the 629 630 conquest of Mecca in Tafsir al Qurtubi 1 In this vein the perfection of Islam in the verse refers to the banishment of idolatry from the pilgrimage in some reports collected by al Tabari and al Zamakhshari d 538 1144 17 Some Sunni commentators view the perfection of Islam in this verse as a reference to the rites of Hajj which were established by Muhammad in his Farewell Pilgrimage Yet for others the Verse of Ikmal signifies the completion of revelation 18 though there are also other candidates for the last verse namely verses 2 281 4 176 9 128 9 110 1 3 1 Al Tabari and al Zamakhshari claim that no ritual or legal ruling was revealed after the Verse of Ikmal while al Qurtubi d 671 1272 asserts that Muhammad received some legal but no ritual injunctions after this verse 18 This last view that the perfection of religion in this verse corresponds to the completion of the Islamic legislation is common among the Sunni though criticism of it is that some legal injunctions about riba were likely revealed after the Verse of Ikmal 19 Shia view EditShia sources are nearly unanimous 16 that the Verse of Ikmal was revealed to Muhammad after his sermon at the Ghadir Khumm on the return trip from the Farewell Pilgrimage in 632 20 4 3 As reported by Sunni and Shia sources Muhammad at the Ghadir Khumm announced For whomever I am his mawla Ali is also his mawla Alternatively this verse and Muhammad s announcement both took place during the Farewell Pilgrimage by a few Shia accounts In Shia sources the perfection of religion and the completion of blessing in the Verse of Ikmal refer to the establishment of the spiritual authority wilaya of Ali over Muslims 18 Al Mizan Edit Tabatabai the author of the seminal Shia exegesis al Mizan attempts to prove in his work that today in the Verse of Ikmal is the day of the Ghadir Khumm as opposed to the conquest of Mecca or any other day In particular the unbelievers despair in the Verse of Ikmal followed Muhammad s designation of Ali to guide the nascent Muslim community he argues 20 The enemies of Islam despaired from destroying it 21 suggests Tabatabai because Ali s leadership would have rightly guided the Muslim community 20 Tabatabai argues that the perfection of religion in the Verse of Ikmal is the guardianship wilaya of Ali as opposed to the closure of the Islamic legislation advanced by some Sunni scholars For Tabatabai this Sunni view ignores the injunctions about riba which were revealed after the Verse of Ikmal Mavani adds that the traditions cited by Tabatabai are mutawatir that is they have numerous uninterrupted chains of transmissions 19 Tabatabai elsewhere challenges the Sunni view by arguing that the perfection of Islam in the Verse of Ikmal cannot refer to a minor occasion such as the promulgation of a religious injunction 22 He also argues that the perfection of religion in the Verse of Ikmal was the fulfillment of an earlier divine promise in verse 24 55 which reads God has made a promise to those among you who believe and do good deeds He will make them successors to the land as He did those who came before them He will strengthen the religion He has chosen for them He will grant them security to replace their fear They worship Me and do not join anything with Me 20 For Tabatabai the authority of the divine guides ulu al amr completes the spiritual authority wilaya of God and His prophet Nevertheless he adds all this was conditional on the obedience of Muslims to the divine instructions at the Ghadir Khumm per verse 8 53 of the Quran which includes the passage God would never change a favor He had conferred on a people unless they changed what was within themselves 20 See also EditFarewell Sermon Verse of Tabligh Verse of Wilaya Warning Verse Verse of Purification Verse of Obedience Verse of MawaddaReferences Edit a b c d Nasr et al 2015 p 648 a b Stewart 2002 a b c d e Veccia Vaglieri 2022 a b c d e f Amir Moezzi 2022 Campo 2009 Lalani 2011 Jafri 1979 p 18 Mavani 2013 p 79 Mavani 2013 p 80 Abbas 2021 p 81 Momen 1985 p 15 Abbas 2021 p 82 Al Shahrastani Gimaret amp Monnot 1986 p 479 Jafri 1979 p 20 Mavani 2013 p 70 a b c Abbas 2021 p 210 Nasr et al 2015 pp 650 1 a b c Nasr et al 2015 p 650 a b Mavani 2013 p 71 a b c d e Mavani 2013 pp 70 1 Tabatabai 1977 p 155 Tabatabai 1977 p 154 Sources EditStewart Devin J 2002 McAuliffe Jane Dammen ed Encyclopaedia of the Quran Vol 2 Brill p 178 ISBN 90 04 14743 8 Momen Moojan 1985 An Introduction to Shi i Islam Yale University Press ISBN 9780853982005 Abbas Hassan 2021 The prophet s heir The life of Ali ibn Abi Talib Yale University Press ISBN 9780300252057 Mavani Hamid 2013 Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi ism From Ali to Post Khomeini Routledge ISBN 9780415624404 Veccia Vaglieri L 2022 Ghadir Khumm Encyclopaedia of Islam Second ed Brill Reference Online Amir Moezzi Mohammad Ali 2022 Ghadir Khumm Encyclopaedia of Islam Third ed Brill Reference Online Jafri S H M 1979 Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam London Longman Campo Juan Eduardo ed 2009 Ghadir Khumm Encyclopedia of Islam Infobase Publishing p 257 ISBN 9781438126968 Hazleton Lesley 2013 The First Muslim the Story of Muhammad Atlantic Books Ltd ISBN 9781782392316 Lalani Arzina 2011 Ghadir Khumm Oxford Bibliographies Retrieved 9 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Al Shahrastani Muhammad Gimaret Daniel Monnot Guy 1986 Livre des religions et des sects Vol 1 Peeters Publishers ISBN 9789068310658 Tabatabai Muhammad Husayn 1977 Shiite Islam Translated by Nasr Hossein State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 87395 272 9 Nasr Seyyed Hossein Dagli Caner K Dakake Maria Massi Lumbard Joseph E B Rustom Mohammed 2015 The Study Quran A New Translation and Commentary Harper Collins ISBN 9780062227621 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Verse of Ikmal al Din amp oldid 1129288560, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.