Women's Freedom League
The Women's Freedom League[1] was an organisation in the United Kingdom from 1907 to 1961 which campaigned for women's suffrage, pacifism and sexual equality. It was founded by former members of the Women's Social and Political Union after the Pankhursts decided to rule without democratic support from their members.
Edith How-Martyn, Mrs Sproson, Charlotte Despard, Miss (Constance) Tite standing outside the WFL offices in the Victoria Institute | |
| Abbreviation | WFL |
|---|---|
| Formation | 12 October 1907 |
| Founder | Charlotte Despard Edith How-Martyn Caroline Hodgson Alice Abadam Teresa Billington-Greig Marion Coates-Hansen Irene Miller Bessie Drysdale Maude Fitzherbert |
| Type | Political movement for women's rights |
| Purpose | Votes for women |
| Headquarters | 1 Robert Street, Westminster, London; 30 Gordon Street, Glagow; 144 High Holborn, London |
| Motto | "Dare to be free" |
| Colours | Green, White and Gold |
Foundation and naming edit
After the announcement that the 1907 Annual Conference of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) would be cancelled and the organisation's committee replaced by one hand-picked by Emmeline Pankhurst, a meeting was held to discuss the unconstitutional action in Eustice Miles' restaurant, a vegetarian restaurant in Chandos Street, Charing Cross, near the Strand. As a result, a letter dated 14 September 1907 and signed by Charlotte Despard, Edith How-Martyn, Caroline Hodgson, Alice Abadam, Teresa Billington-Greig, Marion Coates-Hansen, Irene Miller,[2] Bessie Drysdale and Maude Fitzherbert was sent to Mrs Pankhurst insisting that the constitution be honoured, and the Conference be allowed to go ahead.[3]
The Pankhurst's refused the request, however the meeting was still held on 12 October 1907 at Caxton Hall. Officers and committee members were duly elected for a new organisation. One of the group's first actions was to choose a name for the new organisation via a referendum of the branches. The name "Women's Freedom League" was announced in the Women's Franchise suffrage newspaper as the winning choice on 28 November 1907.[3]
Ethos and activism edit
The League opposed violence in favour of non-violent forms of protest such as the non-payment of taxes, refusing to complete census forms and organising demonstrations, including members chaining themselves to objects in the Houses of Parliament. It grew to over 4,000 members and published The Vote newspaper weekly from 1909 to 1933.[4] Sarah Benett was the League's Treasurer until her resignation in 1910. Dr Elizabeth Knight was a source of funds for the Women's Freedom League. She took over as Treasurer from Constance Tite in 1912 where she improved the WFL's financial situation.[5] Before she was appointed, the league had had serious financial problems and on occasions had had to appeal to its members for loans. Knight introduced new fund raising schemes for the league although finances were improved by large donations by an "anonymous" person. It is suspected that this person was Knight.[6]
In 1912, Nina Boyle became head of the WFL's political and militant department.[7] She published many articles in the WFL's newspaper, The Vote. Boyle started a campaign for women to become Special Constables. This campaign coincided with the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and the call for volunteers for the war effort which Boyle wished to see taken up by women as well as men.[8] When the request was officially refused, Boyle, together with Margaret Damer Dawson, a wealthy philanthropist and herself a campaigner for women's rights,[9] established the first voluntary women's police force-the Women Police Volunteers (WPV).
The League continued their pacifism during the First World War, supporting the Women's Peace Council. On the outbreak of war, they had suspended their campaigns and undertook voluntary work.
In the 1918 general election, Despard, How-Martyn and Emily Frost Phipps stood unsuccessfully in London constituencies as independent women's rights anti-war candidates. They celebrated the achievement of suffrage and refocussed the WFL's activities on equality, including equal pay and equality of morality. The group declined in membership but continued under the leadership of Marian Reeves to organise annual birthday parties for Despard, and maintain the Minerva Club in Brunswick Square. After Reeves' died in 1961, the organisation voted to dissolve itself.[10]
The Vote and growth in the Women's Freedom League edit
After the creation of the Women's Freedom League in 1907, it grew rapidly throughout Great Britain. The executive committee included Amy Sanderson, Scottish suffragette.[11] The league consisted of sixty branches and had nearly four thousand members.[12] The league established its own newspaper called The Vote.[12] Members of the League who were writers led the production of the newspaper. Louisa Thomson-Price supplied the first cartoon in 1909.[13] The Vote became the primary means of communication with the public, informing readers of campaigns, protests, and events.[12] The newspaper helped to spread ideas concerning the First World War, allowing for the Women's Freedom League to advocate against the war.[12] Members of the League refused to become involved in campaigning efforts led by the British Army. Members were upset when the women's suffrage campaign came to a halt while the war was in progress.[12]
Protests and events edit
The League's main objective was to criticise, oppose and reform the government. The League held protests that advocated pacifism during the First World War.[14] Not only did the League oppose the war, but they also used peaceful forms of protest only such as refusing to complete census forms and not paying taxes.[14] For example, in 1908 and 1909 the members chained themselves to various objects in Parliament in order to protest against the Government.[14] On 28 October 1908, three members of the Women's Freedom League, Muriel Matters, Violet Tillard, and Helen Fox, released a banner at the House of Commons. The women also chained themselves to the grille above a window.[15] Law enforcement had to remove the grille while they were still attached until they could file off the locks that held them connected to the window. This protest became known as the Grille Incident.[15]
Two members of the League, Alice Chapin and Alison Neilans, attacked polling stations during the 1909 Bermondsey by-election, smashing bottles containing corrosive liquid over ballot boxes in an attempt to destroy votes. A presiding officer, George Thornley, was blinded in one eye in one of these attacks, and a Liberal agent suffered a severe burn to the neck. The count was delayed while ballot papers were carefully examined, 83 ballot papers were damaged but legible but two ballot papers became undecipherable.[16] Later they were sentenced to three months each in Holloway Prison.[17]
Suffragette sisters Muriel and Arabella Scott chained themselves to their seats at a political event and spoke out on behalf of WFL and WSPU policies, at by-election hustings across Scotland.[18]
The "Brown Women" were named after the brown coats that the walkers wore. Agnes Brown (coincidentally), Isabel Cowe and four others set off from Edinburgh to walk to London. They had white scarfs and green hats and as they travelled they gathered signatures for a petition for women's rights.[19] The hikers had to walk fifteen miles and attend a meeting each day and in this way they took five weeks to get to London.[20]
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Promotional material from the Women's Freedom League caravan tour (1908)
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Women's Freedom League caravan with Charlotte Despard (left) and Alison Neilans (right) seated inside
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Women's Freedom League at Women's Coronation Procession, London, 17 June 1911. Charlotte Despard stands in front of a group holding banners.
Commemorations edit
On 20 September 2023, English Heritage announced that the 1000th blue plaque in London would be placed at 1 Robert Street in Westminster, London. This was the site of the Women's Freedom League's headquarters for its "most active period" between 1908 and 1915.[21][22]
Archives edit
The archives of the Women's Freedom League are held in The Women's Library at the Library of the London School of Economics.[23]
See also edit
- Minerva Café, opened by the Women's Freedom league in 1916
- Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
- List of suffragists and suffragettes
- Timeline of women's suffrage
- Women's suffrage organisations
- History of feminism
References edit
- ^ Crawford, Elizabeth. the Women's Suffrage movement in Britain and Ireland: a regional survey.
- ^ "Miss Irene Fenwick Miller / Database - Women's Suffrage Resources". www.suffrageresources.org.uk. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Dare to be Free - the Women's Freedom League". LSE History. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ The Publishers Weekly 1909 – Volume 76 – Page 1922 "A New woman suffrage weekly paper has just appeared in London, entitled The Vote."
- ^ WFL Caravan tour.
- ^ Eustance, Claire Louise (1993). ""DARING TO BE FREE": THE EVOLUTION OF WOMEN'S POLITICAL IDENTITIES IN THE WOMEN'S FREEDOM LEAGUE 1907 - 1930" (PDF). Whiterose.ac.uk (York Uni). Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ R M Douglas, Feminist freikorps: the British voluntary women police, 1914–1940 ; Praeger, 1999 p. 10
- ^ The Times, 15 August 1914 p. 9
- ^ "Damer_Dawson". www.historybytheyard.co.uk.
- ^ "Reeves, Marian". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/63885. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004. Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2006. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-7486-2660-1. OCLC 367680960.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c d e "Women's Freedom League". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^ "Louisa Thomson-Price". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ a b c "Women's Freedom League – Women of Tunbridge Wells". www.womenshistorykent.org. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^ a b "Women's Freedom League". UK Parliament. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^ The Times, 29 October 1909
- ^ team, London SE1 website. "Centenary of Bermondsey suffragette protest". London SE1.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ ""By election at the Kilmarnock Burghs"". Votes for Women. 22 September 1911. p. 83.
- ^ Eleanor Gordon, ‘Brown, Agnes Henderson (1866–1943)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2007 accessed 23 May 2017
- ^ "The Brown Sisters". www.cheztiana.eclipse.co.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ^ "English Heritage unveils 1000th London Blue Plaque". English Heritage. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ Bridge, Mark (19 September 2023). "Suffragist HQ honoured with London's 1,000th blue plaque". History First. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ Science, London School of Economics and Political. "Library". London School of Economics and Political Science.
External links edit
- Google News archive of The Vote
- The Women's Library, which holds extensive suffrage collections
- Spartacus on the Women's Freedom League