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The Scorpion and the Frog

February 13, 2023

The Scorpion and the Frog is an animal fable which teaches that vicious people cannot resist hurting others even when it is not in their own interests. This fable seems to have emerged in Russia in the early 20th century.

The frog carrying the scorpion across the river.

Synopsis

A scorpion wants to cross a river but cannot swim, so it asks a frog to carry it across. The frog hesitates, afraid that the scorpion might sting it, but the scorpion promises not to, pointing out that it would drown if it killed the frog in the middle of the river. The frog considers this argument sensible and agrees to transport the scorpion. Midway across the river, the scorpion stings the frog anyway, dooming them both. The dying frog asks the scorpion why it stung despite knowing the consequence, to which the scorpion replies: "I am sorry, but I couldn't resist the urge. It's in my nature."[1]

Origins

The earliest known appearance of this fable is in the 1933 Russian novel, The German Quarter by Lev Nitoburg.[2] The fable also appears in the 1944 novel, The Hunter of the Pamirs, and this is the earliest known appearance of the fable in English.[3] The Hunter of the Pamirs is an English translation of the 1940 Russian novel, Jura by Georgii Tushkan, but the fable does not appear in the original Russian. The fable appears in the final chapter of The Hunter of the Pamirs, but does not appear at the corresponding location in Jura.

In the English-speaking world, the fable was made famous by the 1955 film Mr. Arkadin. It is recounted in a soliloquy by the movie's villain, played by Orson Welles.[4][5] In an interview, Welles mentioned that the fable is Russian in origin.[6]

Precursors

The Scorpion and the Turtle

 
An illustration of "The Scorpion and the Turtle", from a 19th-century edition of the Anvaar Soheili, a Persian collection of fables.

A likely precursor to this fable is the Persian fable of The Scorpion and the Turtle. This earlier fable appears in the Anvaar Soheili, a collection of fables written c. 1500 by the Persian scholar Husayn Kashifi.[7] The Anvaar Soheili contains fables translated from the Panchatantra, a collection of Indian fables written in Sanskrit, but The Scorpion and the Turtle does not appear in the Panchatantra, which suggests that the fable is Persian in origin.[8]

In the Scorpion and the Turtle, it is a turtle that carries the scorpion across the river, and the turtle survives the scorpion's sting thanks to its protective shell. The turtle is baffled by the scorpion's behavior because they are old friends and the scorpion must have known that its stinger would not pierce the turtle's shell. The scorpion responds that it acted neither out of malice nor ingratitude, but merely an irresistible and indiscriminate urge to sting. The turtle then delivers the following reflection: "Truly have the sages said that to cherish a base character is to give one's honor to the wind, and to involve one's own self in embarrassment."[9]

The moral of this fable is thus stated explicitly, and not left to interpretation. Another important difference is that the scorpion does not anticipate drowning. In some later versions of this fable, the turtle punishes the scorpion by drowning it anyway.[10]

Aesop

The Scorpion and the Frog is sometimes attributed to Aesop as its true author is unknown, though it does not appear in any collection of Aesop's fables prior to the 20th century.[8][11] However, there are a number of ancient fables traditionally attributed to Aesop which teach a similar moral, the closest parallels being The Farmer and the Viper and The Frog and the Mouse.

Interpretations

A common interpretation of this fable is that people with vicious personalities cannot resist hurting others even when it is not in their interests.[12]

The Italian writer Giancarlo Livraghi has commented that while there are plenty of animal fables which warn against trusting vicious people, in none of these other fables is the villain irrationally self-destructive and fully aware of it.[11]

To a social psychologist, the fable may present a dispositionist view of human nature because it seems to reject the idea that people behave rationally according to circumstances.[13] The French sociologist Jean-Claude Passeron saw the scorpion as a metaphor for Machiavellian politicians who delude themselves by their unconscious tendency to rationalize their ill-conceived plans, and thereby lead themselves and their followers to ruin.[14] The psychologist Kevin Dutton saw the scorpion as a metaphor for psychopaths, whose impulsive and vicious personalities frequently get them into unnecessary trouble, often hurting the people they depend on, such as their own families.[15]

When the villain of the movie Mr. Arkadin recounts this fable, he uses the word "character" in lieu of "nature", and he concludes by saying "let's drink to character". For director Orson Welles, the word "character" had two meanings: it could mean one's natural instincts, but also how one chooses to behave. The scorpion couldn't resist its natural urge to sting, but it also chose to be honest about it to the frog. Orson Welles believed that this frankness gave the scorpion a certain charm and tragic dignity.[16]

Other contexts

Since the fable's narration in Mr. Arkadin,[4][5] it has been recounted in other films, such as Skin Deep (1989),[17] The Crying Game (1992),[18] Drive (2011),[19] and The Devil's Carnival (2012).[20] In addition, references to the fable have appeared in comics,[21] television shows,[22] and in newspaper articles,[23] some of which have applied it to the relationship between big business and government[24] and to politics,[25] especially the bitter nature of Middle Eastern politics such as the Arab–Israeli conflict[26][27] and in Iran.[28]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Paraphrased from a number of sources, including The Hunter of the Pamirs and Mr. Arkadin. The movie Mr. Arkadin uses the word "character" in lieu of "nature". Russian versions of the tale tend to use the word "характер" (kharakter).
  2. ^ Nitoburg (1933). The German Quarter [Немецкая слобода], pp. 232-233.
  3. ^ Tushkan (1944). The Hunter of the Pamirs, p. 320.
  4. ^ a b The scene in Mr Arkadin where Orson Welles recounts the tale of the scorpion and the frog on YouTube. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
  5. ^ a b Richard Brody (March 30, 2010). "DVD of the Week: Mr. Arkadin". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  6. ^ Bazin et al. (1958). "Interview with Orson Welles", p. 25: French: "L'histoire du scorpion, elle, est d'origine russe.", lit. '"The story of the scorpion is of Russian origin."'
  7. ^ Ruymbeke (2016). Kashefi's Anvar-e Sohayli, p. 292.
  8. ^ a b Takeda (2011)
  9. ^ Eastwick (1854), pp. 133–134: "The Scorpion answered, ‘God forbid that sentiments like these should approach my mind in the whole course of my life or should have ever done so! It is nothing more than this, that my nature instigates me to sting, whether I wound the back of a friend or the breast of a foe.
    The tortoise reflected thus, ‘Truly have the sages said that to cherish a base character is to give one's own honor to the wind, and to involve one’s own self in embarrassment.’"
  10. ^ Dutton (1908). The Tortoise and the Geese, pp. 12-13.
  11. ^ a b Giancarlo Livraghi (March 2007). "The Scorpion and the Frog". gandalf.it. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  12. ^ Takeda (2011): German: Die Moral der Fabel besagt: Manche Menschen handeln von Natur aus mörderisch und selbst-mörderisch zugleich., lit. 'The moral of the fable says: Some people act naturally murderous and self-murderous at the same time.'
  13. ^ Lasine (2012). Weighing Hearts, p. 110.
  14. ^ Passeron (2001), section VI, paragraph 101.
  15. ^ Dutton (2012), chpt. 1
  16. ^ Bazin et al. (1958). "Interview with Orson Welles", p. 24: French: "Le but de cette histoire est de dire que l'homme qui déclare à la face du monde: je suis comme je suis, c'est à prendre ou à laisser, que cet homme a une sorte de dignité tragique. [...] J'aime toujours qu'un homme avoue être un salaud, un meurtrier, ou tout ce que vous voudrez, et me dise: j'ai tué trois personnes. C'est immédiatement mon frère, parce qu'il est franc. Je pense que la franchise n'excuse pas le crime, mais elle le rend très attirant, elle lui donne du charme."
  17. ^ Wasson (2011). A Splurch in the Kisser, p. 296.
  18. ^ Norman N. Holland. "Neil Jordan, The Crying Game, 1992". A Sharper Focus. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  19. ^ Peter Canavese (September 16, 2011). "Review: 'Drive'". Mountain View Voice. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  20. ^ Lenika Cruz (August 17, 2012). "How the Creators of The Devil's Carnival Said 'Screw You' to Hollywood and Gained a Cult Following". LA Weekly. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  21. ^ As Grimm Fairy Tales #39 (June 2009). Zenescope Entertainment.
  22. ^ Star Trek: Voyager, "Scorpion" (Season 4, Episode 1, 1997); The Sopranos, "Bust Out" (Season 2, Episode 10, 2000); Gilmore Girls, Season 6, Episode 1 (2005); 2006's episode 2, Season 2 of How I Met Your Mother; 2016's episode 5, Season 4 of Motive; 2017's episode 8, Season 13 of Supernatural; 2019's episode 10, Season 2 of Teen Wolf.
  23. ^ Maurice Saatchi (May 29, 2007). "Google data versus human nature". Financial Times. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  24. ^ Ryan Ellis (April 24, 2015). "The Scorpion And The Frog: A Tale Of Modern Capitalism". Forbes. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  25. ^ Murray Forseter (June 9, 2017). "GOP Effort to Control Trump Is the Embodiment of the Fable "The Scorpion and the Frog"". HuffPost. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  26. ^ Anon. . The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  27. ^ Patrick Kiker (July 16, 2006). "...Because It's The Middle East". CBS News. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  28. ^ United Nations (June 29, 2017). "Accord on Iran's Nuclear Programme Remains on Track, Political Affairs Chief Tells Security Council". United Nations, SC/12894. Retrieved March 19, 2020.

Bibliography

  • Aaron Schuster (2016). The Trouble with Pleasure. Deleuze and Psychoanalysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780262528597.
  • André Bazin; Charles Bitsch; Jean Domarchi (September 1958). "Entretien avec Orson Welles" [Interview with Orson Welles]. Cahiers du Cinéma (in French). Vol. 15, no. 87. Editions de l'Etoile.
    • An English translation of this interview is available on Wellesnet.com (May 22, 2006)
  • Arata Takeda (March 2011). "Blumenreiche Handelswege: Ost-westliche Streifzüge auf den Spuren der Fabel Der Skorpion und der Frosch" [Flowery Trade Routes: East-Western forays into the footsteps of the fable The Scorpion and the Frog]. Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte (in German). 85 (1): 124–152. doi:10.1007/BF03374756. S2CID 170169337.
  • Christine van Ruymbeke (2016). Kashefi's Anvar-e Sohayli: Rewriting Kalila wa-Dimna in Timurid Herat. Brill. ISBN 9789004314757.
  • Georgii Tushkan (1940). Джура [Jura] (in Russian).
    • Georgi Tushkan (1944) [Original Russian edition published in 1940]. The Hunter of the Pamirs: A Novel of Adventure in Soviet Central Asia. Translated by Gerard Shelley. Hutchinson & Co.
  • Ḥusain Vá'iẓ u'l-Kashifí (1854) [First published c. 1500]. The Anvar-i-Suhaili; or The Lights Of Canopus. Translated by Edward B. Eastwick. Stephen Austin.
  • Jean-Claude Passeron (2001). "La forme des preuves dans les sciences historiques" [The form of evidence in the historical sciences]. Revue européenne des sciences sociales (in French). 39 (120): 31–76. doi:10.4000/ress.655.
  • Lev Nitoburg (1933). Немецкая слобода [The German Quarter] (in Russian). Советская литература [Soviet literature].
  • Martin Fitzgerald (2000). Orson Welles: The Pocket Essential Guide. Summersdale Publishers LTD - ROW. ISBN 9781848396807.
  • Martin Litchfield West (1984). "The Ascription of Fables to Aesop in Archaic and Classical Greece" (PDF). In Olivier Reverdin (ed.). La Fable (Entretiens Sur L'Antiquité Classique vol. 30). Fondation Hardt.
  • Maude Barrows Dutton (1908). The Tortoise and the Geese : and Other Fables of Bidpai. Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Sam Wasson (2011). A Splurch in the Kisser. The Movies of Blake Edwards. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. p. 296. ISBN 9780819569776.
  • Simon Callow (2015). Orson Welles, Volume 3: One-Man Band. Random House. ISBN 9781473545762.
  • Stuart Lasine (2012). Weighing Hearts: Character, Judgment, and the Ethics of Reading the Bible. T & T Clark International. ISBN 9780567426741.
  • Sylvia M. Vardell (2019). Children's Literature in Action: A Librarian's Guide (3 ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440867798.
  • Thomas James (1852). "Fable 21 - The Mouse and the Frog (p. 14)". Aesop's Fables. A New Version, Chiefly From Original Sources. Illustrated by Sir John Tenniel. London: John Murray.
  • Kevin Dutton (2012). The Wisdom of Psychopaths. Random House. ISBN 9781409023296.

February 13, 2023
scorpion, frog, animal, fable, which, teaches, that, vicious, people, cannot, resist, hurting, others, even, when, their, interests, this, fable, seems, have, emerged, russia, early, 20th, century, frog, carrying, scorpion, across, river, contents, synopsis, o. The Scorpion and the Frog is an animal fable which teaches that vicious people cannot resist hurting others even when it is not in their own interests This fable seems to have emerged in Russia in the early 20th century The frog carrying the scorpion across the river Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Origins 3 Precursors 3 1 The Scorpion and the Turtle 3 2 Aesop 4 Interpretations 5 Other contexts 6 Footnotes 7 BibliographySynopsis EditA scorpion wants to cross a river but cannot swim so it asks a frog to carry it across The frog hesitates afraid that the scorpion might sting it but the scorpion promises not to pointing out that it would drown if it killed the frog in the middle of the river The frog considers this argument sensible and agrees to transport the scorpion Midway across the river the scorpion stings the frog anyway dooming them both The dying frog asks the scorpion why it stung despite knowing the consequence to which the scorpion replies I am sorry but I couldn t resist the urge It s in my nature 1 Origins EditThe earliest known appearance of this fable is in the 1933 Russian novel The German Quarter by Lev Nitoburg 2 The fable also appears in the 1944 novel The Hunter of the Pamirs and this is the earliest known appearance of the fable in English 3 The Hunter of the Pamirs is an English translation of the 1940 Russian novel Jura by Georgii Tushkan but the fable does not appear in the original Russian The fable appears in the final chapter of The Hunter of the Pamirs but does not appear at the corresponding location in Jura In the English speaking world the fable was made famous by the 1955 film Mr Arkadin It is recounted in a soliloquy by the movie s villain played by Orson Welles 4 5 In an interview Welles mentioned that the fable is Russian in origin 6 Precursors EditThe Scorpion and the Turtle Edit An illustration of The Scorpion and the Turtle from a 19th century edition of the Anvaar Soheili a Persian collection of fables A likely precursor to this fable is the Persian fable of The Scorpion and the Turtle This earlier fable appears in the Anvaar Soheili a collection of fables written c 1500 by the Persian scholar Husayn Kashifi 7 The Anvaar Soheili contains fables translated from the Panchatantra a collection of Indian fables written in Sanskrit but The Scorpion and the Turtle does not appear in the Panchatantra which suggests that the fable is Persian in origin 8 In the Scorpion and the Turtle it is a turtle that carries the scorpion across the river and the turtle survives the scorpion s sting thanks to its protective shell The turtle is baffled by the scorpion s behavior because they are old friends and the scorpion must have known that its stinger would not pierce the turtle s shell The scorpion responds that it acted neither out of malice nor ingratitude but merely an irresistible and indiscriminate urge to sting The turtle then delivers the following reflection Truly have the sages said that to cherish a base character is to give one s honor to the wind and to involve one s own self in embarrassment 9 The moral of this fable is thus stated explicitly and not left to interpretation Another important difference is that the scorpion does not anticipate drowning In some later versions of this fable the turtle punishes the scorpion by drowning it anyway 10 Aesop Edit The Scorpion and the Frog is sometimes attributed to Aesop as its true author is unknown though it does not appear in any collection of Aesop s fables prior to the 20th century 8 11 However there are a number of ancient fables traditionally attributed to Aesop which teach a similar moral the closest parallels being The Farmer and the Viper and The Frog and the Mouse Interpretations EditA common interpretation of this fable is that people with vicious personalities cannot resist hurting others even when it is not in their interests 12 The Italian writer Giancarlo Livraghi has commented that while there are plenty of animal fables which warn against trusting vicious people in none of these other fables is the villain irrationally self destructive and fully aware of it 11 To a social psychologist the fable may present a dispositionist view of human nature because it seems to reject the idea that people behave rationally according to circumstances 13 The French sociologist Jean Claude Passeron saw the scorpion as a metaphor for Machiavellian politicians who delude themselves by their unconscious tendency to rationalize their ill conceived plans and thereby lead themselves and their followers to ruin 14 The psychologist Kevin Dutton saw the scorpion as a metaphor for psychopaths whose impulsive and vicious personalities frequently get them into unnecessary trouble often hurting the people they depend on such as their own families 15 When the villain of the movie Mr Arkadin recounts this fable he uses the word character in lieu of nature and he concludes by saying let s drink to character For director Orson Welles the word character had two meanings it could mean one s natural instincts but also how one chooses to behave The scorpion couldn t resist its natural urge to sting but it also chose to be honest about it to the frog Orson Welles believed that this frankness gave the scorpion a certain charm and tragic dignity 16 Other contexts EditSince the fable s narration in Mr Arkadin 4 5 it has been recounted in other films such as Skin Deep 1989 17 The Crying Game 1992 18 Drive 2011 19 and The Devil s Carnival 2012 20 In addition references to the fable have appeared in comics 21 television shows 22 and in newspaper articles 23 some of which have applied it to the relationship between big business and government 24 and to politics 25 especially the bitter nature of Middle Eastern politics such as the Arab Israeli conflict 26 27 and in Iran 28 Footnotes Edit Paraphrased from a number of sources including The Hunter of the Pamirs and Mr Arkadin The movie Mr Arkadin uses the word character in lieu of nature Russian versions of the tale tend to use the word harakter kharakter Nitoburg 1933 The German Quarter Nemeckaya sloboda pp 232 233 Tushkan 1944 The Hunter of the Pamirs p 320 a b The scene in Mr Arkadin where Orson Welles recounts the tale of the scorpion and the frog on YouTube Retrieved August 2 2016 a b Richard Brody March 30 2010 DVD of the Week Mr Arkadin The New Yorker Retrieved February 25 2020 Bazin et al 1958 Interview with Orson Welles p 25 French L histoire du scorpion elle est d origine russe lit The story of the scorpion is of Russian origin Ruymbeke 2016 Kashefi s Anvar e Sohayli p 292 a b Takeda 2011 Eastwick 1854 pp 133 134 The Scorpion answered God forbid that sentiments like these should approach my mind in the whole course of my life or should have ever done so It is nothing more than this that my nature instigates me to sting whether I wound the back of a friend or the breast of a foe The tortoise reflected thus Truly have the sages said that to cherish a base character is to give one s own honor to the wind and to involve one s own self in embarrassment Dutton 1908 The Tortoise and the Geese pp 12 13 a b Giancarlo Livraghi March 2007 The Scorpion and the Frog gandalf it Retrieved February 25 2020 Takeda 2011 German Die Moral der Fabel besagt Manche Menschen handeln von Natur aus morderisch und selbst morderisch zugleich lit The moral of the fable says Some people act naturally murderous and self murderous at the same time Lasine 2012 Weighing Hearts p 110 Passeron 2001 section VI paragraph 101 Dutton 2012 chpt 1 Bazin et al 1958 Interview with Orson Welles p 24 French Le but de cette histoire est de dire que l homme qui declare a la face du monde je suis comme je suis c est a prendre ou a laisser que cet homme a une sorte de dignite tragique J aime toujours qu un homme avoue etre un salaud un meurtrier ou tout ce que vous voudrez et me dise j ai tue trois personnes C est immediatement mon frere parce qu il est franc Je pense que la franchise n excuse pas le crime mais elle le rend tres attirant elle lui donne du charme Wasson 2011 A Splurch in the Kisser p 296 Norman N Holland Neil Jordan The Crying Game 1992 A Sharper Focus Retrieved March 19 2020 Peter Canavese September 16 2011 Review Drive Mountain View Voice Retrieved March 19 2020 Lenika Cruz August 17 2012 How the Creators of The Devil s Carnival Said Screw You to Hollywood and Gained a Cult Following LA Weekly Retrieved July 23 2020 As Grimm Fairy Tales 39 June 2009 Zenescope Entertainment Star Trek Voyager Scorpion Season 4 Episode 1 1997 The Sopranos Bust Out Season 2 Episode 10 2000 Gilmore Girls Season 6 Episode 1 2005 2006 s episode 2 Season 2 of How I Met Your Mother 2016 s episode 5 Season 4 of Motive 2017 s episode 8 Season 13 of Supernatural 2019 s episode 10 Season 2 of Teen Wolf Maurice Saatchi May 29 2007 Google data versus human nature Financial Times Retrieved March 19 2020 Ryan Ellis April 24 2015 The Scorpion And The Frog A Tale Of Modern Capitalism Forbes Retrieved March 20 2020 Murray Forseter June 9 2017 GOP Effort to Control Trump Is the Embodiment of the Fable The Scorpion and the Frog HuffPost Retrieved March 19 2020 Anon Compromise is still seen as surrender The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on February 26 2016 Retrieved March 19 2020 Patrick Kiker July 16 2006 Because It s The Middle East CBS News Retrieved March 19 2020 United Nations June 29 2017 Accord on Iran s Nuclear Programme Remains on Track Political Affairs Chief Tells Security Council United Nations SC 12894 Retrieved March 19 2020 Bibliography EditAaron Schuster 2016 The Trouble with Pleasure Deleuze and Psychoanalysis Cambridge Massachusetts MIT Press p 70 ISBN 9780262528597 Andre Bazin Charles Bitsch Jean Domarchi September 1958 Entretien avec Orson Welles Interview with Orson Welles Cahiers du Cinema in French Vol 15 no 87 Editions de l Etoile An English translation of this interview is available on Wellesnet com May 22 2006 Arata Takeda March 2011 Blumenreiche Handelswege Ost westliche Streifzuge auf den Spuren der Fabel Der Skorpion und der Frosch Flowery Trade Routes East Western forays into the footsteps of the fable The Scorpion and the Frog Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift fur Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte in German 85 1 124 152 doi 10 1007 BF03374756 S2CID 170169337 Christine van Ruymbeke 2016 Kashefi s Anvar e Sohayli Rewriting Kalila wa Dimna in Timurid Herat Brill ISBN 9789004314757 Georgii Tushkan 1940 Dzhura Jura in Russian Georgi Tushkan 1944 Original Russian edition published in 1940 The Hunter of the Pamirs A Novel of Adventure in Soviet Central Asia Translated by Gerard Shelley Hutchinson amp Co Ḥusain Va iẓ u l Kashifi 1854 First published c 1500 The Anvar i Suhaili or The Lights Of Canopus Translated by Edward B Eastwick Stephen Austin Jean Claude Passeron 2001 La forme des preuves dans les sciences historiques The form of evidence in the historical sciences Revue europeenne des sciences sociales in French 39 120 31 76 doi 10 4000 ress 655 Lev Nitoburg 1933 Nemeckaya sloboda The German Quarter in Russian Sovetskaya literatura Soviet literature Martin Fitzgerald 2000 Orson Welles The Pocket Essential Guide Summersdale Publishers LTD ROW ISBN 9781848396807 Martin Litchfield West 1984 The Ascription of Fables to Aesop in Archaic and Classical Greece PDF In Olivier Reverdin ed La Fable Entretiens Sur L Antiquite Classique vol 30 Fondation Hardt Maude Barrows Dutton 1908 The Tortoise and the Geese and Other Fables of Bidpai Houghton Mifflin Company Sam Wasson 2011 A Splurch in the Kisser The Movies of Blake Edwards Middletown Connecticut Wesleyan University Press p 296 ISBN 9780819569776 Simon Callow 2015 Orson Welles Volume 3 One Man Band Random House ISBN 9781473545762 Stuart Lasine 2012 Weighing Hearts Character Judgment and the Ethics of Reading the Bible T amp T Clark International ISBN 9780567426741 Sylvia M Vardell 2019 Children s Literature in Action A Librarian s Guide 3 ed ABC CLIO ISBN 9781440867798 Thomas James 1852 Fable 21 The Mouse and the Frog p 14 Aesop s Fables A New Version Chiefly From Original Sources Illustrated by Sir John Tenniel London John Murray Kevin Dutton 2012 The Wisdom of Psychopaths Random House ISBN 9781409023296 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Scorpion and the Frog amp oldid 1135764639, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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