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Lavnin

May 08, 2024

Lavnin (Hurvat Libnah / Tel Lavnin / Kh. Tell el-Beida)(Hebrew: חורבת לבנין)(Arabic: خربة تل البيضة), is a late Bronze Age archaeological site situated in Israel's Adullam region, rising some 389 metres (1,276 ft) above sea level. The site lies 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northwest of Beit Gubrin, and about 1 kilometer west-north-west of Khirbat Umm Burj, directly south of Nehusha.

Lavnin
Khurbet Tell el-Beida
Den carved in white stone at Lavnin ruin
Shown within Israel
Alternative nameLibnah
Location
RegionJudaean Mountains
Coordinates31°38′25″N 34°57′03″E / 31.64028°N 34.95083°E / 31.64028; 34.95083
Grid position145116 PAL
History
FoundedCanaanite period
Abandonedunknown
PeriodsLate Bronze, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine
CulturesCanaanite, Jewish, Greco-Roman
Site notes
Excavation dates2001
ConditionRuin

In April 2019, the Jerusalem District Planning and Building Committee announced that the site would be incorporated into a new national park in the Judean Shephelah, called the "Lavnin Ridge Nature Reserve and National Park," an area to span over 1,000 dunams (250 acres) within the Mateh Yehuda Regional Council.[1]

Etymology and identification edit

The name Lavnin is a reflection of popular etymology, the modern Hebrew name being a translation of the Arabic word Beida, meaning "white."[2] Others say that its modern name represents "the hill of bricks," hence: Tell Livnin (livanim), based on a different pronunciation of the Hebrew that is typically written without vowels.[3] Archaeologists are divided as to the site's original name, some holding the view that it may have been the biblical Libnah (Joshua 15:42; 21:13)[4] based on its Arabic name, while others thought it to have been the Chezib of Judah,[5] or the Azekah (Joshua 10:10-11[6]) mentioned by Epiphanius.[3]

Depending on whether the site was the same as Lobana, as described by Eusebius in his Onomasticon as "now being a village in Eleutheropolitana" (in the vicinity of Beit Gubrin), the town would have still been settled and occupied as late as the 4th-century CE.[7] Archaeologist Boaz Zissu rejects the notion that the site could have been Chezib of Judah, saying that "since Khirbet Tell el-Bēḍā / Tel Lavnīn was clearly occupied during the Byzantine Period, it is questionable whether this site is the same as Eusebius’ ruined Chasbi."[8] Others proposed that Libnah may be the ruin known as Tell eṣ-Ṣāfi,[9] a view now largely rejected.[10] Travellers C.W.M. van de Velde and H.B. Tristram both placed the ancient ruin of Libnah at the ruin called ʻIrâq el-Menshiyeh, where Kiryat Gat now stands;[11] this view is also now largely rejected.

Lt. Col. Conder of the Palestine Exploration Fund professed to be uncertain about the site of the biblical Libnah, and was equally unfamiliar with the connection between the Arabic name el-Beida and Libnah (= "white"), although acknowledging that "it (Libnah) indicates the 'white' chalk of the Southern Shephelah, and it was taken by Joshua (Joshua 10:30) after Makkedah and before Lachish and Hebron."[12]

Flora and fauna edit

The Mediterranean plants endemic to the area are the Palestine oak (Quercus calliprinos), terebinth (Pistacia atlantica), lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus), buckthorn (Rhamnus lycioides), and strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne). Some of these trees have protected status. The area abounds also in fowl such as the partridge (Alectoris chukar), the honey-sucker, the bulbul (Pycnonotus xanthopygos), the black-headed bunting, and the titmouse. The species of agamid lizard, Laudakia stellio, and hares (Lepus) are also common to this region. More rarely, the mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) and the honey-badger (Mellivora capensis) may be seen.

Archaeology edit

 
Lintel on the hilltop
 
Jewish burial cave and blocking stone

Lieut. H. H. Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund visited the site between the years 1874–75 and noted many caves, in one of which there were 120 niches in the wall, apparently used for urns.[13] The site is similar to many of those in the region, having a network of underground hiding complexes, thought to date back to the Bar Kokhba revolt.[14]

During an archaeological survey of the site in 1998, Israel Antiquities Authority archaeologist Boaz Zissu described what appeared to be a "lion's den" at Tel Lavnin (having a side-entrance and an observation point from above), a Second Temple period ritual bath (mikveh), burial tombs from the same period, fortifications, and Byzantine era graffiti on the walls.[15]

In 2001, Zissu, on behalf of the IAA, conducted a second survey of the site,[16] which abounds with burial caves, and contains a columbarium, along with water cisterns carved into the bedrock. A decorated lintel rests at the top of the hill. A small area containing two pits and a room with an arched vault built of ashlar stones was exposed in the northeastern part.

See also edit




Gallery edit

  •  
    Deep cistern at the Lavnin ruin
  •  
    Cave entrance at Lavnin
  •  
    Open pit at the Lavnin ruins
  •  
    Gaping hole of pit
  •  
    General ruins at Lavnin (Kh. Tell el-Beida)
  •  
    Stone relics at Lavnin ruin
  •  
    View of valley below Kh. Tell el-Beida
  •  
    Wall structure at Lavnin
  •  
    Hilltop ruin of Tell el-Beida (Lavnin)

References edit

  1. ^ Bekitzur: Mateh Yehudah News Journal, issue 496, 18 April 2019, p. 20; Ha-Aretz 16 April 2019 (Hebrew)
  2. ^ Palmer, E.H. (1881), p. 402; lit. "the ruin of the white mound".
  3. ^ a b Notley, R.S. & Safrai, Z. (2005), p. 19, note 47
  4. ^ Hawk, L. Daniel (2010), p. 126
  5. ^ Avraham Negev & Shimon Gibson (2001), p. 16 (s.v. Achzib [a]); A. F. Rainey (1983), p. 5; Pinhas Ne'eman, ed. (1963–1966), s.v. כזיב; F. M. Abel, Géogr. II, p. 237; ZDPV 1934, p. 124.
  6. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Joshua 10:10-11 - New King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
  7. ^ Chapmann III, R.L.; et al. (2003), p. 68, s.v. Lebna
  8. ^ Zissu, B. & Gass, E. (2011), p. 381
  9. ^ Albright, W.F. (1921-22), pp. 12-13
  10. ^ Kallai-Kleinmann, Z. (1958), p. 155
  11. ^ Press, Michael D. (2014), p. 183
  12. ^ Conder (1897), p. 69
  13. ^ Conder & Kitchener (1883), p. 369
  14. ^ Zissu, B. & Ganor, A. (2008), p. 62
  15. ^ Zissu, B. (1999), pp. 563-573
  16. ^ IAA Report on Tel Lavnin - 2001

Further reading edit

  • Klein, Eitan; Shai, Itzhaq (2016). "Burial Caves from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages at Horvat Lavnin in the Judean Shephelah". Tel Aviv. Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 43 (2): 221–238. doi:10.1080/03344355.2016.1215554. S2CID 133071420.

Bibliography edit

  • Albright, W.F. (1921–22). "Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine". The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 2–3. New Haven: Yale University Press: 1–46. doi:10.2307/3768450. JSTOR 3768450.
  • Chapmann III, R.L.; Taylor, J.E., eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 68. ISBN 965-220-500-1. OCLC 937002750., s.v. Lebna
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Conder, C.R. (1897). "Libnah". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 29: 69.
  • Hawk, L. Daniel (2010). Joshua in 3-D: A Commentary on Biblical Conquest and Manifest Destiny. Eugene, Ore.: Cascade Books. p. 126. ISBN 9781606088197. OCLC 636959402.
  • Kallai-Kleinmann, Z. (1958). "The Town Lists of Judah, Simeon, Benjamin and Dan". Vetus Testamentum. 8 (2). Leiden: Brill: 134–160. doi:10.2307/1516086. JSTOR 1516086.
  • Ne'eman, Pinhas, ed. (1963–1966), "כזיב", Encyclopedia of Biblical Geography, Tel Aviv: Yehoshua Tchechik
  • Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001). Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York. ISBN 978-0-8264-1316-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Notley, R. Steven; Safrai, Z. (2005). Eusebius, Onomasticon - The Place Names of Divine Scripture. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-0-391-04217-9.
  • Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Press, Michael D. (2014). "The Arabic Names of Tẹ̄l ʿẸ̄rānī and ʿIrāq el-Menšīye". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 130 (2). Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas: 181–193. JSTOR 43664932.
  • Rainey, A.F. (1983). "The Biblical Shephelah of Judah". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (251): 1–22. doi:10.2307/1356823. JSTOR 1356823. S2CID 163604987.
  • Zissu, Boaz [in Hebrew]; Ganor, Amir (2008). "Survey and Excavations at Ḥorbat Burgin in the Judean Shephelah: Burial Caves, Hiding Complexes and Installations of the Second Temple and Byzantine Periods". 'Atiqot. 58: 60–64. JSTOR 23464336.
  • Zissu, Boaz [in Hebrew] (1999). "Daniel in the Lion's Den (?) at Tel Lavnin, Judaean Shefelah". Revue Biblique (in French). 106 (4). Jerusalem: 563–573. JSTOR i40170804.
  • Zissu, Boaz [in Hebrew]; Gass, Erasmus (2011), "The Identification of Biblical Achzib at Khirbet ʿĒn el-Kizbe in the Judean Shephelah, and the Origins of Shimon Bar Kokhba", 'Go Out and Study the Land' (Judges 18:2), Leiden: Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004214132_023, ISBN 9789004214132

External links edit

  • Survey of Western Palestine, Map 21: IAA, Wikimedia commons

May 08, 2024
lavnin, hurvat, libnah, tell, beida, hebrew, חורבת, לבנין, arabic, خربة, تل, البيضة, late, bronze, archaeological, site, situated, israel, adullam, region, rising, some, metres, above, level, site, lies, kilometres, northwest, beit, gubrin, about, kilometer, w. Lavnin Hurvat Libnah Tel Lavnin Kh Tell el Beida Hebrew חורבת לבנין Arabic خربة تل البيضة is a late Bronze Age archaeological site situated in Israel s Adullam region rising some 389 metres 1 276 ft above sea level The site lies 8 kilometres 5 0 mi northwest of Beit Gubrin and about 1 kilometer west north west of Khirbat Umm Burj directly south of Nehusha LavninKhurbet Tell el BeidaDen carved in white stone at Lavnin ruinShown within IsraelAlternative nameLibnahLocationRegionJudaean MountainsCoordinates31 38 25 N 34 57 03 E 31 64028 N 34 95083 E 31 64028 34 95083Grid position145116 PALHistoryFoundedCanaanite periodAbandonedunknownPeriodsLate Bronze Hellenistic Roman ByzantineCulturesCanaanite Jewish Greco RomanSite notesExcavation dates2001ConditionRuin In April 2019 the Jerusalem District Planning and Building Committee announced that the site would be incorporated into a new national park in the Judean Shephelah called the Lavnin Ridge Nature Reserve and National Park an area to span over 1 000 dunams 250 acres within the Mateh Yehuda Regional Council 1 Contents 1 Etymology and identification 2 Flora and fauna 3 Archaeology 4 See also 5 Gallery 6 References 7 Further reading 8 Bibliography 9 External linksEtymology and identification editThe name Lavnin is a reflection of popular etymology the modern Hebrew name being a translation of the Arabic word Beida meaning white 2 Others say that its modern name represents the hill of bricks hence Tell Livnin livanim based on a different pronunciation of the Hebrew that is typically written without vowels 3 Archaeologists are divided as to the site s original name some holding the view that it may have been the biblical Libnah Joshua 15 42 21 13 4 based on its Arabic name while others thought it to have been the Chezib of Judah 5 or the Azekah Joshua 10 10 11 6 mentioned by Epiphanius 3 Depending on whether the site was the same as Lobana as described by Eusebius in his Onomasticon as now being a village in Eleutheropolitana in the vicinity of Beit Gubrin the town would have still been settled and occupied as late as the 4th century CE 7 Archaeologist Boaz Zissu rejects the notion that the site could have been Chezib of Judah saying that since Khirbet Tell el Beḍa Tel Lavnin was clearly occupied during the Byzantine Period it is questionable whether this site is the same as Eusebius ruined Chasbi 8 Others proposed that Libnah may be the ruin known as Tell eṣ Ṣafi 9 a view now largely rejected 10 Travellers C W M van de Velde and H B Tristram both placed the ancient ruin of Libnah at the ruin called ʻIraq el Menshiyeh where Kiryat Gat now stands 11 this view is also now largely rejected Lt Col Conder of the Palestine Exploration Fund professed to be uncertain about the site of the biblical Libnah and was equally unfamiliar with the connection between the Arabic name el Beida and Libnah white although acknowledging that it Libnah indicates the white chalk of the Southern Shephelah and it was taken by Joshua Joshua 10 30 after Makkedah and before Lachish and Hebron 12 Flora and fauna editThe Mediterranean plants endemic to the area are the Palestine oak Quercus calliprinos terebinth Pistacia atlantica lentisk Pistacia lentiscus buckthorn Rhamnus lycioides and strawberry tree Arbutus andrachne Some of these trees have protected status The area abounds also in fowl such as the partridge Alectoris chukar the honey sucker the bulbul Pycnonotus xanthopygos the black headed bunting and the titmouse The species of agamid lizard Laudakia stellio and hares Lepus are also common to this region More rarely the mongoose Herpestes ichneumon and the honey badger Mellivora capensis may be seen Archaeology edit nbsp Lintel on the hilltop nbsp Jewish burial cave and blocking stone Lieut H H Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund visited the site between the years 1874 75 and noted many caves in one of which there were 120 niches in the wall apparently used for urns 13 The site is similar to many of those in the region having a network of underground hiding complexes thought to date back to the Bar Kokhba revolt 14 During an archaeological survey of the site in 1998 Israel Antiquities Authority archaeologist Boaz Zissu described what appeared to be a lion s den at Tel Lavnin having a side entrance and an observation point from above a Second Temple period ritual bath mikveh burial tombs from the same period fortifications and Byzantine era graffiti on the walls 15 In 2001 Zissu on behalf of the IAA conducted a second survey of the site 16 which abounds with burial caves and contains a columbarium along with water cisterns carved into the bedrock A decorated lintel rests at the top of the hill A small area containing two pits and a room with an arched vault built of ashlar stones was exposed in the northeastern part See also editLibnah nbsp History portal nbsp Israel portalGallery edit nbsp Deep cistern at the Lavnin ruin nbsp Cave entrance at Lavnin nbsp Open pit at the Lavnin ruins nbsp Gaping hole of pit nbsp General ruins at Lavnin Kh Tell el Beida nbsp Stone relics at Lavnin ruin nbsp View of valley below Kh Tell el Beida nbsp Wall structure at Lavnin nbsp Hilltop ruin of Tell el Beida Lavnin References edit Bekitzur Mateh Yehudah News Journal issue 496 18 April 2019 p 20 Ha Aretz 16 April 2019 Hebrew Palmer E H 1881 p 402 lit the ruin of the white mound a b Notley R S amp Safrai Z 2005 p 19 note 47 Hawk L Daniel 2010 p 126 Avraham Negev amp Shimon Gibson 2001 p 16 s v Achzib a A F Rainey 1983 p 5 Pinhas Ne eman ed 1963 1966 s v כזיב F M Abel Geogr II p 237 ZDPV 1934 p 124 Bible Gateway passage Joshua 10 10 11 New King James Version Bible Gateway Retrieved 2023 08 02 Chapmann III R L et al 2003 p 68 s v Lebna Zissu B amp Gass E 2011 p 381 Albright W F 1921 22 pp 12 13 Kallai Kleinmann Z 1958 p 155 Press Michael D 2014 p 183 Conder 1897 p 69 Conder amp Kitchener 1883 p 369 Zissu B amp Ganor A 2008 p 62 Zissu B 1999 pp 563 573 IAA Report on Tel Lavnin 2001Further reading editKlein Eitan Shai Itzhaq 2016 Burial Caves from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages at Horvat Lavnin in the Judean Shephelah Tel Aviv Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 43 2 221 238 doi 10 1080 03344355 2016 1215554 S2CID 133071420 Bibliography editAlbright W F 1921 22 Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 2 3 New Haven Yale University Press 1 46 doi 10 2307 3768450 JSTOR 3768450 Chapmann III R L Taylor J E eds 2003 Palestine in the Fourth Century A D The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea Translated by G S P Freeman Grenville Jerusalem Carta p 68 ISBN 965 220 500 1 OCLC 937002750 s v Lebna Conder C R Kitchener H H 1883 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 3 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Conder C R 1897 Libnah Quarterly Statement Palestine Exploration Fund 29 69 Hawk L Daniel 2010 Joshua in 3 D A Commentary on Biblical Conquest and Manifest Destiny Eugene Ore Cascade Books p 126 ISBN 9781606088197 OCLC 636959402 Kallai Kleinmann Z 1958 The Town Lists of Judah Simeon Benjamin and Dan Vetus Testamentum 8 2 Leiden Brill 134 160 doi 10 2307 1516086 JSTOR 1516086 Ne eman Pinhas ed 1963 1966 כזיב Encyclopedia of Biblical Geography Tel Aviv Yehoshua Tchechik Negev Avraham Gibson Shimon 2001 Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land New York ISBN 978 0 8264 1316 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Notley R Steven Safrai Z 2005 Eusebius Onomasticon The Place Names of Divine Scripture Leiden Brill ISBN 978 0 391 04217 9 Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Press Michael D 2014 The Arabic Names of Tẹ l ʿẸ rani and ʿIraq el Mensiye Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 130 2 Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palastinas 181 193 JSTOR 43664932 Rainey A F 1983 The Biblical Shephelah of Judah Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 251 1 22 doi 10 2307 1356823 JSTOR 1356823 S2CID 163604987 Zissu Boaz in Hebrew Ganor Amir 2008 Survey and Excavations at Ḥorbat Burgin in the Judean Shephelah Burial Caves Hiding Complexes and Installations of the Second Temple and Byzantine Periods Atiqot 58 60 64 JSTOR 23464336 Zissu Boaz in Hebrew 1999 Daniel in the Lion s Den at Tel Lavnin Judaean Shefelah Revue Biblique in French 106 4 Jerusalem 563 573 JSTOR i40170804 Zissu Boaz in Hebrew Gass Erasmus 2011 The Identification of Biblical Achzib at Khirbet ʿEn el Kizbe in the Judean Shephelah and the Origins of Shimon Bar Kokhba Go Out and Study the Land Judges 18 2 Leiden Brill doi 10 1163 9789004214132 023 ISBN 9789004214132External links editSurvey of Western Palestine Map 21 IAA Wikimedia commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lavnin amp oldid 1221859198, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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