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Tektōn

February 24, 2024

The Ancient Greek noun tektōn (τέκτων) is a common term for an artisan/craftsman, in particular a carpenter, woodworker, or builder. The term is frequently contrasted with an ironworker, or smith (χαλκεύς) and stone-worker or mason (λιθολόγος, λαξευτής).[1]

Etymology edit

Tektōn (τέκτων) is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tetḱ-, which means "to carve, to chisel, to mold." It is comparable to the Sanskrit takṣan, literally "wood-cutter".[2]

"Architect" derives from ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktōn, "master builder", "chief tektōn).[3]

Septuagint edit

The characteristic Ancient Greek distinction between the general worker or wood-worker and the stonemason and the metal-worker occurs frequently in the Septuagint:[citation needed]

So the carpenter (tektōn) encouraged the goldsmith, and he that smootheth with the hammer him that smote the anvil, saying, ...

— Isaiah 41:7[4]

The distinction occurs in lists of workmen working on building or repairs to the temple in Jerusalem, for example in the repairs carried out under the priest Jehoiada and "the carpenters[5] and builders, that wrought upon the house of the LORD,... And to masons, and hewers of stone, and to buy timber and hewed stone to repair the breaches of the house of the LORD", in 2 Kings 12:11–12. This same incident is recounted in similar language, using tektōn again, in the account of Josephus.[6]

However, in the Septuagint, tektōn is especially broad and vague; a modifier is often necessary to disambiguate the term. This is likely due to the influence of the broad Hebrew term חָרָשׁ on the Greek translation (LXX). Thus, tektōn in the Septuagint can only be specifically defined (i.e. woodworker, blacksmith, etc.) via an accompanying modifier or contextual clues.[7]

New Testament edit

Gospel references edit

 
Jesus in the workshop of Joseph the Carpenter, by Georges de La Tour, 1640s.

The term is chiefly notable for New Testament commentators' discussion of the employment of Jesus and his father Joseph, both described as tektōn in the New Testament. This is translated as "carpenter" in English-language Bibles.

The term occurs in combination with the definite article in Mark 6:3[8] to describe the occupation of Jesus.[9]

Is not this the carpenter (ho tektōn) the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon, and are not his sisters here with us?[9]

A variant text for this appears in the Gospel of Matthew in relation to Jesus' adoptive father Joseph.[10]

Is not this the carpenter's son (ho tou tektōnos huios)?[9] Is not his mother called Mary? And are not his brothers James and Joseph and Simon and Judas? And are not all his sisters with us?

In modern scholarship, the word has sometimes been re-interpreted from the traditional meaning of carpenter and has sometimes been translated as craftsman, as the meaning of builder is implied, but can be applied to both wood-work and stone masonry.[9] In his 2021 Neotestamentica article, Matthew K. Robinson argues that, due to its vagueness (particularly in light of influence from the LXX), tektōn in Mark 6:3 should be translated according to contextual clues. Referencing ancient literature and recent archeological evidence, Robinson posits that the best translation for tektōn is "builder-craftsman."[7]

Hebrew naggar interpretation edit

In the Septuagint, the Greek noun tektōn either stands for the generic Hebrew noun kharash (חרש), "craftsman," (as Isaiah 41:7) or tekton xylon (τέκτων ξύλον) as a word-for-word rendering of kharash-'etsim (חָרַשׁ עֵצִים) "craftsman of woods." (as Isaiah 44:13).[11] The term kharash occurs 33 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible.[original research?]

As an alternative to kharash, some authors[who?] have speculated that the Greek term corresponds to the Aramaic term naggara (Hebrew נגר, naggar, "craftsman")[citation needed] and in 1983 Geza Vermes (1983) suggested that given that the use of the term in the Talmud "carpenter" can signify a very learned man, the New Testament description of Joseph as a carpenter could indicate that he was considered wise and literate in the Torah.[12] This theory was later popularized by A. N. Wilson to suggest that Jesus had some sort of elevated status.[13][verification needed][14][verification needed]

The original text with "There is no carpenter or son of carpenter that can take it apart" is found in Avodah Zarah 50b in discussion of whether to prune a tree on the Sabbath, with "carpenter" used in Isidore Epstein (Soncino) and Michael Rodkinson's translations and Ezra Zion Melamed's Lexicon.[15] In the modern English version of the Talmud Jacob Neusner the passage reads as follows:

1.5 A. Said R. Joseph bar Abba ... "people may remove worms from a tree or patch the bark with dung during the Sabbatical Year, but people may not remove worms or patch the bark during the intermediate days of a festival. ... But there is no craftsman let alone a disciple of a craftsman who can unravel this teaching." B. Said Rabina, "I am not a craftsman let alone a disciple of a craftsman, but I can unravel this teaching. What is the problem anyhow? ..."[16]

However, the Greek term tektōn does not carry this meaning, and the nearest equivalent in the New Testament is Paul's comparison to Timothy of a "workman" (ἐργάτης, ergatēs) rightly "dividing" the word of truth.[original research?] This has been taken as carpentry imagery by some Christian commentators.[17] The suggested term naggar ("craftsman") is not found in biblical Aramaic or Hebrew, or in Aramaic documents of the New Testament period,[18] but is found in later Talmudic texts where the term "craftsman" is used as a metaphor for a skilled handler of the word of God.[19][self-published source?][20]

References edit

  1. ^ LSJ lexicon entry for tektov "A. worker in wood, carpenter, joiner, "τέκτονες ἄνδρες, οἵ οἱ ἐποίησαν θάλαμον καὶ δῶμα καὶ αὐλήν" Il.6.315, cf. Sapph.91; "τέκτονος υἱόν, Ἁρμονίδεω . . ὂς καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τεκτήνατο νῆας ἐΐσας" Il.5.59; νηῶν, δούρων τ., Od.9.126, 17.384, cf. 19.56, 21.43; ["πίτυν] οὔρεσι τέκτονες ἄνδρες ἐξέταμον πελέκεσσι" Il.13.390; "τ., ὅς ῥά τε πάσης εὖ εἰδῇ σοφίης" 15.411; "τ. γὰρ ὢν ἔπρασσες οὐ ξυλουργικά" E.Fr.988, cf. A.Fr.357, S.Fr.474, X.Mem.1.2.37: it is freq. opp. to a smith (χαλκεύς), Pl.Prt.319d, R.370d, X.HG3.4.17; to a mason (λιθολόγος), Th.6.44, cf. Ar.Av.1154: freq. in Inscrr., IG12.373.245, etc., and Papyri, PCair.Zen.27.3 (3rd century BC), etc.:—but also,.."
  2. ^ Comparative etymological Dictionary of classical Indo-European languages: Indo-European - Sanskrit - Greek - Latin, 2013, pg.201
  3. ^ Harper, Douglas. "architect | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  4. ^ Septuagint Isaiah 41:7: "ἴσχυσεν ἀνὴρ τέκτων καὶ χαλκεὺς τύπτων σφύρῃ ἅμα ἐλαύνων ποτὲ μὲν ἐρεῖ σύμβλημα καλόν ἐστιν ἰσχύρωσαν αὐτὰ ἐν ἥλοις θήσουσιν αὐτὰ καὶ οὐ κινηθήσονται"
  5. ^ Septuagint 2 Kings 12:11–12 τοῖς τέκτοσι τῶν ξύλων
  6. ^ Josephus, Flavius (1990). Josephus: The Essential Writings. Kregel Academic. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-8254-9621-9. When a large amount had been collected, the king and Jehoiada the high priest put carpenters and masons to work and thus restored the temple.
  7. ^ a b Robinson, Matthew K. (2021). "'Is This Not the Τέκτων?': Revisiting Jesus's Vocation in Mark 6:3". Neotestamentica. 55 (2): 431–445. doi:10.1353/neo.2021.0038. S2CID 247590352.
  8. ^ Mark 6:3
  9. ^ a b c d Evans, Craig A. (2001). "Context, family and formation". In Bockmuehl, Markus (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. pp. 11–24. doi:10.1017/CCOL0521792614.002. ISBN 978-0-521-79678-1.
  10. ^ Matthew 13:55
  11. ^ 44:13 τέκτων ξύλον ἔστησεν αὐτὸ ἐν μέτρῳ καὶ ἐν κόλλῃ ἐρρύθμισεν αὐτό ἐποίησεν αὐτὸ ὡς μορφὴν ἀνδρὸς καὶ ὡς ὡραιότητα ἀνθρώπου στῆσαι αὐτὸ ἐν οἴκῳ
  12. ^ Vermès, Géza (1981). "Jesus the Carpenter". Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. Fortress Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-4514-0880-5.
  13. ^ A.N. Wilson (27 May 2003). Jesus. Random House UK. pp. 82–. ISBN 978-0-7126-0697-4. Retrieved 17 November 2012., Page 29: "The term translated into English as 'carpenter' represents the much wider sense of the ancient Greek, ho tekton, which is a rendition of the Semitic word naggar.5 As pointed out by the Semitic scholar Dr. Geza Vermes, this descriptive word [naggar] could perhaps be applied to a trade craftsman, but could equally well define a scholar."
  14. ^ Larry W. Hurtado (15 September 2005). Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 319–. ISBN 978-0-8028-3167-5. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  15. ^ Ezra Zion Melamed Aramaic-Hebrew-English Dictionary of the Babylonian Talmud 200, page 353 "NGR – There is no carpenter or son of carpenter (that can take it apart, i.e., solve it) " אסורות ולית נגר ולא בר נגר דיפרקינה אמר רב ששת אנא לא נגר אנא ולא בר נגר
  16. ^ The Talmud of Babylonia. Tractate Abodah Zarah: chapters 3–5 – Page 57 Jacob Neusner, 1991
  17. ^ Lee, Witness (1986). The Life-pulse of the Lord's Present Move. Living Stream Ministry. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-87083-245-1. In 2 Timothy 2:15 Paul said, 'Be diligent to present yourself approved to God, an unashamed workman, cutting straight the word of the truth.' To cut ... You as an unashamed workman have to cut the word straight as in carpentry.
  18. ^ McNamara, Martin (2011). Targum and New Testament: Collected Essays. Mohr Siebeck. p. 207. ISBN 978-3-16-150836-3. The corresponding Aramaic (or Hebrew) term would be NGR or NGRA (naggar, naggara'). This word, however, is not found in biblical Aramaic or Hebrew, or in Aramaic documents of the New Testament period.
  19. ^ Stangle, Krisztina; Stangle, John (2006). Finding Our Way Together. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-84728-561-4. Geza Vermes highlights the Aramaic use of the term carpenter or craftsman ('naggar') to metaphorically describe a 'scholar' or 'learned man' in Talmudic sayings (Cf. Geza Vermes, Jesus the Jew, (London: Collins, 1973) p.21.)
  20. ^ Kennard, Douglas Welker (2008). Messiah Jesus: Christology in His Day and Ours. Peter Lang. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8204-9739-6. However, if this term is dependent upon the Aramaic nagger (craftsman), the Talmud later takes this metaphor to refer to 'scholar' or 'learned man,' that is, a rabbi. Such a later Talmudic meaning would place Jesus within a rabbinically schooled family but there seems to be some surprise among Jewish priests, at the level of boy Jesus' development that it is more likely to take the word as a 'carpenter' or 'builder' or 'day laborer.' So others knew him as a carpenter and the son of the carpenter.

Further reading edit

  • Campbell, Ken M. (September 2005). "What was Jesus' occupation?" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 48 (3): 501–519. ProQuest 211219999.
  • Mateus, Daniel; Sousa, Maurício; de Klerk, Ruide; Gama, Sandra; Jorge, Joaquim; Duarte, José Pinto (September 2015). From Τέκτων to Τέχνη: Going Back to the Classical Roots of Architecture using Virtual Reality. Real Time - Proceedings of the 33rd eCAADe Conference. pp. 107–116.
  • Stiles, David (November 2011). Jesus and Work: The Role of Work and Vocation in the Gospels (PDF) (Thesis). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.461.6890. S2CID 146645379.
  • Batey, Richard A. (April 1984). "Is not this the Carpenter?". New Testament Studies. 30 (2): 249–258. doi:10.1017/S0028688500013783. S2CID 170352207.
  • Furfey, Paul Hanly (1955). "Christ as tekton". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 17 (2): 204–215. JSTOR 43710137.
  • Holst, Jonas (23 March 2017). "The Fall of the Tektōn and The Rise of the Architect: On The Greek Origins of Architectural Craftsmanship". Architectural Histories. 5 (1): 5. doi:10.5334/ah.239.
  • Sandford, Michael J. (20 January 2016). "Luxury Communist Jesus". Postscripts. 7 (3): 245–255. doi:10.1558/post.v7i3.28299. In this respect, previous discussions that have focused on defining the meaning of a tektōn have distracted from the fundamental point that Jesus, in the gospels, is quite simply not a tektōn.
  • Issler, Klaus D (June 2014). "Exploring the pervasive references to work in Jesus' parables" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 57 (2): 323–339. ProQuest 1545898835.
  • Robinson, Matthew K. (2021). "'Is This Not the Τέκτων?': Revisiting Jesus's Vocation in Mark 6:3". Neotestamentica. 55 (2): 431–445. doi:10.1353/neo.2021.0038. S2CID 247590352.

February 24, 2024
tektōn, this, article, possibly, contains, original, research, please, improve, verifying, claims, made, adding, inline, citations, statements, consisting, only, original, research, should, removed, february, 2021, learn, when, remove, this, template, message,. This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Ancient Greek noun tektōn tektwn is a common term for an artisan craftsman in particular a carpenter woodworker or builder The term is frequently contrasted with an ironworker or smith xalkeys and stone worker or mason li8ologos la3eyths 1 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Septuagint 3 New Testament 3 1 Gospel references 3 2 Hebrew naggar interpretation 4 References 5 Further readingEtymology editTektōn tektwn is derived from the Proto Indo European root tetḱ which means to carve to chisel to mold It is comparable to the Sanskrit takṣan literally wood cutter 2 Architect derives from ἀrxitektwn arkhitektōn master builder chief tektōn 3 Septuagint editThis article uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them Please help improve this article February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The characteristic Ancient Greek distinction between the general worker or wood worker and the stonemason and the metal worker occurs frequently in the Septuagint citation needed So the carpenter tektōn encouraged the goldsmith and he that smootheth with the hammer him that smote the anvil saying Isaiah 41 7 4 The distinction occurs in lists of workmen working on building or repairs to the temple in Jerusalem for example in the repairs carried out under the priest Jehoiada and the carpenters 5 and builders that wrought upon the house of the LORD And to masons and hewers of stone and to buy timber and hewed stone to repair the breaches of the house of the LORD in 2 Kings 12 11 12 This same incident is recounted in similar language using tektōn again in the account of Josephus 6 However in the Septuagint tektōn is especially broad and vague a modifier is often necessary to disambiguate the term This is likely due to the influence of the broad Hebrew term ח ר ש on the Greek translation LXX Thus tektōn in the Septuagint can only be specifically defined i e woodworker blacksmith etc via an accompanying modifier or contextual clues 7 New Testament editGospel references edit nbsp Jesus in the workshop of Joseph the Carpenter by Georges de La Tour 1640s The term is chiefly notable for New Testament commentators discussion of the employment of Jesus and his father Joseph both described as tektōn in the New Testament This is translated as carpenter in English language Bibles The term occurs in combination with the definite article in Mark 6 3 8 to describe the occupation of Jesus 9 Is not this the carpenter ho tektōn the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon and are not his sisters here with us 9 A variant text for this appears in the Gospel of Matthew in relation to Jesus adoptive father Joseph 10 Is not this the carpenter s son ho tou tektōnos huios 9 Is not his mother called Mary And are not his brothers James and Joseph and Simon and Judas And are not all his sisters with us In modern scholarship the word has sometimes been re interpreted from the traditional meaning of carpenter and has sometimes been translated as craftsman as the meaning of builder is implied but can be applied to both wood work and stone masonry 9 In his 2021 Neotestamentica article Matthew K Robinson argues that due to its vagueness particularly in light of influence from the LXX tektōn in Mark 6 3 should be translated according to contextual clues Referencing ancient literature and recent archeological evidence Robinson posits that the best translation for tektōn is builder craftsman 7 Hebrew naggar interpretation edit In the Septuagint the Greek noun tektōn either stands for the generic Hebrew noun kharash חרש craftsman as Isaiah 41 7 or tekton xylon tektwn 3ylon as a word for word rendering of kharash etsim ח ר ש ע צ ים craftsman of woods as Isaiah 44 13 11 The term kharash occurs 33 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible original research As an alternative to kharash some authors who have speculated that the Greek term corresponds to the Aramaic term naggara Hebrew נגר naggar craftsman citation needed and in 1983 Geza Vermes 1983 suggested that given that the use of the term in the Talmud carpenter can signify a very learned man the New Testament description of Joseph as a carpenter could indicate that he was considered wise and literate in the Torah 12 This theory was later popularized by A N Wilson to suggest that Jesus had some sort of elevated status 13 verification needed 14 verification needed The original text with There is no carpenter or son of carpenter that can take it apart is found in Avodah Zarah 50b in discussion of whether to prune a tree on the Sabbath with carpenter used in Isidore Epstein Soncino and Michael Rodkinson s translations and Ezra Zion Melamed s Lexicon 15 In the modern English version of the Talmud Jacob Neusner the passage reads as follows 1 5 A Said R Joseph bar Abba people may remove worms from a tree or patch the bark with dung during the Sabbatical Year but people may not remove worms or patch the bark during the intermediate days of a festival But there is no craftsman let alone a disciple of a craftsman who can unravel this teaching B Said Rabina I am not a craftsman let alone a disciple of a craftsman but I can unravel this teaching What is the problem anyhow 16 However the Greek term tektōn does not carry this meaning and the nearest equivalent in the New Testament is Paul s comparison to Timothy of a workman ἐrgaths ergates rightly dividing the word of truth original research This has been taken as carpentry imagery by some Christian commentators 17 The suggested term naggar craftsman is not found in biblical Aramaic or Hebrew or in Aramaic documents of the New Testament period 18 but is found in later Talmudic texts where the term craftsman is used as a metaphor for a skilled handler of the word of God 19 self published source 20 References edit LSJ lexicon entry for tektov A worker in wood carpenter joiner tektones ἄndres oἵ oἱ ἐpoihsan 8alamon kaὶ dῶma kaὶ aὐlhn Il 6 315 cf Sapph 91 tektonos yἱon Ἁrmonidew ὂs kaὶ Ἀle3andrῳ tekthnato nῆas ἐisas Il 5 59 nhῶn doyrwn t Od 9 126 17 384 cf 19 56 21 43 pityn oὔresi tektones ἄndres ἐ3etamon pelekessi Il 13 390 t ὅs ῥa te pashs eὖ eἰdῇ sofihs 15 411 t gὰr ὢn ἔprasses oὐ 3yloyrgika E Fr 988 cf A Fr 357 S Fr 474 X Mem 1 2 37 it is freq opp to a smith xalkeys Pl Prt 319d R 370d X HG3 4 17 to a mason li8ologos Th 6 44 cf Ar Av 1154 freq in Inscrr IG12 373 245 etc and Papyri PCair Zen 27 3 3rd century BC etc but also Comparative etymological Dictionary of classical Indo European languages Indo European Sanskrit Greek Latin 2013 pg 201 Harper Douglas architect Search Online Etymology Dictionary www etymonline com Retrieved 5 December 2022 Septuagint Isaiah 41 7 ἴsxysen ἀnὴr tektwn kaὶ xalkeὺs typtwn sfyrῃ ἅma ἐlaynwn potὲ mὲn ἐreῖ symblhma kalon ἐstin ἰsxyrwsan aὐtὰ ἐn ἥlois 8hsoysin aὐtὰ kaὶ oὐ kinh8hsontai Septuagint 2 Kings 12 11 12 toῖs tektosi tῶn 3ylwn Josephus Flavius 1990 Josephus The Essential Writings Kregel Academic p 166 ISBN 978 0 8254 9621 9 When a large amount had been collected the king and Jehoiada the high priest put carpenters and masons to work and thus restored the temple a b Robinson Matthew K 2021 Is This Not the Tektwn Revisiting Jesus s Vocation in Mark 6 3 Neotestamentica 55 2 431 445 doi 10 1353 neo 2021 0038 S2CID 247590352 Mark 6 3 a b c d Evans Craig A 2001 Context family and formation In Bockmuehl Markus ed The Cambridge Companion to Jesus pp 11 24 doi 10 1017 CCOL0521792614 002 ISBN 978 0 521 79678 1 Matthew 13 55 44 13 tektwn 3ylon ἔsthsen aὐtὸ ἐn metrῳ kaὶ ἐn kollῃ ἐrry8misen aὐto ἐpoihsen aὐtὸ ὡs morfὴn ἀndrὸs kaὶ ὡs ὡraiothta ἀn8rwpoy stῆsai aὐtὸ ἐn oἴkῳ Vermes Geza 1981 Jesus the Carpenter Jesus the Jew A Historian s Reading of the Gospels Fortress Press pp 21 22 ISBN 978 1 4514 0880 5 A N Wilson 27 May 2003 Jesus Random House UK pp 82 ISBN 978 0 7126 0697 4 Retrieved 17 November 2012 Page 29 The term translated into English as carpenter represents the much wider sense of the ancient Greek ho tekton which is a rendition of the Semitic word naggar 5 As pointed out by the Semitic scholar Dr Geza Vermes this descriptive word naggar could perhaps be applied to a trade craftsman but could equally well define a scholar Larry W Hurtado 15 September 2005 Lord Jesus Christ Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity Wm B Eerdmans Publishing pp 319 ISBN 978 0 8028 3167 5 Retrieved 17 November 2012 Ezra Zion Melamed Aramaic Hebrew English Dictionary of the Babylonian Talmud 200 page 353 NGR There is no carpenter or son of carpenter that can take it apart i e solve it אסורות ולית נגר ולא בר נגר דיפרקינה אמר רב ששת אנא לא נגר אנא ולא בר נגר The Talmud of Babylonia Tractate Abodah Zarah chapters 3 5 Page 57 Jacob Neusner 1991 Lee Witness 1986 The Life pulse of the Lord s Present Move Living Stream Ministry p 61 ISBN 978 0 87083 245 1 In 2 Timothy 2 15 Paul said Be diligent to present yourself approved to God an unashamed workman cutting straight the word of the truth To cut You as an unashamed workman have to cut the word straight as in carpentry McNamara Martin 2011 Targum and New Testament Collected Essays Mohr Siebeck p 207 ISBN 978 3 16 150836 3 The corresponding Aramaic or Hebrew term would be NGR or NGRA naggar naggara This word however is not found in biblical Aramaic or Hebrew or in Aramaic documents of the New Testament period Stangle Krisztina Stangle John 2006 Finding Our Way Together Lulu Enterprises Incorporated p 308 ISBN 978 1 84728 561 4 Geza Vermes highlights the Aramaic use of the term carpenter or craftsman naggar to metaphorically describe a scholar or learned man in Talmudic sayings Cf Geza Vermes Jesus the Jew London Collins 1973 p 21 Kennard Douglas Welker 2008 Messiah Jesus Christology in His Day and Ours Peter Lang p 71 ISBN 978 0 8204 9739 6 However if this term is dependent upon the Aramaic nagger craftsman the Talmud later takes this metaphor to refer to scholar or learned man that is a rabbi Such a later Talmudic meaning would place Jesus within a rabbinically schooled family but there seems to be some surprise among Jewish priests at the level of boy Jesus development that it is more likely to take the word as a carpenter or builder or day laborer So others knew him as a carpenter and the son of the carpenter Further reading editCampbell Ken M September 2005 What was Jesus occupation PDF Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 48 3 501 519 ProQuest 211219999 Mateus Daniel Sousa Mauricio de Klerk Ruide Gama Sandra Jorge Joaquim Duarte Jose Pinto September 2015 From Tektwn to Texnh Going Back to the Classical Roots of Architecture using Virtual Reality Real Time Proceedings of the 33rd eCAADe Conference pp 107 116 Stiles David November 2011 Jesus and Work The Role of Work and Vocation in the Gospels PDF Thesis CiteSeerX 10 1 1 461 6890 S2CID 146645379 Batey Richard A April 1984 Is not this the Carpenter New Testament Studies 30 2 249 258 doi 10 1017 S0028688500013783 S2CID 170352207 Furfey Paul Hanly 1955 Christ as tekton The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 17 2 204 215 JSTOR 43710137 Holst Jonas 23 March 2017 The Fall of the Tektōn and The Rise of the Architect On The Greek Origins of Architectural Craftsmanship Architectural Histories 5 1 5 doi 10 5334 ah 239 Sandford Michael J 20 January 2016 Luxury Communist Jesus Postscripts 7 3 245 255 doi 10 1558 post v7i3 28299 In this respect previous discussions that have focused on defining the meaning of a tektōn have distracted from the fundamental point that Jesus in the gospels is quite simply not a tektōn Issler Klaus D June 2014 Exploring the pervasive references to work in Jesus parables PDF Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 57 2 323 339 ProQuest 1545898835 Robinson Matthew K 2021 Is This Not the Tektwn Revisiting Jesus s Vocation in Mark 6 3 Neotestamentica 55 2 431 445 doi 10 1353 neo 2021 0038 S2CID 247590352 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tektōn amp oldid 1207433721, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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