Taupō Fault Belt
The Taupō Fault Belt contains many almost parallel active faults, and is located in the Taupō Rift of the central North Island of New Zealand geographically between Lake Taupō and the lakes of Rotorua, Tarawera, Rotomahana and Rerewhakaaitu.[4][5] The potential active fault density is very high, with only 0.1 to 1 km (0.062 to 0.621 mi) separating the north-east to south-west orientated normal fault strands on detailed mapping of part of the belt.[2] The Waikato River bisects the western region of the belt.
| Taupō Fault Belt | |
|---|---|
Map of approximate active fault limits within the Taupō Fault Belt portion of the Taupō Rift.[1] Detailed mapping is not appropriate as field work has shown many more active faults than are in the database.[2] | |
| Etymology | Taupō |
| Year defined | 1960 |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Waikato Region |
| Characteristics | |
| Range | Up to 6.5 Mw[3] |
| Segments | many |
| Length | 20 km (12 mi)[3] |
| Tectonics | |
| Plate | Indo-Australian |
| Status | Active |
| Type | Normal faults |
| Age | Miocene-Holocene |
| Volcanic arc/belt | Taupō Volcanic Zone |
| New Zealand geology database (includes faults) | |
Geology edit
The northern Taupō Fault Belt is in the area also referred to as either, the Paeroa Graben or the Kapenga Graben, between the Horohoro Fault[6] and the Paeroa Fault.[7] Aligned with the orientation of the modern Taupō Rift are multiple north-north-east trending normal faults. These include the Ngakuru Fault to the east with the Ngakuru Graben between it and the Whirinaki Fault.[4] Within the 14 km (8.7 mi) wide Ngakuru Graben are also to the west the Maleme Fault (Zone), which as a zone also contains the Mangaete/Lakeside Fault and to the east the Hossack Road Fault and the Te Weta Fault.[4] The tectonic activity is driven by the ground subsiding at a rate of 0.3–0.4 cm/year (0.12–0.16 in/year) since 61,000 years ago with largely orthogonal rifting associated with subduction and the clockwise rotation of the northern North Island allowing the rift to open.[4]
| Fault/ Segment | Surface length | Estimated Risk Mw | Mean Slip rate (mm/year) | Reoccurance (year) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| → Ngakuru (South West) | 9 | 6.0 | 0.5 | 950 |
| → Ngakuru (North East) | 18 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 2300 |
| Maleme | 17 | 6.6 | 3.5 | 300 |
| Mangatete - Lakeside | 7 | 5.9 | 0.1 | 4500 |
| Whirinaki | 19.8 | 6.6 | 0.1 (0.75)[4] | 10700 |
| → Whirinaki West | 10 | 6.1 | 0.2 | 2900 |
| → Whirinaki East | 12 | 6.2 | 0.2 (1.4)[4] | 5100 |
| Hossack Road | 4 | 5.5 | 0.1 | 1700 |
| Te Weta | 35[4] | 6.3 | 0.4 | 2100 |
| Paeroa[7] | 27 | 6.7 | 0.8 | 2300 |
| → Paeroa North[7] | 9 | 6.1 | 0.8 | 800 |
| → Paeroa Central[7] | 7 | 6.1 | 0.8 | 600 |
| → Paeroa South[7] | 10 | 6.2 | 0.8 | 900 |
| Ngapouri-Rotomahana | 16 | 6.4 | 0.17 | 4400 |
| Horohoro[6] | 20 | 6.5 | 0.17 | 7400 |
| Ongahoro | ≥13 | 6.3 | 1.7 | <3300 |
| Rotohouhou | 9.5 | 6.0 | 0.6 | 2900 |
The southern Taupō Fault Belt is bounded to the west by a zone of faults that include the Thorpe - Poplar Fault in the north and the Whangamata fault zone.[8] Between these faults and the eastern edge of the belt bounded by the Aratiatia fault zone to the north and the Rotokawa Fault to the south there are many intra-rift faults associated with the active extension by 8 mm (0.31 in)/year ± 2 mm (0.079 in).[9] This is similar to the case in the northern Taupō Fault Belt and modern earthquake swarm analysis allows many of these faults to be assigned to distinct zones. Accordingly there is a Kaiapo fault zone just to the west of the town of Taupō and the Ngangiho fault zone just to the east of Kinloch with between them a Whakaipo fault zone.[8] Also active in the north of the southern Taupō Fault Belt are the Puketarata, Orakeikorako, Lake Ohakuri, Tuahu and the Orakonui Faults.[2]: 3
Detailed mapping, supplemented by deep ground trenching, of a portion of the southern Taupō Fault Belt prior to construction of a geothermal power station not only showed how inaccurate the inferred active fault tracings in this area are, with under counting potential active fault strands by a factor of perhaps two, it also caused the relocation of the power station.[2]: P1,P7 Figure 5
Tectonic Volcanic Relationships edit
There are discontinuities in the definable faults of the modern Taupō Rift imposed by its caldera's, with the Taupō Volcano and the Ōkataina Volcanic Centre at the southern and northern end of the Taupō Fault Belt respectively defining the limits of its predominant tectonic activity. Tectonic activity predominates in the present rift also south of Lake Taupō until the active andesitic volcanoes of the North Island Volcanic Plateau are reached or from the Ōkataina Caldera north through the Whakatāne Graben to the active andesitic volcano of Whakaari / White Island.[10] The recently active vents in the main volcanoes are not aligned with currently active faults in the Taupō Fault Belt but there are interactions and for example there was a complete fault rupture of the Ngapouri-Rotomahana Fault just prior to the 1314±12 CE Kaharoa eruption of Mount Tarawera.[11]
The 2001 Taupō earthquake swarm started within a very constrained area of the Taupō Volcano under the northwestern portion of Lake Taupō within the within the Oruanui caldera. It spread out horizontally over time with small size predominantly strike-slip faulting constrained to zones associated with the tectonic normal faults. This is consistent with a mafic magma intrusion (rather than one associated with the rhyolytic eruptions of Taupō) causing pressure over predominantly time, rather than place perpendicular to the usual strain on these fault systems and has been seen elsewhere.[8] This is consistent with seismicity rather than volcanic activity poses the main short-term hazard at Taupō Volcano.[8]
References edit
- ^ "GNS:New Zealand Active Faults Database". Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ a b c d Villamor, P; Clark, K; Watson, M; Rosenberg, M; Lukovic, B; Ries, W; González, Á; Milicich, SD; McNamara, DD; Pummer, B; Sepulveda, F (15 April 2015). Roland, N; Boyd, Toni (eds.). New Zealand geothermal power plants as critical facilities: an active fault avoidance study in the Wairakei Geothermal Field, New Zealand in InWorld Geothermal Congress 2015 (PDF). International Geothermal Association. ISBN 9781877040023.
- ^ a b c "Villamor, P.; Ries, W.; Zajac, A. Rotorua District Council Hazard Studies: Active fault hazards. GNS Science Consultancy Report" (PDF). 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g Loame, Remedy Charlotte (2016). Using a tephrostratigraphic framework to determine the past 40,000 yrs of fault rupture and paleohydrothermal activity on the east strand of the Whirinaki Fault, Ngakuru Graben, central Taupo Volcanic Zone (PDF) (Thesis).
- ^ Bryan, C. J.; Sherburn, S.; Bibby, H. M.; Bannister, S. C.; Hurst, A. W. (1999). "Shallow seismicity of the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Its distribution and nature". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 42 (4): 533–542. doi:10.1080/00288306.1999.9514859.
- ^ a b Zachariasen, Judith; Van Dissen, Russ (2001). "Paleoseismicity of the northern Horohoro Fault, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 44 (3): 91–40. doi:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514946. S2CID 131520830.
- ^ a b c d e Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, I.A.; Dissen, Russ; Begg, John; Lee, Julie (2008-06-01). "Late Pleistocene surface rupture history of the Paeroa Fault, Taupo Rift, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 51 (2): 135–158. doi:10.1080/00288300809509855. S2CID 128400528.
- ^ a b c d McGregor, R. F. D.; Illsley-Kemp, F.; Townend, J. (2022). "The 2001 Taupō Fault Belt seismicity as evidence of magma-tectonic interaction at Taupō volcano". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 23 (e2022GC010625). Bibcode:2022GGG....2310625M. doi:10.1029/2022GC010625. S2CID 252831078.
- ^ Darby, Desmond J.; Hodgkinson, Kathleen M.; Blick, Graeme H. (2000). "Geodetic measurement of deformation in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: The north Taupo network revisited". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 43 (2): 157–170. doi:10.1080/00288306.2000.9514878. S2CID 129253531.
- ^ Cole, J.W. (1990). "Structural control and origin of volcanism in the Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand". Bulletin of Volcanology. 52 (6): 445–459. Bibcode:1990BVol...52..445C. doi:10.1007/BF00268925. S2CID 129091056.
- ^ Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, Ian.A.; Begg, John; Alloway, Brent V.; Rowland, Julie; Lee, Julie; Capote, Ramon (2022-07-01). "Volcano-tectonic interactions at the southern margin of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 427: 107552. Bibcode:2022JVGR..42707552B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107552. hdl:2292/59681.