Paeroa Fault
The Paeroa Fault is a seismically active area in the Taupō District, Waikato Region of the central North Island of New Zealand.
| Paeroa Fault | |
|---|---|
The Paeroa Fault (left in red) is associated with the splay Ngapouri-Rotomahana Fault (right in red) in the Taupo Rift, North Island, New Zealand | |
| Etymology | Paeroa Range (no relation to town of same name, pae (Māori for 'ridge') and roa (Māori for 'long')) |
| Coordinates | 38°23′17″S 176°14′48″E / 38.38806°S 176.24667°E |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Waikato Region |
| Characteristics | |
| Range | Up to 6.8 Mw |
| Segments | 3 |
| Length | 30 km (19 mi)[1] |
| Strike | 40° to 50°[1] |
| Displacement | 1.1 mm (0.043 in)/yr to 1.7 mm (0.067 in)/yr[1] |
| Tectonics | |
| Plate | Indo-Australian |
| Status | Active |
| Type | Normal fault |
| Age | Miocene-Holocene |
| Volcanic arc/belt | Taupō Volcanic Zone |
| New Zealand geology database (includes faults) | |
Geology edit
North of Lake Taupō, volcanic ignimbrite at least 500 metres (1,600 ft) thick,[2] and called the Paeroa Ignimbrite (dated to 339 ± 5 ka)[3][4] is exposed along the very steep fault scarp of the Paeroa Fault that defines the western flank of the 979 metres (3,212 ft) high Paeroa Range. The Paeroa Ignimbrite appears to have been erupted from a linear vent alignment parallel to the current Paeroa Range and fault.[3] This fault area of the Taupo Rift is displacing at a rate of 7.2 ± 0.4 mm (0.283 ± 0.016 in)/year.[5] At the north eastern end of the fault is the geothermally active Maungaongaonga volcano that with the fault defines the far south western border of the Ōkataina Volcanic Centre. The Ngapouri-Rotomahana Fault too extends to the Ōkataina Caldera and is a splay from the Paeroa Fault.
The southern portion of the fault is associated with the raised Paeroa Fault block immediately to its east which is the largest ground surface fault block within the Taupō Volcanic Zone.[6] The raised block further to the east goes into the down lands associated with the Reporoa Caldera that extend to form the Taupo-Reporoa Basin. To the west is the adjacent Te Weta Fault block in what has been called the Paeroa Garben, a rift valley that extends to the much more inactive now Horohoro Fault.
Risks edit
This intra-rift fault has been estimated to have single event earthquakes in its northern portion about 6.4 Mw and for the whole fault, rupture intensity of about 6.8 Mw with up to 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) upward displacement. Almost half of rupture events in the last 16,000 years have been associated with nearby volcanic eruptions so it is not only the direct earthquake impact that may be important.[1] The Mamaku eruption of about 8000 years ago and Rotoma eruption of about 9500 years ago of the Ōkataina Caldera are associated in time with deposits indicating the earthquake fault rupture events took place either just before or during the eruption sequence.[7]
References edit
- ^ a b c d Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, I.A.; Dissen, Russ; Begg, John; Lee, Julie (1 June 2008). "Late Pleistocene surface rupture history of the Paeroa Fault, Taupo Rift, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 51 (2): 135–158. doi:10.1080/00288300809509855. S2CID 128400528.
- ^ Leonard, Graham; Begg, John; Wilson, Colin (2010). Geology of the Rotorua area. ISBN 978-0-478-19778-5.
- ^ a b Downs, D.T.; Wilson, C.J.N.; Cole, J.W.; Rowland, J.V.; Calvert, A.T.; Leonard, G.S.; Keall, J.M. (2014). "Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand". Bulletin. 126 (9–10): 1131–1144. doi:10.1130/B30891.1.
- ^ Kidd, Maia Josephine (2021). Landscape Evolution in Ignimbrite Terrain: a study of the Mamaku Plateau, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand - Masters thesis, University of Canterbury (PDF) (Thesis).
- ^ Villamor, Pilar; Berryman, Kelvin (2001). "A late Quaternary extension rate in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, derived from fault slip data". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 44 (2): 243–269. doi:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514937. S2CID 129679959.
- ^ Downs, Drew T.; Leonard, Graham S.; Wilson, Colin J. N.; Rowland, Julie V (2020). "Geologic map of the Paeroa Fault block and surrounding area, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Open-File Report. doi:10.3133/ofr20201021. S2CID 216218170.
- ^ Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, Ian; Begg, John; Alloway, Brent V.; Rowland, Julie; Lee, Julie; Capote, Ramon (2022). "Volcano-tectonic interactions at the southern margin of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 427 (107552): 107552. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107552. hdl:2292/59681. ISSN 0377-0273. S2CID 248111450.