The Tiriyó (also known as Trio) are an Amerindian ethnic group native to parts of northern Brazil, Suriname, and Guyana. In 2014, there were approximately 3,640 Tiriyó in the three countries.[1][2][3] They live in several major villages and a number of minor villages in the border zone between Brazil and Suriname. They speak the Tiriyó language, a member of the Cariban language family and refer to themselves as tarëno, etymologically 'people from here' or 'local people'.[3]
The modern Tiriyó are formed from various different indigenous communities; some of these, such as the Aramixó, are mentioned in European writings as early as 1609–1610.[4] Many of the now-Tiriyó groups lived between Brazil and French Guiana until they were driven out by the Oyampi, a Tupi-Guaranian group allied with the Portuguese. Together, the Portuguese and Oyampi drove these groups westward, and they mingled with the groups that were in the area to form the modern Tiriyó group.[4]
As such, the Tiriyó established contact relatively early with runaway slave groups that settled in the area around the end of the 18th century. They maintained regular commercial relations with one group, the Ndyuka, and for many years they were the only contact the Tiriyó had with foreign populations.[4] The first recorded contact between the Tiriyó and a European took place in 1843 between a ‘Drio’ village and Robert Schomburgk; this and the meeting between French explorer Jules Crevaux and a few ‘Trio’ were the only two points of contact between Tiriyó and Europeans in the 19th century.[4] The expeditions in the interior of Suriname in the early 20th century did observe Tiriyós, however they tended to flee when approached, and no useful information could be gathered.[5] In 1907, De Goeje managed to make contact in the Tumuk Humak expedition resulting in the first dictionary of the Tiriyó language.[5]
Subsequent contact between Europeans and Tiriyó in the first half of the twentieth century produced ethnographic and linguistic studies of the region and Tiriyó subgroups in particular. After the ‘exploratory phase’ of contact came the ‘missionary phase,’ wherein newly built airstrips facilitated contact between missionaries and the Tiriyó.[4] These missions tried to concentrate the Tiriyó population in larger villages to more easily convert them to Christianity, and over time, other Indigenous groups such as the Akuriyó joined them here.[4] Until 1957, a village could accommodate up to 50 people.[6] The average life span of a village used to be three to six years,[7] and the death of a captain or chief was often a reason for abandonment as well.[8] The newly acquired agricultural techniques allowed for a bigger population. In 1967, the village of Alalapadu passed the 500 mark,[6] and the soils surrounding the village started to become depleted.[9] The town was abandoned, but not completely as some Tiriyó settled in the vicinity of the old village.[10] The same thing happened with Kwamalasamutu,[6] and in 1997 granman Asongo decided,[11] that part of the population should spread out, also as a defence against encroachment by gold miners and tourist lodges.[12]
The Tiriyó have a high degree of independence, because their settlements are difficult to access. However, they are interested in reinforcing relationships with the foreign world.[4] Traditionally there was no clear hierarchy or a granman (paramount chief).
In 1997, Asongo Alalaparu was appointed granman by the Surinamese President, and captains were appointed to manage the village.[11] In 2011, a District Commissioner had been appointed to represent the central government[15] in the Coeroeni resort. As of 2019, the District Commission is Trees Cirino.[16]
The village of Kasuela is located in the disputed Tigri Area which is claimed by both Guyana and Suriname. The village is headed by Captain Kenke Jaimo who is recognized by both governments.[17][18]
The Tiriyó in Brazil live in the Tumucumaque Indigenous Park which has been recognized since 1997.[1] In 2004, Apitikatxi, the association of Tiriyó, Kaxuyana and Txikuyana indigenous peoples was founded to improve rights of indigenous peoples. The organisation is headed by Demetrio Amisipa Tiriyó.[19]
A problem which remains is that there are two systems: a traditional tribal government and a national government which are often not compatible.[20] The Tiriyó in the larger villages are influenced by schooling, modern day facilities, and telecommunications. The traditional culture is disappearing and young people are beginning to move to the city.[21]
Indigenous rightsedit
A concern is the fundamental rights, because the Tiriyó are spread over three countries, and unlike the Maroons,[22] there are no significant treaties. Mining concessions are often made with the Government without consultation of the native population.[23] Even though the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ruled in 2007 that all indigenous and tribal peoples have the right to manage, distribute, and effectively control their territory,[24] Article 41 of the Constitution of Suriname states: "Natural resources and resources are the property of the nation and should be mobilized for economic, social and cultural development. The nation has the inalienable right to take full ownership of its natural resources in order to apply them for the economic, social and cultural development of Suriname."[25] Also in Brazil, indigenous peoples are often viewed as opponents to economic growth and barriers to development.[26]
The southernmost villages of Marithepu, Boca do Marapí and Santo Antonio are not indicated on the map. In the densely populated area around Missão Tiriyó and Kuxaré, the villages are not labeled.
^ abcde"Tiriyó". Socio Ambiental.org. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
^ ab"GDF impacts Cashew Island through education". Guyana Chronicle. Retrieved 24 November 2021. Estimation for Kasuela, however population of Sakuru is unknown
^"Kwamalasamutu". Project Cobra. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
^"The Ndyuka Treaty Of 1760: A Conversation with Granman Gazon". Cultural Survival.org. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
^"DORPSPLAN KWAMALASAMUTU 2011 – 2014 page 6" (PDF). Institute for Graduate Studies & Research Anton de Kom University (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 June 2020.
^"Wanze Eduards and S. Hugo Jabini. Suriname Forests". Goldman Environmental Prize. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^"GRONDWET VAN DE REPUBLIEK SURINAME" (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 June 2020.
^Zhouri, Andréa (2010-09-01). ""Adverse Forces" in the Brazilian Amazon: Developmentalism Versus Environmentalism and Indigenous Rights". The Journal of Environment & Development. 19 (3): 252–273. doi:10.1177/1070496510378097. ISSN 1070-4965. S2CID 154971383.
^Gajapersad, Krisna (2013). "A Survey of the Large Ground Dwelling Mammals of the Upper-Palumeu River Region". A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Upper Palumeu River Watershed (Grensgebergte and Kasikasima) of Southeastern Suriname. doi:10.1896/054.067.0120. ISBN9781934151570. Retrieved 15 June 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^"GDF impacts Cashew Island through education". Guyana Chronicle. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
^ abcIori van Velthem Linke (2018). "Gestão territorial e ambiental nas terras indígenas do Rio Paru de Leste: um desafio coletivo no norte da Amazônia brasileira". University of Brasília (in Portuguese). p. 71. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabac"Caracterização do DSEI Amapá e Norte do Pará, conforme Edital de Chamada Pública n. 2/2017 (item 3.1)" (PDF). portalarquivos.saude.gov.br. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
Referencesedit
Benjamins, Herman; Snelleman, Johan (1916). Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië(PDF) (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 June 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Boven, Karin M. (2006). Overleven in een Grensgebied: Veranderingsprocessen bij de Wayana in Suriname en Frans-Guyana(PDF). Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers.
Carlin, Eithne B.; Van Goethem, Diederik (2009). In the Shadow of the Tiger: The Amerindians of Suriname. Amsterdam: KIT Publishers. ISBN978-9460220-265.
Heemskerk, Marieke; Delvoye, Katia (2007). Trio Baseline Study: A sustainable livelihoods perspective on the Trio Indigenous Peoples of South Suriname(PDF). Paramaribo: Stichting Amazon Conservation Team-Suriname.
Heemskerk, Marieke; Delvoye, Katia; Noordam, Dirk; Teunissen, Pieter (2007). Wayana Baseline Study: A sustainable livelihoods perspective on the Wayana Indigenous Peoples living in and around Puleowime (Apetina), Palumeu, and Kawemhakan (Anapaike) in Southeast Suriname(PDF). Paramaribo: Stichting Amazon Conservation Team-Suriname.
Mans, Jimmy (2012). Amotopoan trails : a recent archaeology of Trio movements (phd thesis). University of Leiden. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
Meira, S. (1999). A Grammar of Tiriyo(PDF) (phd thesis). Rice University. hdl:1911/19417.
Wekker, J.; Molendijk, M.; Vernooij, J. (1992). De eerste volken van Suriname. Paramaribo: Stichting 12 oktober 1992.
tiriyó, people, language, tiriyó, language, tiriyó, also, known, trio, amerindian, ethnic, group, native, parts, northern, brazil, suriname, guyana, 2014, there, were, approximately, tiriyó, three, countries, they, live, several, major, villages, number, minor. For the language see Tiriyo language The Tiriyo also known as Trio are an Amerindian ethnic group native to parts of northern Brazil Suriname and Guyana In 2014 there were approximately 3 640 Tiriyo in the three countries 1 2 3 They live in several major villages and a number of minor villages in the border zone between Brazil and Suriname They speak the Tiriyo language a member of the Cariban language family and refer to themselves as tareno etymologically people from here or local people 3 Tiriyo Trio A Tiriyo man and woman from BrazilTotal population3 640 1 Regions with significant populationsBrazil SurinameBrazil1 715 2014 1 Suriname1 845 2006 1 Guyana gt 80 2014 2 LanguagesTiriyo languageReligionTraditional Christian Catholic in Brazil Protestant in Suriname About 30 are Christians while 70 follow indigenous religions citation needed Contents 1 History 2 Government 3 Indigenous rights 4 Communities 5 Notes 6 ReferencesHistory edit nbsp Photo taken during the 1904 Tapanahony ExpeditionThe modern Tiriyo are formed from various different indigenous communities some of these such as the Aramixo are mentioned in European writings as early as 1609 1610 4 Many of the now Tiriyo groups lived between Brazil and French Guiana until they were driven out by the Oyampi a Tupi Guaranian group allied with the Portuguese Together the Portuguese and Oyampi drove these groups westward and they mingled with the groups that were in the area to form the modern Tiriyo group 4 As such the Tiriyo established contact relatively early with runaway slave groups that settled in the area around the end of the 18th century They maintained regular commercial relations with one group the Ndyuka and for many years they were the only contact the Tiriyo had with foreign populations 4 The first recorded contact between the Tiriyo and a European took place in 1843 between a Drio village and Robert Schomburgk this and the meeting between French explorer Jules Crevaux and a few Trio were the only two points of contact between Tiriyo and Europeans in the 19th century 4 The expeditions in the interior of Suriname in the early 20th century did observe Tiriyos however they tended to flee when approached and no useful information could be gathered 5 In 1907 De Goeje managed to make contact in the Tumuk Humak expedition resulting in the first dictionary of the Tiriyo language 5 Subsequent contact between Europeans and Tiriyo in the first half of the twentieth century produced ethnographic and linguistic studies of the region and Tiriyo subgroups in particular After the exploratory phase of contact came the missionary phase wherein newly built airstrips facilitated contact between missionaries and the Tiriyo 4 These missions tried to concentrate the Tiriyo population in larger villages to more easily convert them to Christianity and over time other Indigenous groups such as the Akuriyo joined them here 4 Until 1957 a village could accommodate up to 50 people 6 The average life span of a village used to be three to six years 7 and the death of a captain or chief was often a reason for abandonment as well 8 The newly acquired agricultural techniques allowed for a bigger population In 1967 the village of Alalapadu passed the 500 mark 6 and the soils surrounding the village started to become depleted 9 The town was abandoned but not completely as some Tiriyo settled in the vicinity of the old village 10 The same thing happened with Kwamalasamutu 6 and in 1997 granman Asongo decided 11 that part of the population should spread out also as a defence against encroachment by gold miners and tourist lodges 12 Government editGranman of the Tiriyo people in SurinameIncumbentJimmy Toeroemang nl 13 since 11 March 2022 14 ResidenceKwamalasamutuThe Tiriyo have a high degree of independence because their settlements are difficult to access However they are interested in reinforcing relationships with the foreign world 4 Traditionally there was no clear hierarchy or a granman paramount chief In 1997 Asongo Alalaparu was appointed granman by the Surinamese President and captains were appointed to manage the village 11 In 2011 a District Commissioner had been appointed to represent the central government 15 in the Coeroeni resort As of 2019 the District Commission is Trees Cirino 16 The village of Kasuela is located in the disputed Tigri Area which is claimed by both Guyana and Suriname The village is headed by Captain Kenke Jaimo who is recognized by both governments 17 18 The Tiriyo in Brazil live in the Tumucumaque Indigenous Park which has been recognized since 1997 1 In 2004 Apitikatxi the association of Tiriyo Kaxuyana and Txikuyana indigenous peoples was founded to improve rights of indigenous peoples The organisation is headed by Demetrio Amisipa Tiriyo 19 A problem which remains is that there are two systems a traditional tribal government and a national government which are often not compatible 20 The Tiriyo in the larger villages are influenced by schooling modern day facilities and telecommunications The traditional culture is disappearing and young people are beginning to move to the city 21 Indigenous rights editA concern is the fundamental rights because the Tiriyo are spread over three countries and unlike the Maroons 22 there are no significant treaties Mining concessions are often made with the Government without consultation of the native population 23 Even though the Inter American Commission on Human Rights ruled in 2007 that all indigenous and tribal peoples have the right to manage distribute and effectively control their territory 24 Article 41 of the Constitution of Suriname states Natural resources and resources are the property of the nation and should be mobilized for economic social and cultural development The nation has the inalienable right to take full ownership of its natural resources in order to apply them for the economic social and cultural development of Suriname 25 Also in Brazil indigenous peoples are often viewed as opponents to economic growth and barriers to development 26 Communities edit nbsp nbsp Sandlanding nbsp Wanapan nbsp Lucie nbsp Amotopo nbsp Kasuela nbsp Kuruni nbsp Kamani nbsp Kwamalasamutu nbsp Sipaliwini Savanna nbsp Alalapadu nbsp Sakuru nbsp Pelelu Tepu nbsp Palumeu nbsp Kampu nbsp Cachoeirinha nbsp Mataware nbsp Iyaherai nbsp Manau nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Missao Tiriyo nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Kuxare nbsp Urunai nbsp Yawa nbsp Pedra da Onca nbsp class notpageimage The southernmost villages of Marithepu Boca do Marapi and Santo Antonio are not indicated on the map In the densely populated area around Missao Tiriyo and Kuxare the villages are not labeled Place Coordinates Inhabitants River CountrySandlanding 5 9 47 N 57 10 12 W 5 16306 N 57 17000 W 5 16306 57 17000 Sandlanding 33 27 Courentyne nbsp SurinameWanapan Arapahte pata 4 22 55 N 57 57 28 W 4 38194 N 57 95778 W 4 38194 57 95778 Wanapan 25 28 Courentyne nbsp SurinameLucie 3 34 48 N 57 41 6 W 3 58000 N 57 68500 W 3 58000 57 68500 Lucie 18 27 Lucie nbsp SurinameAmotopo 3 32 50 N 57 38 35 W 3 54722 N 57 64306 W 3 54722 57 64306 Amotopo 27 28 Courentyne nbsp SurinameKuruni 3 22 12 N 57 20 40 W 3 37000 N 57 34444 W 3 37000 57 34444 Kuruni 88 28 Coeroeni nbsp SurinameKwamalasamutu 2 21 23 N 56 47 12 W 2 35639 N 56 78667 W 2 35639 56 78667 Kwamalasamutu 1 100 28 Sipaliwini nbsp SurinameKamani 2 34 5 N 57 0 30 W 2 56806 N 57 00833 W 2 56806 57 00833 Kamani 6 29 Kamani nbsp SurinameSipaliwini Savanna 2 1 33 N 56 7 29 W 2 02583 N 56 12472 W 2 02583 56 12472 Sipaliwini 160 28 Sipaliwini nbsp SurinameAlalapadu 2 31 14 N 56 19 41 W 2 52056 N 56 32806 W 2 52056 56 32806 Alalapadu 75 28 Alalapadu nbsp SurinamePelelu Tepu 3 9 35 N 55 43 7 W 3 15972 N 55 71861 W 3 15972 55 71861 Pelelu Tepu 600 28 Tapanahony nbsp SurinamePalumeu 3 20 43 N 55 26 35 W 3 34528 N 55 44306 W 3 34528 55 44306 Palumeu 283 28 Tapanahony nbsp SurinameKampu 2 58 33 N 55 23 0 W 2 97583 N 55 38333 W 2 97583 55 38333 Kampu 10 20 30 Paloemeu nbsp SurinameVier Gebroeders 1 57 45 N 55 55 45 W 1 96250 N 55 92917 W 1 96250 55 92917 Vier Gebroeders Vier Gebroederskreek nbsp SurinameKasuela 3 16 39 N 57 35 58 W 3 27750 N 57 59944 W 3 27750 57 59944 Kasuela 80 31 New River nbsp GuyanaSakuru 2 4 21 N 56 53 21 W 2 07250 N 56 88917 W 2 07250 56 88917 Sakuru Aramatau nbsp GuyanaCachoeirinha 1 59 45 N 55 10 55 W 1 99583 N 55 18194 W 1 99583 55 18194 Cachoeirinha 33 32 Paru d Este nbsp BrazilMataware 1 57 4 N 55 7 10 W 1 95111 N 55 11944 W 1 95111 55 11944 Mataware 110 32 Paru d Este nbsp BrazilIyaherai 1 42 23 N 54 59 22 W 1 70639 N 54 98944 W 1 70639 54 98944 Iyaherai 52 33 Paru d Este nbsp BrazilManau 1 35 11 N 54 55 14 W 1 58639 N 54 92056 W 1 58639 54 92056 Manau 16 32 Paru d Este nbsp BrazilOrokofo Velha 2 18 3 N 55 56 51 W 2 30083 N 55 94750 W 2 30083 55 94750 Orokofo Velha 38 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilOrokofo Nova 2 18 19 N 55 56 17 W 2 30528 N 55 93806 W 2 30528 55 93806 Orokofo Nova 44 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilParuaka 2 17 32 N 55 51 23 W 2 29222 N 55 85639 W 2 29222 55 85639 Paruaka 55 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilTaratarafo 2 16 46 N 55 57 13 W 2 27944 N 55 95361 W 2 27944 55 95361 Taratarafo 37 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilTuha entu 2 17 10 N 55 56 33 W 2 28611 N 55 94250 W 2 28611 55 94250 Tuha entu 45 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilOroi entu 2 15 58 N 55 52 55 W 2 26611 N 55 88194 W 2 26611 55 88194 Oroi entu 55 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilAcahe 2 14 42 N 56 0 23 W 2 24500 N 56 00639 W 2 24500 56 00639 Acahe Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilNotupo 2 14 56 N 55 57 26 W 2 24889 N 55 95722 W 2 24889 55 95722 Notupo 56 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilBetania 2 14 12 N 55 57 50 W 2 23667 N 55 96389 W 2 23667 55 96389 Betania 202 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilAmana 2 13 58 N 55 57 55 W 2 23278 N 55 96528 W 2 23278 55 96528 Amana 42 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilKuritaraimo 2 13 49 N 55 57 51 W 2 23028 N 55 96417 W 2 23028 55 96417 Kuritaraimo 33 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilMissao Tiriyo 2 13 54 N 55 57 39 W 2 23167 N 55 96083 W 2 23167 55 96083 Missao Tiriyo 495 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilMissao Velha 2 13 17 N 55 57 34 W 2 22139 N 55 95944 W 2 22139 55 95944 Missao Velha 97 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilMuneny 2 13 15 N 55 54 31 W 2 22083 N 55 90861 W 2 22083 55 90861 Muneny 4 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilPonoto 2 12 37 N 55 49 47 W 2 21028 N 55 82972 W 2 21028 55 82972 Ponoto 22 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilKumuimi 2 11 43 N 55 57 0 W 2 19528 N 55 95000 W 2 19528 55 95000 Kumuimi 6 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilArawata 2 10 53 N 55 56 36 W 2 18139 N 55 94333 W 2 18139 55 94333 Arawata 24 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilWaypa 2 9 16 N 55 55 1 W 2 15444 N 55 91694 W 2 15444 55 91694 Waypa 20 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilOmetanompo 2 8 28 N 55 54 54 W 2 14111 N 55 91500 W 2 14111 55 91500 Ometanompo 26 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilPedra da Onca 1 26 9 N 55 39 46 W 1 43583 N 55 66278 W 1 43583 55 66278 Pedra da Onca 86 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilSanto Antonio 0 55 18 N 55 45 33 W 0 92167 N 55 75917 W 0 92167 55 75917 Santo Antonio 87 33 Paru de Oeste nbsp BrazilAiki 1 48 39 N 56 4 20 W 1 81083 N 56 07222 W 1 81083 56 07222 Aiki 5 33 Marapi nbsp BrazilCastanhal 1 48 1 N 55 57 44 W 1 80028 N 55 96222 W 1 80028 55 96222 Castanhal 11 33 Marapi nbsp BrazilMarihpa 1 44 26 N 56 4 16 W 1 74056 N 56 07111 W 1 74056 56 07111 Marihpa 20 33 Marapi nbsp BrazilKuxare 1 42 0 N 56 4 10 W 1 70000 N 56 06944 W 1 70000 56 06944 Kuxare 178 33 Marapi nbsp BrazilUrunai 1 31 3 N 56 5 4 W 1 51750 N 56 08444 W 1 51750 56 08444 Urunai 32 33 Marapi nbsp BrazilYawa 1 21 13 N 56 7 52 W 1 35361 N 56 13111 W 1 35361 56 13111 Yawa 56 33 Marapi nbsp BrazilMarithepu 1 5 23 N 56 11 35 W 1 08972 N 56 19306 W 1 08972 56 19306 Marithepu 56 33 Marapi nbsp BrazilBoca do Marapi 0 36 37 N 55 58 34 W 0 61028 N 55 97611 W 0 61028 55 97611 Boca do Marapi 31 33 Marapi nbsp BrazilNotes edit a b c d e Tiriyo Socio Ambiental org Retrieved 28 July 2020 a b GDF impacts Cashew Island through education Guyana Chronicle Retrieved 24 November 2021 Estimation for Kasuela however population of Sakuru is unknown a b Mans 2012 p 21 a b c d e f g Meira 1999 a b Benjamins amp Snelleman 1916 p 175 a b c Mans 2012 p 143 Mans 2012 p 171 Mans 2012 p 170 Wekker Molendijk amp Vernooij 1992 p 43 Heemskerk amp Delvoye 2007 p 32 a b Heemskerk amp Delvoye 2007 p 3 Mans 2012 p 129 Jimmy Toeroemang 30 nieuwe granman Kwamalasamutu De Ware Tijd in Dutch Retrieved 24 November 2021 Jimmy Toeroemang beedigd als Groot Opperhoofd Tareno Trio inheemse stam Dagblad Suriname in Dutch Retrieved 21 June 2022 Structuur Analyse PDF Planning Office Suriname in Dutch Retrieved 28 May 2020 DNA en districten De Nationale Assemblee in Dutch Retrieved 1 June 2020 GDF impacts Cashew Island through education Guyana Chronicle Retrieved 28 July 2020 Dorpen en Dorpsbesturen Vereniging van inheemse dorpshoofden Suriname in Dutch Retrieved 28 July 2020 Our Partners Rutu Foundation Retrieved 28 July 2020 Boven 2006 p 188 Kwamalasamutu Project Cobra Retrieved 16 June 2020 The Ndyuka Treaty Of 1760 A Conversation with Granman Gazon Cultural Survival org 28 April 2010 Retrieved 15 June 2020 DORPSPLAN KWAMALASAMUTU 2011 2014 page 6 PDF Institute for Graduate Studies amp Research Anton de Kom University in Dutch Retrieved 15 June 2020 Wanze Eduards and S Hugo Jabini Suriname Forests Goldman Environmental Prize Retrieved 23 May 2020 GRONDWET VAN DE REPUBLIEK SURINAME PDF World Intellectual Property Organization in Dutch Retrieved 15 June 2020 Zhouri Andrea 2010 09 01 Adverse Forces in the Brazilian Amazon Developmentalism Versus Environmentalism and Indigenous Rights The Journal of Environment amp Development 19 3 252 273 doi 10 1177 1070496510378097 ISSN 1070 4965 S2CID 154971383 a b Heemskerk amp Delvoye 2007 p 22 a b c d e f g h Dorpen en Dorpsbesturen Vereniging van Inheemse Dorpshoofden in Suriname in Dutch Retrieved 4 February 2020 Carlin amp Van Goethem 2009 p 17 Gajapersad Krisna 2013 A Survey of the Large Ground Dwelling Mammals of the Upper Palumeu River Region A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Upper Palumeu River Watershed Grensgebergte and Kasikasima of Southeastern Suriname doi 10 1896 054 067 0120 ISBN 9781934151570 Retrieved 15 June 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help GDF impacts Cashew Island through education Guyana Chronicle Retrieved 15 June 2020 a b c Iori van Velthem Linke 2018 Gestao territorial e ambiental nas terras indigenas do Rio Paru de Leste um desafio coletivo no norte da Amazonia brasileira University of Brasilia in Portuguese p 71 Retrieved 26 January 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Caracterizacao do DSEI Amapa e Norte do Para conforme Edital de Chamada Publica n 2 2017 item 3 1 PDF portalarquivos saude gov br 30 June 2016 Retrieved 17 May 2018 References editBenjamins Herman Snelleman Johan 1916 Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West Indie PDF in Dutch Retrieved 15 June 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help Boven Karin M 2006 Overleven in een Grensgebied Veranderingsprocessen bij de Wayana in Suriname en Frans Guyana PDF Amsterdam Rozenberg Publishers Carlin Eithne B Van Goethem Diederik 2009 In the Shadow of the Tiger The Amerindians of Suriname Amsterdam KIT Publishers ISBN 978 9460220 265 Heemskerk Marieke Delvoye Katia 2007 Trio Baseline Study A sustainable livelihoods perspective on the Trio Indigenous Peoples of South Suriname PDF Paramaribo Stichting Amazon Conservation Team Suriname Heemskerk Marieke Delvoye Katia Noordam Dirk Teunissen Pieter 2007 Wayana Baseline Study A sustainable livelihoods perspective on the Wayana Indigenous Peoples living in and around Puleowime Apetina Palumeu and Kawemhakan Anapaike in Southeast Suriname PDF Paramaribo Stichting Amazon Conservation Team Suriname Mans Jimmy 2012 Amotopoan trails a recent archaeology of Trio movements phd thesis University of Leiden Retrieved 15 June 2020 Meira S 1999 A Grammar of Tiriyo PDF phd thesis Rice University hdl 1911 19417 Wekker J Molendijk M Vernooij J 1992 De eerste volken van Suriname Paramaribo Stichting 12 oktober 1992 1 50 00 N 54 00 00 W 1 8333 N 54 0000 W 1 8333 54 0000 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tiriyo people amp oldid 1215335879, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
