Tangsa Naga

The Tangshang people or Tangsa Naga, are of Tibeto-Burmese ethnic group of the Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. They also reside in Sagaing Region and parts of Kachin State of Myanmar. In Myanmar they were formerly known as Rangpang, Pangmi, and Haimi. They speak their own language Tangsa.

Tangsa

Tangshang
Diorama and wax figures of Tangsa people in Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar
Regions with significant populations
India	N/A
Arunachal Pradesh	N/A
Myanmar	N/A
Sagaing Region	N/A
Kachin State	N/A
Languages
Tangsa language, Burmese
Religion
Christianity, Animism (mostly Rangfrah), Hinduism (Buddhism)
Related ethnic groups
Naga, Nocte, Konyak

Tangsa is the largest Naga ethnic group having an approximate population of 450,000. They are a scheduled group under the Indian Constitution (where they are listed under 'other Naga tribes') and there are many sub-groups within Tangsa on both sides of the border.

Background

The Tangshang in Myanmar as well as the Tangsa in India regard themselves as a Naga ethnic group. They are well-built and of medium-stature. Today Tangsa people live in the Patkai mountains, on the border of India and Burma, and some live in the plains areas on the Indian side of the border. Many Tangsa tell of migrations from what is now Mongolia, through the South-West China Province of Yunan into Burma. Tangsa traditions suggest that they settled in the existing region from the beginning of the 13th century. It is believed^{[by whom?]} that in their native place in China and Burma they were known as Muwa and Hawa respectively. The term Hawa (also pronounced Hewe or Hiwi) is used by many Tangsa to refer to the whole group of Tangsa. The term Tangsa is derived from tang ('high land') and sa ('son') and means 'people of the high land'.

Subgroups

There are many sub-groups of Tangsa, all of which speak distinctive linguistic varieties. Some of these varieties are very similar, and some are very different from each other. Each of these ethnic subgroups is known by a number of different names. There is the name the group gives to itself, for example Chamchang, and then a 'general name', used in communication with non-Tangsas. The general name for the Chamchang is Kimsing.

About 70 different ethnic groups have been identified.^[1][2][3] Within India, the most recently arrived Tangsa are known as Pangwa.

These are listed with the name used by the group itself first, followed by alternative spellings in brackets. M indicates the group is found only in Myanmar, I only in India and B in both India and Myanmar. This list is not complete:

• Oni (Botey) B
• Cyamcyang-Shecyü (Chamchang, Kimsing, Sankey) B
• Cyampang (Champhang, Thamphang) B
• Cyolim (Cholim, Tonglum) B
• Cyuyo (Chuyo, Wangku) M
• Jöngi (Dunghi) B
• Gaqha M
• Gaqya (Gahja) I
• Gaqkat (Wakka) B
• Gaqchan (Gashan) M
• Gaqlon (Galun, Lonyung) B
• Kochung M
• Kotlum (Kawlum) M
• Gaqyi M
• HaqcyengB
• Haqcyum M
• Haqkhi (Hachi) M
• Haqkhun B
• Haqman M
• Haqpo (Hatphaung, Apo) M
• Hasa (Lulum as a village name, live close to Taka village) M
• Haqsik (Awlay, Awlaw, Laju) M
• Hokuq M
• Havoi (Havi) I
• Henching (Shangcheing, Shangchaing) M
• Yoglei (Yogli, Yawklai) I
• Kaisan M^[4]
• Khalak or Khilak (Tangsa) B
• Kumkaq M
• Lakkai (Lati) B
• Kuku (Makhawngnyon) M
• Lama (Haqlang) B
• Lochang (Lanching, Lanchien) B
• Longchang I
• Lungkhi (Lungkhi, Lungkhai) B
• Lungri (Lungri) B
• Lumnu M
• Lungphi (Longphi) I
• Meitei (Mitay) B
• Miku M
• Muklom (Moklum) I
• Mossang (Tangsa) (Mawshang) B
• Mungre (Mawrang, Morang) B
• Nahen M
• Ngaimong B
• Nyinshao (Nyinshao) M
• Nukte (Nocte) I
• Pingku M
• Ponthai I
• Pongnyon (Macyam) M
• Rancyi (Rangti, Ran-kyi, Rangsi, Rasi) M
• Raqnu M
• Rasa (Rasit) M
• Rera (Ronrang) I
• Ringkhu M
• Sansik (Siknyo, Sheiknyo, Sikpo) M
• Shangti (Shangri) B
• Shangval (Shawvel, Shangwal) B
• Shokra (Shograng) M
• Toke (Tokay) M
• Cyamkok (Thamkok) M
• Tikhak I
• Vancyo (Wancho) I
• Yangnaw M
• Asen (Yasa) M
• Kon (Yawngkon) M
• Yungkuk I

Notes: Gakat people also live in India, in the Wakka village circle of Tirap district, but are grouped with the Wancho rather than with Tangsa.

Culture

The Tangsa's habitation along the Myanmar border resulted in cultural influence from neighbouring groups across the border and the adoption of Burmese dress among many tribal members.^[5]

Traditionally, Tangsa men and women keep their hair long, often tying it into a bun and covering it with a piece of cloth, known in some Tangsa varieties as the Khu-pak/Khu-phop. Tangsa men traditionally used to wear a long and narrow piece of cloth called lamsam/lengti that covers the hip and pelvis region. However, nowadays they wear a broad cylindrical piece of cloth called lungi that is green in colour and is lined with yellow, red and white yarns, and accompanied with a sleeveless shirt. On the other hand, the costume of the womenfolk traditionally used to be a piece of cloth wrapped around the chest and a similar piece of cloth wrapped around the waist extending just below the knees. Nowadays, with the availability of yarn, their costume include an artistically woven petticoat, which acts as the lower garment, and a linen blouse.

Lifestyle

Traditionally Tangsa people practiced shifting cultivation (known as Jhwum in Assamese). Nowadays those Tangsa in the plains area of India practice wet rice cultivation. In the traditional agriculture, using simple manual tools, the Tangsa raise crops that include paddy, millet, maize and arum, and vegetables. Tangsa people make scanty use of milk and milk products, although milk tea is now served in many Tangsa houses. Traditional meals consist of a wide variety of recipes. But, staple foods are boiled or steamed rice, vegetables boiled with herbs and spices (stew) and boiled or roasted fish or meat. Snacks include boiled or roasted arum or topiaca. Traditional drinks include smoked tea (phalap) and rice beer (called ju, kham or che).^[6]

Owing to the climate and terrain, the Tangsa live in stilt houses, which are divided into many rooms. Like the Nocte, the Tangsa traditionally had separate dormitories for men, known in Longchang Tangsa as Looppong for the males and Likpya for the female.

Traditionally, the Tangsa believed in a joint family system, and property is equally divided between all family members. A tribal council, known as Khaphua (Longchang), Khaphong (Muklom) was administered by a Lungwang (chief), who sees to the daily affairs of the Tangsa group.

Religion

Nowadays Tangsa follow a variety of religions. Traditionally their beliefs were animistic. One example of the animistic beliefs still practised is the Wihu Kuh festival held in some parts of Assam on 5 January each year. This involves sacrifice of chickens, pigs or buffaloes and prayers and songs to the female earth spirit, Wihu.

This group believe in a supreme being that created all existence, locally known as Rangkhothak/Rangwa/Rangfrah, although belief in other deities and spirits is maintained as well. Many followers of Rangfrah celebrate an annual festival called Mol or Kuh-a-Mol (around April/May), which asks for a bumper crop. Animal sacrifice, in particular the sacrifice of wak ('pigs') and maan ('cows'), is practised. At funerals a similar ceremony is undertaken and a feast between villagers is held by the bereaved family. After dusk, man and women start dancing together rhythmically with the accompanying drums and gongs.

Some Tangsas, particularly the Tikhak and Yongkuk in India and many Donghi in Myanmar, have come under the influence of Theravada Buddhism,^[7] and have converted.^[8] There are Buddhist temples in many Tikhak and Yongkuk villages.

Most of the Tangsas, including most of the Pangwa Tangsas, and nearly all of the Tangshang in Myanmar, have accepted Christianity.^[9] Probably the most widespread Christian denomination in both Myanmar and India is Baptist. Tangsa Baptist Churches' Association with its headquarters at Nongtham under Kharsang sub-division is the largest Baptist Association working among the Tangsas with more than 100 churches affiliated to it[5], but there are also large numbers of Presbyterians in India, and perhaps smaller numbers of Catholics, Church of Christ and Congregationalists.

Out of a total of 20,962 Tangsa (proper) living in Arunachal Pradesh, 6,228 are Animist (29.71%) and 5,030 are Hindu (24.00%). Most of the remaining are Christian (44%), with a Buddhist minority of close to 3%. There are another 8,576 Tangsa residing in Arunachal, belonging to fringe Tangsa groups such as Mossang, Tikhak and Longchang. The Mossang, Rongrang, Morang, Yougli, Sanke, Longphi, Haisa, and Chamchang (Kimsing) ethnic groups are mostly Christian. Most of the Longchang and Langkai are Rangfrahites, while the Tikhaks are evenly divided into Christians and Buddhists. Taisen is majority Buddhist. The Moglum Tangsa are evenly divided between Rangfrah, Animists and Christians. The Namsang Tangsa are two-thirds Animist, with the remaining one-third Hindu.^[10]

Language

See also: Tangsa language

At present the ISO code for these speech varieties is ISO639-3:nst. The closest linguistic relatives to Tangsa are Tutsa and Nocte, and all of these, together with several other languages, make up the Konyak subgroup within a larger group sometimes called Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw.^[11]

Tangsa is not a single language, but a network of varieties some of which are mutually intelligible and some of which are not. For example, within the Pangwa group, Longri and Cholim (Tonglum) speakers understand each other easily, but speakers of these two groups may have more difficulty understanding and speaking Lochhang (Langching).

The following table shows some of the linguistic differences between Tangsa groups:

Gloss	Cholim	Longchang	Rera	Jugli	Tikhak	Yonguk	Muklom	Hakhun	Halang	Chamchang(Kimsing)
drinking water	kʰam²	kham	kʰam²	kham	kʰam²	kʰam²	jung	ʤu²	ʒɯ²	kham
river (water)	ʒo²	kham	ʒo²	jong	kʰam²	kʰam²	jung	ʤu²	ʒɯ²
alcohol	cʰai¹	jau	cʰe¹	chol	ʒu²	ʒo²	kham	kʰam²	kʰam²
heart	ədiŋ¹	ran	rin¹		rɤn¹	rɤn¹	tin	ran³	ran¹
egg	βɯ¹cʰi¹	wutei	wu²tai¹	wutai	wu¹ti¹	wu¹ti¹	wochih	u¹ti¹	wɯ¹cʰi¹
sun	raŋ²xai²	rangsa	raŋ²sai¹	rangshal	raŋ²sa¹	raŋ²sa³	rangshal	se¹	se¹pʰo²
blood	təgi¹	tahei	gi¹	hi	təɣi¹	təhɤi¹	tahih	hi¹	sʰe¹

There seem to be three subgroups in India. The lexemes (words) for ‘drinking water’, other types of ‘water’ and ‘alcohol’ can be used as a diagnostic for three putative groups. The group shown in the middle of the table, the Tikhak subgroup (Tikhak and Yongkuk), is reasonably well established. They are people who came from Myanmar to India some hundreds of years ago and there are no Tikhak or Yongkuk speakers in Indi these days. They use kham for 'drinking water' and 'river water'.

To the left is a rather more linguistically diverse set of varieties termed Pangwa,^[12] consisting mostly of groups that have arrived in India more recently and usually have related villages in Myanmar; although some like Joglei and Rera are now found only in India. They use kham for drinking water but ju for river water.

To the right are several diverse varieties, which use kham for alcohol and ju for drinking water. Moklum and Hakhun are not mutually intelligible but do share hierarchical agreement marking (marking of object as well as subject), though realised in systematically different ways. Hakhun is very similar to Nocte, which is listed by the ISO as a different language (ISO639-3:njb)

Writing system

See also: Tangsa (Unicode block)

Tangsa
Direction	Left-to-right
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Tnsa (275), ​Tangsa
Unicode
Unicode alias	Tangsa
Unicode range	U+16A70–U+16ACF Proposal

An alphabetic writing system was invented for Tangsa in 1990 by Lakhum Mossang (d. 11 July 2020). It has seen limited use among members of the Mossang community and received support from the government of Arunachal Pradesh. This script was added to the Unicode standard with the release of version 14.0 in 2021.^[13]

Online archiving

An on-line archive of Tangsa texts is available at the DoBeS website^[14] and Tangsa texts can be read and searched at the Tai and Tibeto-Burman Languages of Assam website.

References

1. Stephen Morey (2011). Tangsa agreement markers. In G. Hyslop, S. Morey and M. Post (eds) North East Indian Linguistics II. Cambridge University Press India. pp. 76–103.
2. Nathan Statezni and Ahkhi (2011). So near and yet so far: dialect variation and contact among the Tangshang Naga in Myanmar. Presentation given at NWAV Asia-Pacific I conference, Delhi, India, 23–26 February 2011.
3. Mathew Thomas (2009). A Sociolinguistic Study of Linguistic Varieties in Changlang District of Arunachal Pradesh. PhD thesis submitted to the Centre for Advanced Study in Linguistics, Annamalai University.
4. van Dam, Kellen Parker. 2023. A first description of Kaisan, a North Patkaian language of Myanmar. 26th Himalayan Languages Symposium, 4-6 September 2023. Paris: INALCO.
5. Satya Dev Jha (1986). Arunachal Pradesh, Rich Land and Poor People. Western Book Depot. p. 94.
6. . The Telegraph. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
7. J. D. Baveja (1982). New Horizons of North East. Western Book Depot. p. 68. OL 3151231M.
8. Shibani Roy, S. H. M. Rizvi (1990). Tribal Customary Laws of North-east India. B.R. Pub. Corp. p. 34. ISBN 81-7018-586-6. OCLC 24591117.
9. Bijan Mohanta (1984). Administrative Development of Arunachal Pradesh, 1875-1975. Uppal. p. 16.
10. Table ST-14, Census of India 2001
11. Robbins Burling (2003). The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeastern India. In G. Thurgood and R. LaPolla (eds.) The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. pp. 169–191. doi:10.4324/9780203221051-20.
12. Jamie Saul (2005). The Naga of Burma: Their Festivals, Customs, and Way of Life. Orchid Press. p. 28.
13. Morey, Stephen; Pandey, Anshuman (7 January 2021). "Proposal to add the Tangsa Script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. L2/L2021/21027. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
14. "Documentation of Endangered Languages". DOBES. Retrieved 4 September 2023.

Bibliography

• Das Gupta, K. 1980. The Tangsa Language (a Synopsis). Shillong: North East Indian Frontier Agency.
• Morang, H.K. 2008. Tangsas – The children of Masui Singrapum. Guwahati: G.C. Nath on behalf of AANK-BAAK
• Rao, Narayan Singh. 2006. Tribal Culture, Faith, History and Literature. New Delhi: Mittal.
• Simai, Chimoy. 2008. A profile of the Tikhak Tangsa tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. New Delhi: Author’s Press.
• Vivekananda Kendra Institute of Culture. 2005. Traditional Systems of the Tangsa and the Tutsa. Guwahati: Vivekananda Kendra Institute of Culture.

External links

• Ethnologue profile
• Arunachal's Changlang district opposes Changlang's disintegration
• Eine Reise durch das südliche Arunachal