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Tự Đức's Catholic persecution

January 01, 1970

From 1849 to 1862, during the early years of the Vietnamese emperor Tự Đức (r. 1848–1883) of Vietnam, the most intense, brutal and bloodiest anti-Christian persecution ever in history happened in Vietnam, also was the last state-sponsored persecution of Catholic Christians in Vietnam, as a part of Tự Đức's efforts to eradicate every trace of Vietnamese Christianity. The persecution suddenly stopped in 1862 after a royal decree was passed by Tự Đức himself which granted Catholicism legitimate freedom to practice and protection.

Emperor Tự Đức (r. 1848–1883) of Vietnam

The persecution edit

 
Sculpture of Vietnamese martyrs at the Cha Tam Church, Ho Chi Minh City.

The persecution began in 1848, the year of Tự Đức's inauguration. Accusing the Catholic Christians of abandoning ancestor worship, Buddha, and practicing superstitions, and fearing that they would revolt against his rule,[1] Tự Đức labeled the Catholics as tả đạo (heretics), and issued a nation-wide edict to forbid Catholicism. Missionaries were thrown onto the sea. Vietnamese priests had to denounce their faith, and they would face severe punishments and be tagged as tả đạo on their cheeks. The persecution was seen as retaliatory for the French incursion on Danang last year, as Tự Đức shut down all contacts between his kingdom and the outside world.[2]

Two years later, on 21 March 1851, Tự Đức ordered a new edict against the Franciscans. Vietnamese priests who did not denounce their beliefs and trample the cross would face the same fates as European missionaries, being executed and cut into pieces and thrown onto rivers.[2]

In September 1855, accusing Catholic sympathy of Le loyalists rebelled against his rule, Tự Đức ordered a new decree, all churches to be burned, all public Christian gatherings were banned, and all efforts were to destroy the tả đạo (Christians). In early 1857, Napoleon III sent Charles de Montigny to negotiate trade with Vietnam, but Tự Đức ignored.[3] The ship captain La Capricieuse previously had sent a letter to Tự Đức demanding free trade and religious freedom. At the same time, the court was going to had Christian high-ranking mandarin Michael Hồ Đình Hy trial and execution for being "traitor".[4] Before departing, de Montigny opened fire at the Vietnamese port of Da Nang as a threatening warning to Tự Đức, calling for stopping the persecution. Furious, Tự Đức believed that these provocations were part of Christians' plots with foreign enemies. Feeling insecure, on 6 June the emperor issued a new edict to consolidate his policy over Christianity.[5] He forced all Christians to have weddings and funerals based on traditional Vietnamese rituals, including the worship of ancestors and spirits.

In 1858, a Catholic bishop named Tạ Văn Phụng in Hải Dương Province changed his name to Lê Duy Minh, proclaimed as the emperor of Catholic Vietnam, and rallied Le loyalists against Tự Đức. Two Dominican priests joined his rebellion. In May, the Grand bishop Melchior Sampedro of Huế condemned the Tạ Văn Phụng rebellion as foolish and forbade Christians to join it. However, Tự Đức ordered Sampedro to be executed on 28 July because Tạ Văn Phụng was a Catholic.[6] Ta Van Phung's forces later were said to be 200,000 strong. The rebellion lasted until 1865.[7]

After the French expeditionary army had invaded and seized Saigon in February 1859, Tự Đức launched a new campaign against Catholic mandarins in the government. On 15 December, he issued a new edict which demoted all Catholic officials in the government, and immediately death sentenced for those high-ranking mandarins who refuted their faith.[8] On 17 January 1860, Tự Đức issued another decree that he would not have the tả đạo being free. In July, he banned and targeted the Lovers of the Holy Cross.[9]

On 5 August 1861, the worst persecution came to the Christians.[10] The emperor issued a royal "dispersal" decree in order to eliminate Christianity at its root:[11]

  • Round up and relocate all Christians to non-Christian (Buddhist, Vietnamese folk religion,...) villages.
  • Supervision of every Christian by five non-Christians in every village.
  • Destroy all Christian churches, villages and communities.
  • Confiscate all lands owned by Christians and distribute them to non-Christians.
  • All Christians are tagged in their cheeks with two words tả đạo (heretics).

End of persecution edit

The situation began to change in the next year, as Tự Đức lost three southern provinces to France. The Treaty of Saigon between France and Vietnam was signed on 6 June 1862 which forced Tự Đức to liberalize his religious policies. He issued an edict in late 1862 which reverted and abolished all of his previous anti-Christian orders. Catholicism was officially recognized, and worshipers gained protection.[9] Tự Đức then sent a Catholic intellectual, Nguyễn Trường Tộ, to France to study European technology and philosophy.[12]

Martyrs edit

 
Portrait of Spanish Bishop Pedro Almat Bình, tried and beheaded by Vietnamese authority on 1 Nov 1861 in Hai Duong.
 
Bishop Théophane Vénard from Diocese of Poitiers. Tried and beheaded on 2 Feb 1851 in Cau Giay, Hanoi.

Between 1848 and 1860, about 25 missionaries, 300 Vietnamese priests and 30,000 Christians died and were martyred in many ways, from suffering decapitation to death by a thousand cuts under the hands of Tự Đức.[13]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Shortland 1875, p. 277.
  2. ^ a b Phan 2008, p. 518.
  3. ^ Shortland 1875, p. 287.
  4. ^ Shortland 1875, pp. 326–332.
  5. ^ Alzog 1878, p. 929.
  6. ^ Phan 2008, p. 519.
  7. ^ Shortland 1875, p. 416.
  8. ^ Shortland 1875, p. 337.
  9. ^ a b Phan 2008, p. 520.
  10. ^ SPF 1862, p. 41.
  11. ^ Shortland 1875, pp. 414–415.
  12. ^ Patridge 1868, p. 183.
  13. ^ Phan 2008, p. 521.

References edit

  • Alzog, Johannes (1878). Manual of Universal Church History: Volume 3. Clarke Company.
  • Cothonay, Marie Bertrand (1911). Lives of Four Martyrs of Tonkin: Who Belonged to the Dominican Province of the Holy Rosary in the Philippine Islands. P.J. Kennedy & Sons.
  • Devéria, Gabriel (1880). Histoire des relations de la Chine avec l'Annam-Viêtnam du XVIe [seizième] au XIXe [dix-neuvième] siècle. E. Leroux.
  • Patridge, SW. (1868). Christian work throughout the world: Volume 2.
  • Phan, Peter C. (2008), "Christianity in Indochina", in Stanley, Brian; Gilley, Sheridan (eds.), The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 513–527, ISBN 978-1-10742-370-1
  • Ramsay, Jacob (2004). "Extortion and Exploitation in the Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in 1830s-1840s Vietnam". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 35 (2). Cambridge University Press: 311–328 – via JSTOR.
  • Society for the Propagation of the Faith (1862). Annals of the Propagation of the Faith Volume 25.
  • Shortland, John Rutherford (1875). The Persecutions of Annam: A History of Christianity in Cochin China and Tonking. Burns and Oates.

January 01, 1970
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From 1849 to 1862 during the early years of the Vietnamese emperor Tự Đức r 1848 1883 of Vietnam the most intense brutal and bloodiest anti Christian persecution ever in history happened in Vietnam also was the last state sponsored persecution of Catholic Christians in Vietnam as a part of Tự Đức s efforts to eradicate every trace of Vietnamese Christianity The persecution suddenly stopped in 1862 after a royal decree was passed by Tự Đức himself which granted Catholicism legitimate freedom to practice and protection Emperor Tự Đức r 1848 1883 of Vietnam Contents 1 The persecution 2 End of persecution 3 Martyrs 4 Notes 5 ReferencesThe persecution edit nbsp Sculpture of Vietnamese martyrs at the Cha Tam Church Ho Chi Minh City The persecution began in 1848 the year of Tự Đức s inauguration Accusing the Catholic Christians of abandoning ancestor worship Buddha and practicing superstitions and fearing that they would revolt against his rule 1 Tự Đức labeled the Catholics as tả đạo heretics and issued a nation wide edict to forbid Catholicism Missionaries were thrown onto the sea Vietnamese priests had to denounce their faith and they would face severe punishments and be tagged as tả đạo on their cheeks The persecution was seen as retaliatory for the French incursion on Danang last year as Tự Đức shut down all contacts between his kingdom and the outside world 2 Two years later on 21 March 1851 Tự Đức ordered a new edict against the Franciscans Vietnamese priests who did not denounce their beliefs and trample the cross would face the same fates as European missionaries being executed and cut into pieces and thrown onto rivers 2 In September 1855 accusing Catholic sympathy of Le loyalists rebelled against his rule Tự Đức ordered a new decree all churches to be burned all public Christian gatherings were banned and all efforts were to destroy the tả đạo Christians In early 1857 Napoleon III sent Charles de Montigny to negotiate trade with Vietnam but Tự Đức ignored 3 The ship captain La Capricieuse previously had sent a letter to Tự Đức demanding free trade and religious freedom At the same time the court was going to had Christian high ranking mandarin Michael Hồ Đinh Hy trial and execution for being traitor 4 Before departing de Montigny opened fire at the Vietnamese port of Da Nang as a threatening warning to Tự Đức calling for stopping the persecution Furious Tự Đức believed that these provocations were part of Christians plots with foreign enemies Feeling insecure on 6 June the emperor issued a new edict to consolidate his policy over Christianity 5 He forced all Christians to have weddings and funerals based on traditional Vietnamese rituals including the worship of ancestors and spirits In 1858 a Catholic bishop named Tạ Văn Phụng in Hải Dương Province changed his name to Le Duy Minh proclaimed as the emperor of Catholic Vietnam and rallied Le loyalists against Tự Đức Two Dominican priests joined his rebellion In May the Grand bishop Melchior Sampedro of Huế condemned the Tạ Văn Phụng rebellion as foolish and forbade Christians to join it However Tự Đức ordered Sampedro to be executed on 28 July because Tạ Văn Phụng was a Catholic 6 Ta Van Phung s forces later were said to be 200 000 strong The rebellion lasted until 1865 7 After the French expeditionary army had invaded and seized Saigon in February 1859 Tự Đức launched a new campaign against Catholic mandarins in the government On 15 December he issued a new edict which demoted all Catholic officials in the government and immediately death sentenced for those high ranking mandarins who refuted their faith 8 On 17 January 1860 Tự Đức issued another decree that he would not have the tả đạo being free In July he banned and targeted the Lovers of the Holy Cross 9 On 5 August 1861 the worst persecution came to the Christians 10 The emperor issued a royal dispersal decree in order to eliminate Christianity at its root 11 Round up and relocate all Christians to non Christian Buddhist Vietnamese folk religion villages Supervision of every Christian by five non Christians in every village Destroy all Christian churches villages and communities Confiscate all lands owned by Christians and distribute them to non Christians All Christians are tagged in their cheeks with two words tả đạo heretics End of persecution editThe situation began to change in the next year as Tự Đức lost three southern provinces to France The Treaty of Saigon between France and Vietnam was signed on 6 June 1862 which forced Tự Đức to liberalize his religious policies He issued an edict in late 1862 which reverted and abolished all of his previous anti Christian orders Catholicism was officially recognized and worshipers gained protection 9 Tự Đức then sent a Catholic intellectual Nguyễn Trường Tộ to France to study European technology and philosophy 12 Martyrs edit nbsp Portrait of Spanish Bishop Pedro Almat Binh tried and beheaded by Vietnamese authority on 1 Nov 1861 in Hai Duong nbsp Bishop Theophane Venard from Diocese of Poitiers Tried and beheaded on 2 Feb 1851 in Cau Giay Hanoi Between 1848 and 1860 about 25 missionaries 300 Vietnamese priests and 30 000 Christians died and were martyred in many ways from suffering decapitation to death by a thousand cuts under the hands of Tự Đức 13 Pedro Almato Binh born 1830 Dominican Order executed on 1 November 1861 Hải Dương Valentin de Berriochoa Vinh Valentin de Berriochoa born 1827 Dominican Order executed on 1 November 1861 Hải Dương Jean Louis Bonnard born 1824 MEP executed on 1 May 1852 Nam Định Đỗ Đinh Cẩm Dominican Order executed on 11 March 1859 Hưng Yen Etienne Theodore Cuenot born 1802 MEP died in prison on 14 November 1861 Binh Định Jose Maria Diaz Sanjuro An born 1818 Dominican Order executed on 20 July 1857 Nam Định Pedro Đinh Văn Dũng burn to death on 6 June 1862 Nam Định Vinh Sơn Phạm Văn Dương born 1821 burn to death on 6 June 1862 Nam Định Paul Vũ Văn Dương born 1792 executed on 3 June 1862 Nam Định Pedro Đa burn to death on 17 June 1862 Nam Định Matthew Nguyễn Văn Đắc executed on 26 May 1861 Melchor Garcia Sampedro born 1821 Dominican Order executed on 28 July 1858 Nam Định Paul Trần Văn Hạnh born 1826 executed on 28 May 1859 Saigon Jeronimo Hermosilla Vọng born 1800 Dominican Order executed on 1 November 1861 Hải Dương John Đoan Trinh Hoan born 1798 executed on 26 May 1861 Đồng Hới Lawrence Nguyễn Văn Hưởng born 1802 executed on 13 February 1856 Ninh Binh Michael Hồ Đinh Hy born 1808 executed on 22 May 1857 Huế Dominic Phạm Trọng Khảm born 1779 Dominican Order executed on 13 January 1859 Nam Định Joseph Nguyễn Duy Khang born 1832 executed on 6 December 1861 Hải Dương Paul Le Văn Lộc born 1830 executed on 13 February 1859 Saigon Joseph Nguyễn Văn Lựu born 1790 died in prison on 2 May 1854 Vĩnh Long Philip Phan Văn Minh born 1815 executed on 3 July 1858 Vĩnh Long Pierre Francois Neron born 1818 MEP executed on 3 November 1860 Sơn Tay Lawrence Phạm Viết Ngon born 1840 executed on 22 May 1862 Nam Định Pedro Đoan Cong Qui born 1826 executed on 31 July 1859 Chau Đốc Augustin Schoeffler born 1822 MEP executed on 1 May 1851 Sơn Tay Theophane Venard born 1829 MEP executed on 2 February 1851 Cầu Giấy Notes edit Shortland 1875 p 277 a b Phan 2008 p 518 Shortland 1875 p 287 Shortland 1875 pp 326 332 Alzog 1878 p 929 Phan 2008 p 519 Shortland 1875 p 416 Shortland 1875 p 337 a b Phan 2008 p 520 SPF 1862 p 41 Shortland 1875 pp 414 415 Patridge 1868 p 183 Phan 2008 p 521 References editAlzog Johannes 1878 Manual of Universal Church History Volume 3 Clarke Company Cothonay Marie Bertrand 1911 Lives of Four Martyrs of Tonkin Who Belonged to the Dominican Province of the Holy Rosary in the Philippine Islands P J Kennedy amp Sons Deveria Gabriel 1880 Histoire des relations de la Chine avec l Annam Vietnam du XVIe seizieme au XIXe dix neuvieme siecle E Leroux Patridge SW 1868 Christian work throughout the world Volume 2 Phan Peter C 2008 Christianity in Indochina in Stanley Brian Gilley Sheridan eds The Cambridge History of Christianity Volume 8 World Christianities C 1815 c 1914 New York Cambridge University Press pp 513 527 ISBN 978 1 10742 370 1 Ramsay Jacob 2004 Extortion and Exploitation in the Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in 1830s 1840s Vietnam Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 35 2 Cambridge University Press 311 328 via JSTOR Society for the Propagation of the Faith 1862 Annals of the Propagation of the Faith Volume 25 Shortland John Rutherford 1875 The Persecutions of Annam A History of Christianity in Cochin China and Tonking Burns and Oates Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tự Đức 27s Catholic persecution amp oldid 1165509502, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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