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Šuppiluliuma I

November 27, 2023

Suppiluliuma I (/ˌsʌpɪlʌliˈuːmə/) or Suppiluliumas I (/-məs/)[1] was king of the Hittites (r. c. 1370–1330 BC (middle chronology)[2] or 1344–1322 BC (short chronology)). He achieved fame as a great warrior and statesman, successfully challenging the then-dominant Egyptian Empire for control of the lands between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates.

The Hittite Empire at its greatest extent under Suppiluliuma I (c. 1350–1322 BC)
"Suppiluliuma" redirects here. For the lesser-known later king of the same name, see Šuppiluliuma II.

Early life edit

Suppiluliuma was the son of Tudhaliya II and Queen Daduhepa.[3] He began his career as the chief advisor and general to Tudhaliya II, then based at Samuha. In this capacity, he defeated the Hittites' enemies among the Azzi-Hayasa and the Kaskas. Both enemies then united around charismatic leaders to counter him; of these Karanni founded a semblance of a royal court in Hayasa, and Piyapili failed to do likewise for the Kaska. Suppiluliuma and Tudhaliya defeated these threats in turn, to the extent that the Hittite court could settle in Hattusa again.

When Tudhaliya II died, Tudhaliya the Younger succeeded to the throne. Soon after his accession, however, he was overthrown and succeeded by his younger brother Suppiluliuma. Some of the Hittite priests later reported this to Suppiluliumas's son, successor, and biographer Mursili II, holding it out as an outstanding crime of the whole dynasty.

Reign edit

 
Deeds of Suppiluliuma I, 14th century BC, from Hattusa
 
Suppiluliuma I and Hukkana treaty, 13th century BC, from Hattusa

Suppiluliuma caused his sister to marry the Hayasan king Hukkana, and married his daughter Muwatti to Maskhuiluwa of the Arzawan state Mira. He also married a Babylonian princess and retook Arzawan territory as far as Hapalla. His most permanent victory was against the Mitanni kingdom, which he reduced to a client state under his son-in-law Shattiwazza. He was also a master builder of large stone structures decorated with stone reliefs. It was during his reign that concepts of the sacred nature of royal leaders developed.

Suppiluliuma then took advantage of the tumultuous reign of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, and seized control of Egyptian territory in Syria, inciting many Egyptian vassals to revolt.

His success encouraged the widow (who is called Dakhamunzu in the annals) of the Egyptian king Nibhururiya (usually identified with Tutankhamun) to write to him, asking him to send one of his sons to be her husband and rule Egypt, since she had no heir and was on the verge of being forced to marry "a servant", usually thought to be the Egyptian general Horemheb or her late husband's vizier Ay. Suppiluliuma dispatched an ambassador to Egypt to investigate; he reported that the situation was accurately described, and the king decided to take advantage of this windfall. Unfortunately, Prince Zannanza died on the way, and the marriage alliance never came to be. Angry letters were exchanged between Suppiluliuma and the Pharaoh Ay, who had assumed the Egyptian throne, over the circumstances of Zannanza's death and the allegation that he had been murdered by Egyptians.

Suppiluliuma was furious at this turn of events and unleashed his armies against Egypt's vassal states in Canaan and Northern Syria, capturing much territory.

Unfortunately, many of the Egyptian prisoners carried a plague which would eventually ravage the Hittite heartland and lead to the deaths of both Suppiluliuma I and his successor, Arnuwanda II.

Family edit

Suppiluliuma had two wives. The first wife who served as his queen was a woman named Henti. A badly damaged text from the reign of her son Mursili II implies that Queen Henti may have been banished by her husband to the land of Ahhiyawa. An advantageous marriage with a Babylonian princess might have resulted in her banishment.[3] She is likely the mother of all of Suppiluliuma's sons.

  • Arnuwanda II, a king of the Hittite Empire (new kingdom) c. 1330 BC
  • Telipinu, who is known from a decree appointing him as a priest of Kizzuwadna.[3]
  • Piyassili, later known as Sarri-Kusuh and governor of the former territory of Hanigabat west of the Euphrates
  • Mursili II, a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom) c. 1330–1295 BC
  • Zannanza, the Hittite prince who was sent to Egypt in response to the Dakhamunzu letter and possibly murdered en route.

After Henti's disappearance, the next queen is a Babylonian princess named Malnigal. She is the daughter of King Burna-Buriash II. Malnigal adopts the title Tawananna as her personal name.[3]

Suppiluliuma is known to have had at least one daughter. Her name was Muwatti.[3]


Sources edit

The Deeds of Suppiluliuma,[4] compiled after his death by his son Mursili, is an important primary source for the king's reign. One of Suppiluliuma's letters, addressed to Akhenaten, was preserved in the Amarna letters (EA 41) archive at Akhetaten. It expresses his hope that the good relations which existed between Egypt and Hatti under Akhenaten's father (Amenhotep III) would continue into Akhenaten's new reign.

"In relating the wars of his father Suppiluliuma I and his victories[,] the Hittite king Mursili II mentions that after the death of the king of Egypt Tutankamon, Queen Dahamunzu (Nefertiti) asked his father to send a prince to become her husband and king from the country. When the inhabitants of Egypt heard about Amqa's attack, they were afraid because to make matters worse their king Tutankhamun had just died, the widowed Queen of Egypt sent a message to my father saying the following: "My husband is dead and I do not have a son. It is said that you have many sons, if you sent one, he could be my husband. "When my father learned that he summoned the Great Council. He decided to send Hattu-Zili, the chamberlain, went to him saying I am sure of information "During the absence of Hattu-Zili in Egypt, my father conquered the city of Kargamis. The Egyptian envoy, the Honorable Hani, came to see him. The Queen sent her letter saying, "Why do you say do not deceive me that way? If I had a son would I write to a foreign country in such a humiliating way for me and my country? Give me one of your sons and he will be my husband and the king of Egypt. " because my father had a good heart, he accepted the lady's wish and decided to send his son".[5]

In fiction edit

Suppiluliuma I appears in Mika Waltari's historical novel The Egyptian, in which he is presented as the ultimate villain, a ruthless conqueror and utterly tyrannical ruler. Popular culture researcher Abe Brown notes that "As Waltari's book was written during the Second World War, Suppiluliuma's depiction is likely to be at least in part inspired by Hitler, rather than by historical facts. Unlike quite a few other historical figures of many times and places who got cast in the role of Hitler, Suppiluliuma has not yet attracted the attention of any historical novelist to write a bit more nuanced popular account—though his life certainly offers rich untapped material".[6]

Janet Morris wrote a detailed biographical novel, I, the Sun, whose subject was Suppiluliuma I, in which all characters are from the historical record, about which O.M. Gurney, Hittite scholar and author of The Hittites,[7] commented that "the author is familiar with every aspect of Hittite culture".[8][9]

Suppiluliuma appears in a minor role in the novel The Shadow Prince by Philip Armstrong, as the grandfather of the hero, Tupiluliuma, in which he is Tudhaliya's nephew and adopted son. It is explained that he was reluctantly forced to take the throne and exclude his adoptive brother, the younger Tudhaliyas, as a result of his predecessor's descent into madness. He is regarded as one of the greatest of the Great Kings of Hatti, but is not a man to be crossed lightly.[10]

He is also a character in the historical fiction manga Red River, introduced as an old man who has retired from warfare. He dies shortly after the start of the story.

Suppilulima may be depicted in the 'Nantucket' novels of S.M. Stirling, but under an alternative name, with a son called Kalkash.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Suppiluliumas I". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  2. ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.
  3. ^ a b c d e Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford University Press, 1999
  4. ^ The Deeds of Šuppiluliuma I.
  5. ^ "Nouvelle page 1".
  6. ^ Abe Brown, "Hitler's fictional avatars", p. 53
  7. ^ The Hittites, O.M. Gurney, Penguin, 1952
  8. ^ I, the Sun by Janet Morris (biographical novel of Suppiluliuma I), Dell, 1983; Perseid Press, 2014
  9. ^ Janet Morris I, the Sun ISBN 978-0991465453
  10. ^ Philip Armstrong, 'The Shadow Prince' ISBN 978-1533673503

Literature edit

External links edit

  • at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 July 2013)
  • at the Wayback Machine (archived 4 February 2012)
  • "Suppiluliuma (Hittite) – Shattiwaza (Mitanni) Treaty Excerpts". Zoroastrial Heritage. K. E. Eduljee. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Hittite king
ca. 1370–1330 BC 		Succeeded by

November 27, 2023
Šuppiluliuma, suppiluliuma, suppiluliumas, king, hittites, 1370, 1330, middle, chronology, 1344, 1322, short, chronology, achieved, fame, great, warrior, statesman, successfully, challenging, then, dominant, egyptian, empire, control, lands, between, mediterra. Suppiluliuma I ˌ s ʌ p ɪ l ʌ l i ˈ uː m e or Suppiluliumas I m e s 1 was king of the Hittites r c 1370 1330 BC middle chronology 2 or 1344 1322 BC short chronology He achieved fame as a great warrior and statesman successfully challenging the then dominant Egyptian Empire for control of the lands between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates The Hittite Empire at its greatest extent under Suppiluliuma I c 1350 1322 BC Suppiluliuma redirects here For the lesser known later king of the same name see Suppiluliuma II Contents 1 Early life 2 Reign 3 Family 4 Sources 5 In fiction 6 See also 7 References 8 Literature 9 External linksEarly life editSuppiluliuma was the son of Tudhaliya II and Queen Daduhepa 3 He began his career as the chief advisor and general to Tudhaliya II then based at Samuha In this capacity he defeated the Hittites enemies among the Azzi Hayasa and the Kaskas Both enemies then united around charismatic leaders to counter him of these Karanni founded a semblance of a royal court in Hayasa and Piyapili failed to do likewise for the Kaska Suppiluliuma and Tudhaliya defeated these threats in turn to the extent that the Hittite court could settle in Hattusa again When Tudhaliya II died Tudhaliya the Younger succeeded to the throne Soon after his accession however he was overthrown and succeeded by his younger brother Suppiluliuma Some of the Hittite priests later reported this to Suppiluliumas s son successor and biographer Mursili II holding it out as an outstanding crime of the whole dynasty Reign edit nbsp Deeds of Suppiluliuma I 14th century BC from Hattusa nbsp Suppiluliuma I and Hukkana treaty 13th century BC from HattusaSuppiluliuma caused his sister to marry the Hayasan king Hukkana and married his daughter Muwatti to Maskhuiluwa of the Arzawan state Mira He also married a Babylonian princess and retook Arzawan territory as far as Hapalla His most permanent victory was against the Mitanni kingdom which he reduced to a client state under his son in law Shattiwazza He was also a master builder of large stone structures decorated with stone reliefs It was during his reign that concepts of the sacred nature of royal leaders developed Suppiluliuma then took advantage of the tumultuous reign of the Pharaoh Akhenaten and seized control of Egyptian territory in Syria inciting many Egyptian vassals to revolt His success encouraged the widow who is called Dakhamunzu in the annals of the Egyptian king Nibhururiya usually identified with Tutankhamun to write to him asking him to send one of his sons to be her husband and rule Egypt since she had no heir and was on the verge of being forced to marry a servant usually thought to be the Egyptian general Horemheb or her late husband s vizier Ay Suppiluliuma dispatched an ambassador to Egypt to investigate he reported that the situation was accurately described and the king decided to take advantage of this windfall Unfortunately Prince Zannanza died on the way and the marriage alliance never came to be Angry letters were exchanged between Suppiluliuma and the Pharaoh Ay who had assumed the Egyptian throne over the circumstances of Zannanza s death and the allegation that he had been murdered by Egyptians Suppiluliuma was furious at this turn of events and unleashed his armies against Egypt s vassal states in Canaan and Northern Syria capturing much territory Unfortunately many of the Egyptian prisoners carried a plague which would eventually ravage the Hittite heartland and lead to the deaths of both Suppiluliuma I and his successor Arnuwanda II Family editSuppiluliuma had two wives The first wife who served as his queen was a woman named Henti A badly damaged text from the reign of her son Mursili II implies that Queen Henti may have been banished by her husband to the land of Ahhiyawa An advantageous marriage with a Babylonian princess might have resulted in her banishment 3 She is likely the mother of all of Suppiluliuma s sons Arnuwanda II a king of the Hittite Empire new kingdom c 1330 BC Telipinu who is known from a decree appointing him as a priest of Kizzuwadna 3 Piyassili later known as Sarri Kusuh and governor of the former territory of Hanigabat west of the Euphrates Mursili II a king of the Hittite Empire New kingdom c 1330 1295 BC Zannanza the Hittite prince who was sent to Egypt in response to the Dakhamunzu letter and possibly murdered en route After Henti s disappearance the next queen is a Babylonian princess named Malnigal She is the daughter of King Burna Buriash II Malnigal adopts the title Tawananna as her personal name 3 Suppiluliuma is known to have had at least one daughter Her name was Muwatti 3 vteHittite New Kingdom royal family treeHimuili a Tudhaliya I II b Nikkalmati c Arnuwanda I c Asmunikal c Hattusili II d Tudhaliya III e Daduhepa f Zida g Tudhaliya the Young h Henti g 1 Suppiluliuma I h 2 Tawananna i Arnuwanda II g Telipinu j Sarri Kusuh k l Zannanza m Gassulawiya n 1 Mursili II g 2 Tanuhepa o Talmi Sarruma p Sahurunuwa k q Muwatalli II o Halpasulupi r Massanauzzi s Hattusili III t Puduhepa u Ini Tesub k v Urhi Tesub o Kurunta w Nerikkaili x numerous daughters y and sons z Tudhaliya IV aa Talmi Tesub k ab Hartapu ac Arnuwanda III ad Suppiluliuma II ad ae Kuzi Tesub af 1 1st spouse 2 2nd spouse Small caps indicates a Great King LUGAL GAL of the Land of Hatti italic small caps indicates a Great Queen or Tawananna Dashed lines indicate adoption Solid lines indicate marriage if horizontal or parentage if vertical References Trevor Bryce 1997 The Kingdom of the Hittites Oxford England Clarendon Press Trevor Bryce 2012 The World of the Neo Hittite Kingdoms Oxford England Oxford University Press Volkert Haas 2006 Die hethitische Literatur Berlin Germany de Gruyter Notes Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I II was the son of Himuili and thus a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II Bryce 1997 p 131 Bryce 1997 does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I II was one king or two p 133 a b c Bryce 1997 p 139 The existence of Hattusili II is doubtful Bryce 1997 pp 153 154 Bryce 1997 p 158 Bryce 1997 p 172 a b c d Bryce 1997 p 174 a b Bryce 1997 p 168 Also known as Malnigal daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia Bryce 1997 p 173 Great priest in Kizzuwadna and king lugal of Aleppo Bryce 1997 p 174 a b c d King lugal of Carchemish Bryce 1997 pp 174 203 204 Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh s widow probably Ankhesenpaaten the widow of Tutankhamun Bryce 1997 pp 196 198 Bryce 1997 p 227 a b c Bryce 1997 p 230 Bryce 1997 p 220 Bryce 1997 p 222 Haas 2006 p 91 Massanauzzi married Masturi king of the Seha River Land Bryce 1997 p 313 Bryce 1997 p 296 Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri Bryce 1997 p 273 Bryce 1997 pp 346 363 King lugal of Tarhuntassa Bryce 1997 p 296 apparently later Great King of Hatti Bryce 1997 p 354 Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina king of Amurru Bryce 1997 p 294 Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II one was given the Egyptian name Ma hor nefrure Another Gassuwaliya married into the royal house of Amurru Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa king of Amurru after his father Bentesina From Bryce 1997 pp 294 and 312 Bryce 1997 p 332 Bryce 1997 p 363 Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess known by her title of Great Princess dumu sal gal Bryce 1997 pp 294 331 Bryce 1997 p 363 Great King of Tarhuntassa son of Mursili the Great King who is likely identical with Mursili III Urhi Tesub Bryce 2012 p 21 f a b Bryce 1997 p 361 Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti King and then Great King of Carchemish Bryce 1997 pp 384 385 Sources editThe Deeds of Suppiluliuma 4 compiled after his death by his son Mursili is an important primary source for the king s reign One of Suppiluliuma s letters addressed to Akhenaten was preserved in the Amarna letters EA 41 archive at Akhetaten It expresses his hope that the good relations which existed between Egypt and Hatti under Akhenaten s father Amenhotep III would continue into Akhenaten s new reign In relating the wars of his father Suppiluliuma I and his victories the Hittite king Mursili II mentions that after the death of the king of Egypt Tutankamon Queen Dahamunzu Nefertiti asked his father to send a prince to become her husband and king from the country When the inhabitants of Egypt heard about Amqa s attack they were afraid because to make matters worse their king Tutankhamun had just died the widowed Queen of Egypt sent a message to my father saying the following My husband is dead and I do not have a son It is said that you have many sons if you sent one he could be my husband When my father learned that he summoned the Great Council He decided to send Hattu Zili the chamberlain went to him saying I am sure of information During the absence of Hattu Zili in Egypt my father conquered the city of Kargamis The Egyptian envoy the Honorable Hani came to see him The Queen sent her letter saying Why do you say do not deceive me that way If I had a son would I write to a foreign country in such a humiliating way for me and my country Give me one of your sons and he will be my husband and the king of Egypt because my father had a good heart he accepted the lady s wish and decided to send his son 5 In fiction editSuppiluliuma I appears in Mika Waltari s historical novel The Egyptian in which he is presented as the ultimate villain a ruthless conqueror and utterly tyrannical ruler Popular culture researcher Abe Brown notes that As Waltari s book was written during the Second World War Suppiluliuma s depiction is likely to be at least in part inspired by Hitler rather than by historical facts Unlike quite a few other historical figures of many times and places who got cast in the role of Hitler Suppiluliuma has not yet attracted the attention of any historical novelist to write a bit more nuanced popular account though his life certainly offers rich untapped material 6 Janet Morris wrote a detailed biographical novel I the Sun whose subject was Suppiluliuma I in which all characters are from the historical record about which O M Gurney Hittite scholar and author of The Hittites 7 commented that the author is familiar with every aspect of Hittite culture 8 9 Suppiluliuma appears in a minor role in the novel The Shadow Prince by Philip Armstrong as the grandfather of the hero Tupiluliuma in which he is Tudhaliya s nephew and adopted son It is explained that he was reluctantly forced to take the throne and exclude his adoptive brother the younger Tudhaliyas as a result of his predecessor s descent into madness He is regarded as one of the greatest of the Great Kings of Hatti but is not a man to be crossed lightly 10 He is also a character in the historical fiction manga Red River introduced as an old man who has retired from warfare He dies shortly after the start of the story Suppilulima may be depicted in the Nantucket novels of S M Stirling but under an alternative name with a son called Kalkash See also edit nbsp Asia portalPiyashshili Suppiluliuma II Zita Hittite prince brother of SuppiluliumaReferences edit Suppiluliumas I Collins Dictionary n d Retrieved 24 September 2014 Kuhrt Amelie 2020 The Ancient Near East c 3000 330 BC Volume One Routledge p 230 ISBN 978 1 136 75548 4 a b c d e Trevor Bryce The Kingdom of the Hittites Oxford University Press 1999 The Deeds of Suppiluliuma I Nouvelle page 1 Abe Brown Hitler s fictional avatars p 53 The Hittites O M Gurney Penguin 1952 I the Sun by Janet Morris biographical novel of Suppiluliuma I Dell 1983 Perseid Press 2014 Janet Morris I the Sun ISBN 978 0991465453 Philip Armstrong The Shadow Prince ISBN 978 1533673503Literature editBeckman Gary 1996 Harry A Hoffner ed Hittite Diplomatic Texts Scholars Press ISBN 978 0788505515 External links editReign of Suppiluliuma I at the Wayback Machine archived 29 July 2013 Translation of the Deeds of Suppiluliuma at the Wayback Machine archived 4 February 2012 Suppiluliuma Hittite Shattiwaza Mitanni Treaty Excerpts Zoroastrial Heritage K E Eduljee Retrieved 17 November 2015 Regnal titlesPreceded byTudhaliya III Hittite kingca 1370 1330 BC Succeeded byArnuwanda II Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Suppiluliuma I amp oldid 1180682952, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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