The Sukkalmah Dynasty (c. 1900-1500 BCE), also Epartid Dynasty after the founder Eparti/Ebarat,[5][6] was an early dynasty of West Asia in the ancient region of Elam, to the southeast of Babylonia. It corresponds to the latest part of the Old Elamite period (dated c. 2700-1600 BC).
Seal impression of King Ebarat (𒂊𒁀𒊏𒀜), founder of the Sukkalmah Dynasty, also called "Epartid Dynasty" after him. He uses the title of king (𒈗Šàr, pronounced Shar) in the inscription. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 6225. King Ebarat appears enthroned. The inscription reads "Ebarat the King. Kuk Kalla, son of Kuk-Sharum, servant of Shilhaha"[1][2][3][4]
Location of Susa, capital of the Sukkalmah Dynasty.
The Sukkalmah dynasty followed the Shimashki Dynasty (c. 2200-1900 BCE).[7][8] The name of the dynasty comes from the name Sukkalmah meaning "Grand Regent", the title used by Elamite rulers.[7]
Numerous cuneiform documents and inscriptions remain from this period, particularly from the area of Susa, making the Sukkalmah period one of the best documented in Elamite history.[7]
Sukkalmah was a Sumerian title first attested in the Pre-Sargonic texts from Girsu, where it seems to have had the meaning of "prime minister" or "grand vizier."[9] The title was well-attested under the powerful Ur III state, where it remained associated with Girsu and nearby Lagash. The Sukkalmahs of Lagash held effective control over the entire ma-da or buffer zone to the north and east of the Ur III core territory, and thus held authority over Susa.[10] The Sukkalmah Arad-Nanna held the title of shagina or military governor of Pashime on the southern coast of Iran, indicating that the influence of the Neo-Sumerian Sukkalmahs could extend quite deep into Elamite territory.[11] The later adoption of the title Sukkalmah by the Elamites probably reflects the considerable political influence that the Neo-Sumerian Sukkalmahs had on Susiana and Elam, and may have also been favored due to similarity between the Sumerian sukkal and the Elamite title sunkir or sukkir meaning "king".[12]
The dynasty
The founder of the dynasty was a ruler named Shilhaha, who described himself as "the chosen son of Ebarat", who may have been the same as King Ebarti mentioned as the 9th King of the Shimashki Dynasty.[8] Ebarat appears as the founder of the dynasty according to building inscriptions, but later kings rather seem to refer to Shilhaha in their filiation claims.[5]
The dynasty was roughly contemporary with the Old Assyrian Empire, and the Old Babylonian period in Mesopotamia. During this time, Susa was under Elamite control, but Akkadian-speaking Mesopotamian states such as Larsa and Isin continually tried to retake the city. Notable Sukkalmah dynasty rulers in Elam during this time include Sirukdukh (c. 1850), who entered into various military coalitions to contain the power of the south Mesopotamian states; Siwe-Palar-Khuppak, who for some time was the most powerful person in the area, respectfully addressed as "Father" by Mesopotamian kings such as Zimrilim of Mari, Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria, and even Hammurabi of Babylon; and Kudur-Nahhunte, who plundered the temples of southern Mesopotamia, the north being under the control of the Old Assyrian Empire. But Elamite influence in southern Mesopotamia did not last. Around 1760 BC, Hammurabi drove out the Elamites, overthrew Rim-Sin of Larsa, and established a short lived Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia. Little is known about the later part of this dynasty, since sources again become sparse with the Kassite rule of Babylon (from c. 1595).
Gunagi vessels
The names of Ebarat and Shilhaha, the founding members of the Sukkalmah Dynasty, have been found on the Gunagi silver vessels, inscribed in the Linear Elamite script. The Gunagi vessels were discovered recently (2004). French archaeologist François Desset identified repetitive sign sequences in the beginning of the Gunagi inscriptions, and guessed they were names of Kings, in a manner somewhat similar to Grotefend's decipherment of Old Persian cuneiform in 1802-1815.[13] Using the small set of letters identified in 1905-1912, the number of symbols in each sequence taken as syllables, and in one instance the repetition of a symbol, Desset was able to identify the only two contemporary historical rulers that matched these conditions: Shilhaha and Ebarat, the two earliest kings of the Sukkalmah Dynasty.[14] Another set of signs matched the well-known God of the period: Napirisha:[14][15]
E-b-r-t, Ebarat II, founder of the Sukkalmah Dynasty.[14][15]
Shi-l-ha-ha, Shilhaha, second king of the Sukkalmah Dynasty.[14][15]
Sculpture of a lion as a fountain head, Susa, Sukkalmah period.
Sealed tablet with a serpent god, Susa circa 17th century BCE. Inscription: "Tan-Uli, sukkalmah, sukkal from Susa and Shimashki, son of the sister of Shilhaha".[16]
File:Men with daggers, Sukkalmah dynasty, 1940-1600 BCE, Susa, Louvre Museum Sb 1394.
Sukkalmah Anshan cylinder, Louvre Museum, reference Sb 1515. Ruler enthroned, with his queen standing behind in a flouced garment, under overhanging vines.[17]
File:Seal of Adaia attendant to Nin-Shubur, Sukkalmah dynasty, 1940-1600 BCE, Susa, Louvre Museum Sb 1418.
Cylinder seal mentioning Shilhaha, ca. 20th century B.C. Old Elamite
^The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1992. p. 114. ISBN9780870996511.
^"Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
^Potts, D. T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. ISBN9780521564960.
^Harper, Prudence O. (1992). Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 114.
^ abStolper, Matthew (1984). Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology. University of California Press. p. 26.
^Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. p. 221. ISBN9781134159079.
^ abcSigfried J. de Laet; Ahmad Hasan Dani (1994). History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C. UNESCO. p. 579. ISBN978-92-3-102811-3.
^ abÁlvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro; Wicks, Yasmina (2018). The Elamite World. Routledge. p. 289. ISBN9781317329831.
^Luca Peyronel in Álvarez-Mon, et al. (2018), p.217
^P. Michalowski (2013). Garfinkle, Steven; Molina, Manuel (eds.). From the 21st Century BC to the 21st Century AD: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid, 22-24 July 2010. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 169–205. ISBN9781575068718.
^Desset, François (2018). "Nine Linear Elamite Texts Inscribed on Silver "Gunagi" Vessels (X, Y, Z, F', H', I', J', K' and L'): New Data on Linear Elamite Writing and the History of the Sukkalmaḫ Dynasty". Iran. 56 (2): 140. ISSN 0578-6967.
^ abcdefgDesset, François (2018). "Nine Linear Elamite Texts Inscribed on Silver "Gunagi" Vessels (X, Y, Z, F', H', I', J', K' and L'): New Data on Linear Elamite Writing and the History of the Sukkalmaḫ Dynasty". Iran. 56 (2). ISSN 0578-6967.
^ abcdDesset, François (CNRS Archéorient of Lyon) (2020). "Breaking The Code. The decipherment of linear Elamite, a forgotten writing system of Ancient Iran (3rd millenium BC)". www.canal-u.tv.
^Harper, Prudence O. (1992). Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 117–118.
^Harper, Prudence O. (1992). Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 115.
^Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.
Cameron, George, "History of Early Iran", Chicago, 1936 (repr., Chicago, 1969; tr. E.-J. Levin, L’histoire de l’Iran antique, Paris, 1937; tr. H. Anusheh, ایران در سپیده دم تاریخ, Tehran, 1993)
Potts, D. T., The Archaeology of Elam, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
January 04, 2023
sukkalmah, dynasty, 1900, 1500, also, epartid, dynasty, after, founder, eparti, ebarat, early, dynasty, west, asia, ancient, region, elam, southeast, babylonia, corresponds, latest, part, elamite, period, dated, 2700, 1600, seal, impression, king, ebarat, 𒂊𒁀𒊏𒀜. The Sukkalmah Dynasty c 1900 1500 BCE also Epartid Dynasty after the founder Eparti Ebarat 5 6 was an early dynasty of West Asia in the ancient region of Elam to the southeast of Babylonia It corresponds to the latest part of the Old Elamite period dated c 2700 1600 BC Seal impression of King Ebarat 𒂊𒁀𒊏𒀜 founder of the Sukkalmah Dynasty also called Epartid Dynasty after him He uses the title of king 𒈗 Sar pronounced Shar in the inscription Louvre Museum reference Sb 6225 King Ebarat appears enthroned The inscription reads Ebarat the King Kuk Kalla son of Kuk Sharum servant of Shilhaha 1 2 3 4 Susaclass notpageimage Location of Susa capital of the Sukkalmah Dynasty The Sukkalmah dynasty followed the Shimashki Dynasty c 2200 1900 BCE 7 8 The name of the dynasty comes from the name Sukkalmah meaning Grand Regent the title used by Elamite rulers 7 Numerous cuneiform documents and inscriptions remain from this period particularly from the area of Susa making the Sukkalmah period one of the best documented in Elamite history 7 Contents 1 Origin of the title Sukkalmah 2 The dynasty 2 1 Gunagi vessels 3 Artifacts of the Sukkalmah 4 Rulers 5 See also 6 References 7 SourcesOrigin of the title Sukkalmah EditSukkalmah was a Sumerian title first attested in the Pre Sargonic texts from Girsu where it seems to have had the meaning of prime minister or grand vizier 9 The title was well attested under the powerful Ur III state where it remained associated with Girsu and nearby Lagash The Sukkalmahs of Lagash held effective control over the entire ma da or buffer zone to the north and east of the Ur III core territory and thus held authority over Susa 10 The Sukkalmah Arad Nanna held the title of shagina or military governor of Pashime on the southern coast of Iran indicating that the influence of the Neo Sumerian Sukkalmahs could extend quite deep into Elamite territory 11 The later adoption of the title Sukkalmah by the Elamites probably reflects the considerable political influence that the Neo Sumerian Sukkalmahs had on Susiana and Elam and may have also been favored due to similarity between the Sumerian sukkal and the Elamite title sunkir or sukkir meaning king 12 The dynasty EditThe founder of the dynasty was a ruler named Shilhaha who described himself as the chosen son of Ebarat who may have been the same as King Ebarti mentioned as the 9th King of the Shimashki Dynasty 8 Ebarat appears as the founder of the dynasty according to building inscriptions but later kings rather seem to refer to Shilhaha in their filiation claims 5 The dynasty was roughly contemporary with the Old Assyrian Empire and the Old Babylonian period in Mesopotamia During this time Susa was under Elamite control but Akkadian speaking Mesopotamian states such as Larsa and Isin continually tried to retake the city Notable Sukkalmah dynasty rulers in Elam during this time include Sirukdukh c 1850 who entered into various military coalitions to contain the power of the south Mesopotamian states Siwe Palar Khuppak who for some time was the most powerful person in the area respectfully addressed as Father by Mesopotamian kings such as Zimrilim of Mari Shamshi Adad I of Assyria and even Hammurabi of Babylon and Kudur Nahhunte who plundered the temples of southern Mesopotamia the north being under the control of the Old Assyrian Empire But Elamite influence in southern Mesopotamia did not last Around 1760 BC Hammurabi drove out the Elamites overthrew Rim Sin of Larsa and established a short lived Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia Little is known about the later part of this dynasty since sources again become sparse with the Kassite rule of Babylon from c 1595 Gunagi vessels Edit The names of Ebarat and Shilhaha the founding members of the Sukkalmah Dynasty have been found on the Gunagi silver vessels inscribed in the Linear Elamite script The Gunagi vessels were discovered recently 2004 French archaeologist Francois Desset identified repetitive sign sequences in the beginning of the Gunagi inscriptions and guessed they were names of Kings in a manner somewhat similar to Grotefend s decipherment of Old Persian cuneiform in 1802 1815 13 Using the small set of letters identified in 1905 1912 the number of symbols in each sequence taken as syllables and in one instance the repetition of a symbol Desset was able to identify the only two contemporary historical rulers that matched these conditions Shilhaha and Ebarat the two earliest kings of the Sukkalmah Dynasty 14 Another set of signs matched the well known God of the period Napirisha 14 15 E b r t Ebarat II founder of the Sukkalmah Dynasty 14 15 Shi l ha ha Shilhaha second king of the Sukkalmah Dynasty 14 15 Na pi r ri sha God Napirisha 14 15 Artifacts of the Sukkalmah Edit Sculpture of a lion as a fountain head Susa Sukkalmah period Sealed tablet with a serpent god Susa circa 17th century BCE Inscription Tan Uli sukkalmah sukkal from Susa and Shimashki son of the sister of Shilhaha 16 File Men with daggers Sukkalmah dynasty 1940 1600 BCE Susa Louvre Museum Sb 1394 Sukkalmah Anshan cylinder Louvre Museum reference Sb 1515 Ruler enthroned with his queen standing behind in a flouced garment under overhanging vines 17 File Seal of Adaia attendant to Nin Shubur Sukkalmah dynasty 1940 1600 BCE Susa Louvre Museum Sb 1418 Cylinder seal mentioning Shilhaha ca 20th century B C Old Elamite Cylinder seal ca 19th 18th century B C Elamite Reception seal Sukkalmah dynasty 1940 1600 BCE Susa Louvre Museum Sb 1440Rulers EditName Portrait Title Born Died Entered office Left office Family Relations NoteSukkalmah or Epartid dynasty 18 c 1970 c 1500 BC1 Eparti II E b r t 14 king of Anshan amp Susa c 1973 BC Married with a daughter of Iddin Dagan king of Isin in 1973 BC 19 cont Iddin Dagan king of Isin2 Shilhaha Shi l ha ha 14 Sukkalmah chosen son of Ebarat 20 3 Kuk Nashur I Sukkalmah son ruhushak 21 of Shilhaha4 Atta hushu Sukkal and Ippir of Susa Shepherd of the people of Susa Shepherd of Inshushinak after 1894 BC 1928 BC after 1894 BC son of Kuk Nashur I 5 Tetep Mada Shepherd of the people of Susa after c 1890 BC son of Kuk Nashur I 6 Palar Ishshan Sukkalmah 7 Kuk Sanit son of Palar Ishshan 8 Kuk Kirwash Sukkalmah Sukkal of Elam and Simashki and Susa son of Lan Kuku amp nephew of Palar Ishshan9 Tem Sanit son of Kuk Kirwash10 Kuk Nahhunte son of Kuk Kirwash11 Kuk Nashur II Sukkalmah Sukkal of Elam Sukkal of Elam and Simashki and Susa son of Kuk Nahhunte 12 Shirukduh Sukkalmah c 1790 BC cont Shamshi Adad I king of Assyria13 Shimut Wartash I son of Shirukduh14 Siwe Palar Hupak Sukkalmah Sukkal of Susa Prince of Elam before 1765 BC after 1765 BC son of Shirukduh15 Kuduzulush I Sukkalmah Sukkal of Susa son of Shirukduh16 Kutir Nahhunte I Sukkalmah c 1710 BC son of Kuduzulush I17 Atta Merra Halki son of Kuduzulush I 18 Tata II Sukkal brother of Atta Merra Halki19 Lila Irtash son of Kuduzulush I20 Temti Agun Sukkalmah Sukkal of Susa son of Kutir Nahhunte I21 Kutir Shilhaha Sukkalmah Sukkal son of Temti Agun22 Kuk Nashur III Sukkal of Elam Sukkal of Susa before 1646 BC after 1646 BC son of Kutir Shilhaha23 Temti Raptash son of Kutir Shilhaha24 Shimut Wartash II son of Kuk Nashur III25 Shirtuh King of Susa son of Kuk Nashur III26 Kuduzulush II Sukkalmah King of Susa son of Shimut Wartash II27 Tan Uli Sukkalmah Sukkal 28 Temti Halki Sukkalmah Sukkal of Elam and Simashki and Susa son of Tan Uli29 Kuk Nashur IV 22 Sukkalmah son of Tan Uli30 Kutik Matlat 23 c 1500 BC son of Tan UliSee also Edit Asia portalAwan dynasty List of rulers of ElamReferences Edit The Royal City of Susa Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre Metropolitan Museum of Art 1992 p 114 ISBN 9780870996511 Site officiel du musee du Louvre cartelfr louvre fr Potts D T 1999 The Archaeology of Elam Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State Cambridge University Press p 147 ISBN 9780521564960 Harper Prudence O 1992 Royal City of Susa Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre The Metropolitan Museum of Art p 114 a b Stolper Matthew 1984 Elam Surveys of Political History and Archaeology University of California Press p 26 Bryce Trevor 2009 The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire Routledge p 221 ISBN 9781134159079 a b c Sigfried J de Laet Ahmad Hasan Dani 1994 History of Humanity From the third millennium to the seventh century B C UNESCO p 579 ISBN 978 92 3 102811 3 a b Alvarez Mon Javier Basello Gian Pietro Wicks Yasmina 2018 The Elamite World Routledge p 289 ISBN 9781317329831 Potts 1999 p 160 Luca Peyronel in Alvarez Mon et al 2018 p 217 P Michalowski 2013 Garfinkle Steven Molina Manuel eds From the 21st Century BC to the 21st Century AD Proceedings of the International Conference on Neo Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid 22 24 July 2010 Winona Lake Eisenbrauns pp 169 205 ISBN 9781575068718 Stolper 1984 p 24 Desset Francois 2018 Nine Linear Elamite Texts Inscribed on Silver Gunagi Vessels X Y Z F H I J K and L New Data on Linear Elamite Writing and the History of the Sukkalmaḫ Dynasty Iran 56 2 140 ISSN 0578 6967 a b c d e f g Desset Francois 2018 Nine Linear Elamite Texts Inscribed on Silver Gunagi Vessels X Y Z F H I J K and L New Data on Linear Elamite Writing and the History of the Sukkalmaḫ Dynasty Iran 56 2 ISSN 0578 6967 a b c d Desset Francois CNRS Archeorient of Lyon 2020 Breaking The Code The decipherment of linear Elamite a forgotten writing system of Ancient Iran 3rd millenium BC www canal u tv Harper Prudence O 1992 Royal City of Susa Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre The Metropolitan Museum of Art pp 117 118 Harper Prudence O 1992 Royal City of Susa Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre The Metropolitan Museum of Art p 115 Cameron 1936 The Cambridge History of Iran Hinz 1972 The Cambridge Ancient History Majidzadeh 1991 Majidzadeh 1997 Vallat Elam 1998 Vallat Elam 1998 F W Konig Die elamischen Koniginschriften Graz 1965 Ruhushak means son of sister but probably it refers to a dynastical marriage between siblings See Vallat Elam 1998 Potts 1999 Cameron 1936 Sources EditCameron George History of Early Iran Chicago 1936 repr Chicago 1969 tr E J Levin L histoire de l Iran antique Paris 1937 tr H Anusheh ایران در سپیده دم تاریخ Tehran 1993 Potts D T The Archaeology of Elam Cambridge University Press 1999 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sukkalmah Dynasty amp oldid 1096228527, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
