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Suddenly Last Summer

November 23, 2023

This article is about the play. For other uses, see Suddenly Last Summer (disambiguation).

Suddenly Last Summer is a one-act play by Tennessee Williams, written in New York in 1957.[1] It opened off Broadway on January 7, 1958, as part of a double bill with another of Williams' one-acts, Something Unspoken (written in London in 1951).[2]:  52  The presentation of the two plays was given the overall title Garden District, but Suddenly Last Summer is now more often performed alone.[3] Williams said he thought the play "perhaps the most poetic" he had written,[2]:  86  and Harold Bloom ranks it among the best examples of the playwright's lyricism.[4]

Suddenly Last Summer
First edition cover (New Directions)
Written byTennessee Williams
Characters
  • Violet Venable
  • Sebastian Venable
  • Catharine Holly
  • Mrs. Holly
  • George Holly
  • Dr. Cukrowicz
  • Miss Foxhill
  • Sister Felicity
Date premieredJanuary 7, 1958
Place premieredYork Playhouse
New York City, New York
Original languageEnglish
SubjectAging, greed, hypocrisy, sexual repression
GenreDrama
Settingroom and garden of Mrs. Venable's mansion in the Garden District of New Orleans

Plot edit

1936, in the Garden District of New Orleans.[a] Mrs. Violet Venable, an elderly socialite widow from a prominent local family, has invited a doctor to her home. She talks nostalgically about her son Sebastian, a poet, who died under mysterious circumstances in Spain the previous summer.[b] During the course of their conversation, she offers to make a generous donation to support the doctor's psychiatric research if he will perform a lobotomy on Catharine, her niece, who has been confined to St. Mary, a private mental asylum, at her expense since returning to America.[5]:  14–16  Mrs. Venable is eager to "make her peaceful" once and for all, as she continues to babble about Sebastian's violent death and smash her son's reputation by hinting at his homosexuality.[5]:  13–14 

Catharine arrives, followed by her mother and brother. They are also eager to suppress her version of events, since Mrs. Venable is threatening to keep Sebastian's will in probate until she is satisfied, something Catharine's family can't afford to challenge.[5]:  23  But the doctor injects Catharine with a truth serum and she proceeds to give a scandalous account of Sebastian's moral dissolution and the events leading up to his death, how he used her to procure young men for his sexual exploitation,[5]:  44  and how he was set upon, mutilated, and partially devoured by a mob of starving children in the street. Mrs. Venable lunges at Catharine but is prevented from striking her with her cane. She is taken off stage, screaming "cut this hideous story from her brain!" Far from being convinced of Catharine's insanity, however, the doctor concludes the play by stating he believes her story could be true.[5]:  50–51 

Analysis edit

From its first page, the script is rich in symbolic detail open to many interpretations.[5]:  3  The "mansion of Victorian Gothic style" immediately connects the play with Southern Gothic literature, with which it shares many characteristics.[6]:  229  Sebastian's "jungle-garden," with its "violent" colours and noises of "beasts, serpents, and birds ... of savage nature" introduces the images of predation that punctuate much of the play's dialogue.[c] These have been interpreted variously as implying the violence latent in Sebastian himself;[7] depicting modernity's vain attempts to "contain" its atavistic impulses;[8] and standing for a bleak "Darwinian" vision of the world, equating "the primeval past and the ostensibly civilised present."[d]

The Venus flytrap mentioned in the play's opening speech can be read as portraying Sebastian as the "pampered" son,[10]:  337  or "hungry for flesh";[e] as portraying the "seductive deadliness" concealed beneath Mrs. Venable's "civilized veneer,"[9]:  112  while she "clings desperately to life" in her "hothouse" home;[12] as a joint "metaphor for Violet and Sebastian, who consume and destroy the people around them";[13] as symbolising nature's cruelty, like the "flesh-eating birds" of the Galapagos;[14] as symbolising "a primitive state of desire,"[15] and so on.

Williams referred to symbols as "the natural language of drama"[2]:  250  and "the purest language of plays."[16] The ambiguity arising from the abundance of symbolism is therefore not unfamiliar to his audiences. What poses a unique difficulty to critics of Suddenly Last Summer is the absence of its protagonist.[10]:  336  All we can know of Sebastian must be gleaned from the conflicting accounts given by two characters of questionable sanity, leaving him "a figure of unresolvable contradiction."[6]:  239–241 

In spite of its difficulties, however, the play's recurrent images of predation and cannibalism[f] point to Catharine's cynical pronouncement as key to understanding the playwright's intentions: "we all use each other," she says in Scene 4, "and that's what we think of as love."[5]:  34  Accordingly, Williams commented on a number of occasions that Sebastian's death was intended to show how:

Man devours man in a metaphorical sense. He feeds upon his fellow creatures, without the excuse of animals. Animals actually do it for survival, out of hunger ... I use that metaphor [of cannibalism] to express my repulsion with this characteristic of man, the way people use each other without conscience ... people devour each other.[2]:  146, 304 

Adaptations and productions edit

1958 original production edit

The original production of the play was performed off Broadway on  January 7, 1958, along with Something Unspoken, under the collective title of Garden District, at the York Theatre on First Avenue in New York, staged by the York Playhouse. Anne Meacham won an Obie Award (Annual Off-Broadway Theatre Awards 1956 –) for her performance as Catharine. The production also featured Hortense Alden as Mrs. Venable, Robert Lansing as Dr. Cukrowicz, Eleanor Phelps as Mrs. Holly, and Alan Mixon as George Holly, and was directed by Herbert Machiz, with stage set designed by Robert Soule and the costumes by Stanley Simmons. Incidental music was by Ned Rorem.[17]

1959 film edit

Main article: Suddenly, Last Summer (film)

The film version was released by Columbia Pictures, in 1959, starring Elizabeth Taylor, Katharine Hepburn, and Montgomery Clift; it was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz from a screenplay by Gore Vidal and Williams. The movie differed greatly from the stage version, adding many scenes, characters, and subplots. The Hollywood Production Code forced the filmmakers to cut out the explicit references to homosexuality.

The movie received three Academy Awards nominations: Hepburn and Taylor were both nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and it was also up for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White.

1993 BBC TV play edit

The play was adapted for BBC television in 1993 under the direction of Royal National Theatre head Richard Eyre, and starring Maggie Smith, Rob Lowe, Richard E. Grant, and Natasha Richardson. It aired in America on PBS as an episode of Great Performances.[18] Smith was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Miniseries or TV Movie.[19] According to Lowe, his personal driver during the production of the telefilm was also the personal driver for Montgomery Clift on the 1959 film.[20]

1995 Broadway debut edit

The play made its Broadway debut in 1995. It was performed together with Something Unspoken, the other one-act play that it originally appeared with under the title Garden District. It was presented by the Circle in the Square Theatre. The cast included Elizabeth Ashley, Victor Slezak and Celia Weston.[21]

1999 London West End debut edit

The play debuted on the West End in 1999 at the Comedy Theatre, London, starring Sheila Gish as Mrs. Venable, Rachel Weisz as Catharine, Gerard Butler as Dr. Cukrowicz and directed by Sean Mathias.[22]

2004 London West End revival edit

Michael Grandage directed a 2004 stage production at the Lyceum Theatre, Sheffield, featuring Diana Rigg as Mrs. Venable and Victoria Hamilton as Catharine. The production toured nationally before transferring to the Albery Theatre, London.[23] The production received enthusiastic reviews,[24] and Hamilton won the Evening Standard Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance.[25]

2006 off-Broadway edit

An off-Broadway production in 2006 by the Roundabout Theatre Company starred Blythe Danner, Gale Harold and Carla Gugino.[26]

2015 Sydney Theatre Company edit

The play was part of the 2015 season at the Sydney Theatre Company. Director Kip Williams blended live camera work with traditional stage craft in a production starring Eryn Jean Norvill as Catherine and Robyn Nevin as Venable.[27] The production received three nominations at 2015 Helpmann Awards, with Nevin nominated for Best Actress, the production nominated for Best Play, and Williams winning for Best Director.

2017 Théâtre de l'Odéon, Paris edit

A French translation of the play was staged at the Théâtre de l'Odéon in March and April 2017. Stéphane Braunschweig directed Luce Mouchel as Mrs. Venable, Marie Rémond as Catherine, Jean-Baptiste Anoumon as Dr. Cukrowicz, Océane Cairaty as Miss Foxhill, Virginie Colemyn as Mrs. Holly, Glenn Marausse as George, and Boutaïna El Fekkak as Sœur Félicité.

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Mrs. Venable tells us that Sebastian's fateful trip with Catharine, during which he failed to write a poem, took place in 1935. The play is set "between late summer and early fall" the following year.[5]
  2. ^ Williams indicates that Cabeza de Lobo is in Spain, not (as it is sometimes assumed) in South America, by referring to Catharine's return "from Europe" aboard the Berengaria, an Atlantic liner.[5]:  14, 24  Williams might have had northern Spain in mind, and in particular San Sebastián, as the private beach in Cabeza de Lobo frequented by Sebastian and Catharine is called Playa San Sebastian.[5]:  43 
  3. ^ e.g. after Mrs. Holly says "don't laugh like that; it scares me, Catharine," there is the stage direction "jungle birds scream in the garden"[5]:  25 
  4. ^ Thompson sees the opening stage direction as introducing "the dual role of victim and victimizer, predator and prey, engaged in a struggle for survival rather than salvation.[9]:  99, 112 
  5. ^ According to Pecorari, the plant is "a rather transparent metaphor for Sebastian himself: Predatory yet vulnerable, perfectly handsome in a delicate, feminine way, like the goddess of beauty, and also hungry for flesh, in his case, adolescent boys instead of flies."[11]
  6. ^ e.g. Catharine tells us how Sebastian talked about people, as if they were items on a menu – 'That one's delicious-looking, that one is appetizing' ... blonds were next on the menu ... Cousin Sebastian said he was famished for blonds"; she describes the "hot, ravenous mouth" of the married man she met at the Mardi Gras ball.[5]:  20–21, 36 

References edit

  1. ^ Williams, Tennessee (2000). Gussow, Mel; Holditch, Kenneth (eds.). Plays 1957–1980. New York, NY: Library of America. p. 973. ISBN 1883011876.
  2. ^ a b c d Devlin, Albert J., ed. (1986). Conversations with Tennessee Williams. Oxford, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-0878052639.ISBN 0878052631
  3. ^ Kolin, Philip C., ed. (1998). Tennessee Williams: A Guide to Research and Performance. London, UK: Greenwood Publishing. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0313303067.
  4. ^ Bloom, Harold (2003). Introduction to Tennessee Williams. Bloom's Bio-Critique. Chelsea House. p. 3.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Williams, Tennessee (2009) [1936]. Suddenly Last Summer and Other Plays. London, UK: Penguin.:  3, 41 
  6. ^ a b Gross, Robert F. (May 1995). "Consuming Hart: Sublimity and Gay Poetics in Suddenly Last Summer". Theatre Journal. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 47 (2): 229–251. doi:10.2307/3208485. JSTOR 3208485.
  7. ^ van den Oever, Roel (2012). Mama's Boy: Momism and homophobia in postwar American culture. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 85.
  8. ^ Fielder, Elizabeth Rodriguez (2016). "A Litany Seeking a Text: The Specter of the Conjure in the Sub-Tropical Southern Gothic". In Edwards, Justin D.; Vasconcelos, Sandra G.T. (eds.). Tropical Gothic in Literature and Culture: The Americas. London, UK: Routledge. p. 60.
  9. ^ a b Thompson, Judith (1987). Tennessee Williams' Plays: Memory, Myth, and Symbol. London, UK: Peter Lang.
  10. ^ a b Sofer, Andrew (Fall 1995). "Self-Consuming Artifacts: Power, Performance and the Body in Tennessee Williams' Suddenly Last Summer". Modern Drama. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 38 (3): 336–347. doi:10.3138/md.38.3.336. S2CID 191578339.
  11. ^ Pecorari, Marie (2013). "Chaste or chased? Interpreting indiscretion in Tennessee Williams' Suddenly Last Summer". Miranda (8). doi:10.4000/miranda.5553.
  12. ^ Ford, Marylyn Claire (1997). "Parodying Fascism: Suddenly Last Summer as Political Allegory". Publications of the Mississippi Pholological Association: 19–20.
  13. ^ Gabriel, Jo (13 January 2013). "The Devouring Mother, the Oedipal Son & the Hysterical Woman". The Last Drive In. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  14. ^ Barberà, Pau G. (2006). "Literature and Mythology in Tennessee Williams' Suddenly Last Summer". p. 4. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  15. ^ Lance, Daniel (2004). "Nature as a wild and sacrificial world: Tennessee Williams' view point". Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  16. ^ Williams, Tennessee (1978). "Camino Real". In Lahr, John; Day, Christine R.; Woods, Bob (eds.). Where I Live: Selected Essays. New York, NY: New Directions. p. 66. ISBN 978-0811207065.
  17. ^ Kolin, Philip C., ed. (1998). Tennessee Williams: A guide to research and performance. London, UK: Greenwood. p. 132.
  18. ^ Leonard, John (11 January 1993). "Class Menagerie". New York. New York, NY: New York Media. p. 51.
  19. ^ "Dame Maggie Smith at Television Academy".
  20. ^ King, Susan (6 January 1993). "Williams play a different role for Rob Lowe". The Los Angeles Times.
  21. ^ Willis, John A. (1998). Theatre World, 1995–1996 Season. New York: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books. p. 14. ISBN 9781557833228. OCLC 39883373.
  22. ^ "London Theatre Guide Archive Theatre Reviews / Suddenly Last Summer". 8 June 2016.
  23. ^ "Suddenly Last Summer". MichaelGrandage. Productions. 2004. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  24. ^ Bird, Alan (14 May 2004). "Suddenly Last Summer with Victoria Hamilton and Diana Rigg at Albery 2004". LondonTheatre.co.uk. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  25. ^ "Evening Standard Theatre Awards 2004". westendtheatre.com. 1 January 2009.
  26. ^ Willis, John; Hodges, Ben (2009). Theatre World 2006–2007 Season. Vol. 63. New York: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books. p. 226. ISBN 9781557837288. OCLC 228373426.
  27. ^ "Director Kip Williams". Video. STC Magazine. Sydney Theatre Company. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.

External links edit

November 23, 2023
suddenly, last, summer, this, article, about, play, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, fi. This article is about the play For other uses see Suddenly Last Summer disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Suddenly Last Summer news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2008 template removal help Suddenly Last Summer is a one act play by Tennessee Williams written in New York in 1957 1 It opened off Broadway on January 7 1958 as part of a double bill with another of Williams one acts Something Unspoken written in London in 1951 2 52 The presentation of the two plays was given the overall title Garden District but Suddenly Last Summer is now more often performed alone 3 Williams said he thought the play perhaps the most poetic he had written 2 86 and Harold Bloom ranks it among the best examples of the playwright s lyricism 4 Suddenly Last SummerFirst edition cover New Directions Written byTennessee WilliamsCharactersViolet VenableSebastian VenableCatharine HollyMrs HollyGeorge HollyDr CukrowiczMiss FoxhillSister FelicityDate premieredJanuary 7 1958Place premieredYork PlayhouseNew York City New YorkOriginal languageEnglishSubjectAging greed hypocrisy sexual repressionGenreDramaSettingroom and garden of Mrs Venable s mansion in the Garden District of New Orleans Contents 1 Plot 2 Analysis 3 Adaptations and productions 3 1 1958 original production 3 2 1959 film 3 3 1993 BBC TV play 3 4 1995 Broadway debut 3 5 1999 London West End debut 3 6 2004 London West End revival 3 7 2006 off Broadway 3 8 2015 Sydney Theatre Company 3 9 2017 Theatre de l Odeon Paris 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 External linksPlot edit1936 in the Garden District of New Orleans a Mrs Violet Venable an elderly socialite widow from a prominent local family has invited a doctor to her home She talks nostalgically about her son Sebastian a poet who died under mysterious circumstances in Spain the previous summer b During the course of their conversation she offers to make a generous donation to support the doctor s psychiatric research if he will perform a lobotomy on Catharine her niece who has been confined to St Mary a private mental asylum at her expense since returning to America 5 14 16 Mrs Venable is eager to make her peaceful once and for all as she continues to babble about Sebastian s violent death and smash her son s reputation by hinting at his homosexuality 5 13 14 Catharine arrives followed by her mother and brother They are also eager to suppress her version of events since Mrs Venable is threatening to keep Sebastian s will in probate until she is satisfied something Catharine s family can t afford to challenge 5 23 But the doctor injects Catharine with a truth serum and she proceeds to give a scandalous account of Sebastian s moral dissolution and the events leading up to his death how he used her to procure young men for his sexual exploitation 5 44 and how he was set upon mutilated and partially devoured by a mob of starving children in the street Mrs Venable lunges at Catharine but is prevented from striking her with her cane She is taken off stage screaming cut this hideous story from her brain Far from being convinced of Catharine s insanity however the doctor concludes the play by stating he believes her story could be true 5 50 51 Analysis editFrom its first page the script is rich in symbolic detail open to many interpretations 5 3 The mansion of Victorian Gothic style immediately connects the play with Southern Gothic literature with which it shares many characteristics 6 229 Sebastian s jungle garden with its violent colours and noises of beasts serpents and birds of savage nature introduces the images of predation that punctuate much of the play s dialogue c These have been interpreted variously as implying the violence latent in Sebastian himself 7 depicting modernity s vain attempts to contain its atavistic impulses 8 and standing for a bleak Darwinian vision of the world equating the primeval past and the ostensibly civilised present d The Venus flytrap mentioned in the play s opening speech can be read as portraying Sebastian as the pampered son 10 337 or hungry for flesh e as portraying the seductive deadliness concealed beneath Mrs Venable s civilized veneer 9 112 while she clings desperately to life in her hothouse home 12 as a joint metaphor for Violet and Sebastian who consume and destroy the people around them 13 as symbolising nature s cruelty like the flesh eating birds of the Galapagos 14 as symbolising a primitive state of desire 15 and so on Williams referred to symbols as the natural language of drama 2 250 and the purest language of plays 16 The ambiguity arising from the abundance of symbolism is therefore not unfamiliar to his audiences What poses a unique difficulty to critics of Suddenly Last Summer is the absence of its protagonist 10 336 All we can know of Sebastian must be gleaned from the conflicting accounts given by two characters of questionable sanity leaving him a figure of unresolvable contradiction 6 239 241 In spite of its difficulties however the play s recurrent images of predation and cannibalism f point to Catharine s cynical pronouncement as key to understanding the playwright s intentions we all use each other she says in Scene 4 and that s what we think of as love 5 34 Accordingly Williams commented on a number of occasions that Sebastian s death was intended to show how Man devours man in a metaphorical sense He feeds upon his fellow creatures without the excuse of animals Animals actually do it for survival out of hunger I use that metaphor of cannibalism to express my repulsion with this characteristic of man the way people use each other without conscience people devour each other 2 146 304 Adaptations and productions edit1958 original production edit The original production of the play was performed off Broadway on January 7 1958 along with Something Unspoken under the collective title of Garden District at the York Theatre on First Avenue in New York staged by the York Playhouse Anne Meacham won an Obie Award Annual Off Broadway Theatre Awards 1956 for her performance as Catharine The production also featured Hortense Alden as Mrs Venable Robert Lansing as Dr Cukrowicz Eleanor Phelps as Mrs Holly and Alan Mixon as George Holly and was directed by Herbert Machiz with stage set designed by Robert Soule and the costumes by Stanley Simmons Incidental music was by Ned Rorem 17 1959 film edit Main article Suddenly Last Summer film The film version was released by Columbia Pictures in 1959 starring Elizabeth Taylor Katharine Hepburn and Montgomery Clift it was directed by Joseph L Mankiewicz from a screenplay by Gore Vidal and Williams The movie differed greatly from the stage version adding many scenes characters and subplots The Hollywood Production Code forced the filmmakers to cut out the explicit references to homosexuality The movie received three Academy Awards nominations Hepburn and Taylor were both nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role and it was also up for Best Art Direction Set Decoration Black and White 1993 BBC TV play edit The play was adapted for BBC television in 1993 under the direction of Royal National Theatre head Richard Eyre and starring Maggie Smith Rob Lowe Richard E Grant and Natasha Richardson It aired in America on PBS as an episode of Great Performances 18 Smith was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Miniseries or TV Movie 19 According to Lowe his personal driver during the production of the telefilm was also the personal driver for Montgomery Clift on the 1959 film 20 1995 Broadway debut edit The play made its Broadway debut in 1995 It was performed together with Something Unspoken the other one act play that it originally appeared with under the title Garden District It was presented by the Circle in the Square Theatre The cast included Elizabeth Ashley Victor Slezak and Celia Weston 21 1999 London West End debut edit The play debuted on the West End in 1999 at the Comedy Theatre London starring Sheila Gish as Mrs Venable Rachel Weisz as Catharine Gerard Butler as Dr Cukrowicz and directed by Sean Mathias 22 2004 London West End revival edit Michael Grandage directed a 2004 stage production at the Lyceum Theatre Sheffield featuring Diana Rigg as Mrs Venable and Victoria Hamilton as Catharine The production toured nationally before transferring to the Albery Theatre London 23 The production received enthusiastic reviews 24 and Hamilton won the Evening Standard Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance 25 2006 off Broadway edit An off Broadway production in 2006 by the Roundabout Theatre Company starred Blythe Danner Gale Harold and Carla Gugino 26 2015 Sydney Theatre Company edit The play was part of the 2015 season at the Sydney Theatre Company Director Kip Williams blended live camera work with traditional stage craft in a production starring Eryn Jean Norvill as Catherine and Robyn Nevin as Venable 27 The production received three nominations at 2015 Helpmann Awards with Nevin nominated for Best Actress the production nominated for Best Play and Williams winning for Best Director 2017 Theatre de l Odeon Paris edit A French translation of the play was staged at the Theatre de l Odeon in March and April 2017 Stephane Braunschweig directed Luce Mouchel as Mrs Venable Marie Remond as Catherine Jean Baptiste Anoumon as Dr Cukrowicz Oceane Cairaty as Miss Foxhill Virginie Colemyn as Mrs Holly Glenn Marausse as George and Boutaina El Fekkak as Sœur Felicite Footnotes edit Mrs Venable tells us that Sebastian s fateful trip with Catharine during which he failed to write a poem took place in 1935 The play is set between late summer and early fall the following year 5 Williams indicates that Cabeza de Lobo is in Spain not as it is sometimes assumed in South America by referring to Catharine s return from Europe aboard the Berengaria an Atlantic liner 5 14 24 Williams might have had northern Spain in mind and in particular San Sebastian as the private beach in Cabeza de Lobo frequented by Sebastian and Catharine is called Playa San Sebastian 5 43 e g after Mrs Holly says don t laugh like that it scares me Catharine there is the stage direction jungle birds scream in the garden 5 25 Thompson sees the opening stage direction as introducing the dual role of victim and victimizer predator and prey engaged in a struggle for survival rather than salvation 9 99 112 According to Pecorari the plant is a rather transparent metaphor for Sebastian himself Predatory yet vulnerable perfectly handsome in a delicate feminine way like the goddess of beauty and also hungry for flesh in his case adolescent boys instead of flies 11 e g Catharine tells us how Sebastian talked about people as if they were items on a menu That one s delicious looking that one is appetizing blonds were next on the menu Cousin Sebastian said he was famished for blonds she describes the hot ravenous mouth of the married man she met at the Mardi Gras ball 5 20 21 36 References edit Williams Tennessee 2000 Gussow Mel Holditch Kenneth eds Plays 1957 1980 New York NY Library of America p 973 ISBN 1883011876 a b c d Devlin Albert J ed 1986 Conversations with Tennessee Williams Oxford Mississippi University Press of Mississippi ISBN 978 0878052639 ISBN 0878052631 Kolin Philip C ed 1998 Tennessee Williams A Guide to Research and Performance London UK Greenwood Publishing pp 132 133 ISBN 978 0313303067 Bloom Harold 2003 Introduction toTennessee Williams Bloom s Bio Critique Chelsea House p 3 a b c d e f g h i j k l Williams Tennessee 2009 1936 Suddenly Last Summer and Other Plays London UK Penguin 3 41 a b Gross Robert F May 1995 Consuming Hart Sublimity and Gay Poetics in Suddenly Last Summer Theatre Journal Baltimore Maryland Johns Hopkins University Press 47 2 229 251 doi 10 2307 3208485 JSTOR 3208485 van den Oever Roel 2012 Mama s Boy Momism and homophobia in postwar American culture London UK Palgrave Macmillan p 85 Fielder Elizabeth Rodriguez 2016 A Litany Seeking a Text The Specter of the Conjure in the Sub Tropical Southern Gothic In Edwards Justin D Vasconcelos Sandra G T eds Tropical Gothic in Literature and Culture The Americas London UK Routledge p 60 a b Thompson Judith 1987 Tennessee Williams Plays Memory Myth and Symbol London UK Peter Lang a b Sofer Andrew Fall 1995 Self Consuming Artifacts Power Performance and the Body in Tennessee Williams Suddenly Last Summer Modern Drama Toronto Ontario Canada University of Toronto Press 38 3 336 347 doi 10 3138 md 38 3 336 S2CID 191578339 Pecorari Marie 2013 Chaste or chased Interpreting indiscretion in Tennessee Williams Suddenly Last Summer Miranda 8 doi 10 4000 miranda 5553 Ford Marylyn Claire 1997 Parodying Fascism Suddenly Last Summer as Political Allegory Publications of the Mississippi Pholological Association 19 20 Gabriel Jo 13 January 2013 The Devouring Mother the Oedipal Son amp the Hysterical Woman The Last Drive In Retrieved 30 March 2017 Barbera Pau G 2006 Literature and Mythology in Tennessee Williams Suddenly Last Summer p 4 Retrieved 30 March 2017 Lance Daniel 2004 Nature as a wild and sacrificial world Tennessee Williams view point Retrieved 30 March 2017 Williams Tennessee 1978 Camino Real In Lahr John Day Christine R Woods Bob eds Where I Live Selected Essays New York NY New Directions p 66 ISBN 978 0811207065 Kolin Philip C ed 1998 Tennessee Williams A guide to research and performance London UK Greenwood p 132 Leonard John 11 January 1993 Class Menagerie New York New York NY New York Media p 51 Dame Maggie Smith at Television Academy King Susan 6 January 1993 Williams play a different role for Rob Lowe The Los Angeles Times Willis John A 1998 Theatre World 1995 1996 Season New York Applause Theatre and Cinema Books p 14 ISBN 9781557833228 OCLC 39883373 London Theatre Guide Archive Theatre Reviews Suddenly Last Summer 8 June 2016 Suddenly Last Summer MichaelGrandage Productions 2004 Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 Retrieved 25 September 2013 Bird Alan 14 May 2004 Suddenly Last Summer with Victoria Hamilton and Diana Rigg at Albery 2004 LondonTheatre co uk Retrieved 21 June 2011 Evening Standard Theatre Awards 2004 westendtheatre com 1 January 2009 Willis John Hodges Ben 2009 Theatre World 2006 2007 Season Vol 63 New York Applause Theatre and Cinema Books p 226 ISBN 9781557837288 OCLC 228373426 Director Kip Williams Video STC Magazine Sydney Theatre Company 10 February 2015 Retrieved 25 February 2015 External links edit Garden District at the Internet Broadway Database Suddenly Last Summer 1959 film at IMDb Suddenly Last Summer 1993 TV movie at IMDb Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Suddenly Last Summer amp oldid 1163465791, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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