Storm tides of the North Sea are coastal floods associated with extratropical cyclones crossing over the North Sea, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness of the sea and the orientation of the shoreline relative to the storm's path, as well as the timing of tides. The water level can rise to more than 5 metres (17 ft) above the normal tide as a result of storm tides.
Netherlands storm tide, 1809
Northern Germany and Denmark are particularly susceptible to storm tides. The coastline of the German Bight forms an L-shape facing northwest. Also vulnerable are the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, where the sea shallows and is funnelled toward the English Channel.
Storm tides are a regular occurrence in the North Sea basin; several form each year. Although most do not cause significant damage, the impact of some has been devastating. During one, the February flood of 1825, the Danish coastline changed, as the North Jutlandic Island became separated from the Jutland Peninsula.[1]
838, December 26, Netherlands, more than 2,400 deaths
1014, September 28, Netherlands, several thousands of deaths[2]
1099, November 11, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states, that in London "On the festival of St Martin, the sea flood sprung up to such a height and did so much harm as no man remembered that it ever did before".[3]
1164, February 16, Saint Juliana flood, Netherlands and Germany, several thousands of deaths
1212, Netherlands, possible 36,000 or 60,000 deaths, but doubt whether it happened at all.[4]
1219, January 16, Saint Marcellus flood, Netherlands and Germany, 36,000 deaths struck West Friesland[5]
1248, a year with three storm tides in The Netherlands with major inundations
1277, Netherlands and Germany, formation of Dollart
1277, Netherlands and Germany, formation of Lauwerszee
1282, Netherlands, separates island of Texel from mainland
1287, December 13, Saint Lucia flood, Netherlands, formation of Waddenzee and Zuiderzee, 50,000–80,000 deaths. Major impact on Cinque Ports in England.The Burchardi flood in October 1634
1288, February 5, Saint Agathaflood, Netherlands, several thousands of deaths
1322, Netherlands and Belgium, Flanders loses all coastal islands, many deaths especially in Holland, Zeeland and Flanders
1362, January 16, Grote Mandrenke (big drowner of men) or Saint Marcellus flood, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, created a great part of the Wadden Sea and caused the end of the city of Rungholt; 25,000 to 40,000 deaths, according to some sources 100,000 deaths
1404, November 19, first Saint Elisabeth flood, Belgium and Netherlands, major loss of land
1421, November 19, second Saint Elisabeth flood, Netherlands, storm tide in combination with extreme high water in rivers due to heavy rains, 10,000 to 100,000 deaths
1424, November 18, third Saint Elisabeth flood, Netherlands
1468, Ursula flood, should have been more forceful than second Saint Elisabeth flood
1477, first Cosmas- and Damianus flood, Netherlands and Germany, many thousands of deaths
1530, November 5, St. Felix's Flood, Belgium and Netherlands, many towns disappear, more than 100,000 deaths
1532, November 1, All Saints flood, Belgium, Netherlands and Germany, several towns disappear, many thousands of deaths
1570, November 1, All Saints flood, Belgium and Netherlands, several towns disappear, more than 20,000 deaths
1571–72, unknown date, marine flooding on the Lincolnshire coast between Boston and Grimsby resulted in the loss of "all the saltcotes where the best salt was made".[6]
1651, February 22 in Germany, March 4–5 Netherlands, St. Peter's Flood
1663, December 7, The diarist Samuel Pepys noted "the greatest tide that ever was remembered in England to have been in this river, all Whitehall having been drowned."[7]
1686, November 12, Saint Martin flood, Netherlands, 1586 deaths
1703, December 7, Great Storm of 1703, England, Belgium, Netherlands and Germany, many thousands of deaths
1717, December 24, Christmas flood 1717, Netherlands, Germany and Scandinavia, more than 14,000 deaths
1810, November 10, In Boston, Lincolnshire up to 10 deaths are thought to have occurred in the town due to a storm surge.[8]
1916, January 13–14, Zuiderland flood Netherlands, 16 casualties and ~300 km2 flooded around the Zuiderzee this flood led to the construction of the Afsluitdijk, creating the IJsselmeer.[9]
1949, January 8, Storm disturbance in the North Sea.[10]
1981, November 24–25, North Frisian Flood, severe surge with dike breaches in Denmark.
1982, December 19, the largest negative surge recorded in the North Sea coincided with a high tide, water levels dropped rapidly posing a navigational hazard.
1993, February 21, an internal surge in the North Sea and high waves brought flooding to the Norfolk Broads.[11]
2011, November 24–27, Cyclone Berit (Xaver) and "Lille Berit" (Yoda).
2013, October 10, east coast of England surge (Xenon), Environment Agency warning of minor flooding and disruption, tide passed without major flooding.[12]
2013, December 5–7, On 4 December the Environment Agency released a warning to communities along the East Coast of England to prepare for the most serious tidal surge in 30 years, with a significant threat of coastal flooding, associated with Cyclone Xaver.[13]
The flood of 1976 and the "North Frisian Flood" of 1981 brought the highest water levels measured to date on the North Sea coast, but because of sea defences such as improved warning systems and dikes built and modified after the flood of 1962, these led only to property damage.[17][18]
Comparative table of surge heights along the east coast of Britainedit
Water levels during the storm surges of 1953, 1976, 1978,[19] 1983, 1993, 2006 and 2013 (metres O.D.)
^"Vendsyssel-Thy – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
^This event is recorded by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: "This year on Michaelmas Eve came the great sea-flood widely through the land, and it ran farther up than it ever had, flooded many towns, and drowned countless human beings."
^(PDF). Met Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
^Friedrich Arends (1837). "Natuurkundige geschiedenis van de kusten der Noordzee".
^"netherlands map and map of the netherlands information page". Graphic Maps. World Atlas.com. 2006. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
^(PDF). Environment Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
^"200 years since flood to end all floods..." Lincolnshire Echo. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
^(PDF). Safecoast. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
^Corkan, R. H. (4 July 1950). "The Levels in the North Sea Associated with the Storm Disturbance of 8 January 1949". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 242 (853): 493–525. Bibcode:1950RSPTA.242..493C. doi:10.1098/rsta.1950.0008. S2CID 123438147.
^Pratt, Ian (1 February 1995). "The storm surge of 21 February 1993". Weather. 50 (2): 42–48. Bibcode:1995Wthr...50...42P. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1995.tb06075.x.
^Batson, Richard (10 October 2013). . Eastern Daily Press 24. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
^. Environment Agency. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
^"Tief "Axel": Behörde warnt vor heftiger Sturmflut" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^"– Vannstanden blir enda høyere enn vi trodde". NRK. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^"Severe flood warnings: Storm surge preparations made". BBC News. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^Lamb, H. H. (1988). Weather, Climate & Human Affairs: A Book of Essays and Other Papers (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 187. ISBN9780415006743.
^Steers, J. A.; Stoddart, D. R.; Bayliss-Smith, T. P.; Spencer, T.; Durbidge, P. M. (July 1979). "The Storm Surge of 11 January 1978 on the East Coast of England". The Geographical Journal. 145 (2): 192–205. doi:10.2307/634386. JSTOR 634386.
^(PDF). South Norfolk Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
^"SEA LEVEL STATION MONITORING FACILITY". UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
^. Environment Agency. 18 December 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
^Spencer, Thomas; Brooks, Susan M.; Möller, Iris; Evans, Ben R. (29 July 2014). "Where Local Matters: Impacts of a Major North Sea Storm Surge". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 95 (30): 269–270. Bibcode:2014EOSTr..95..269S. doi:10.1002/2014EO300002.
^(PDF). European Commission. 6 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Methode voor de bepaling van het aantal slachtoffers ten gevolge van een grootschalige overstroming, Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, Netherlands, 2004
External linksedit
eSurge Surge Event Database: North Sea
January 19, 2024
storm, tides, north, coastal, floods, associated, with, extratropical, cyclones, crossing, over, north, severity, which, affected, shallowness, orientation, shoreline, relative, storm, path, well, timing, tides, water, level, rise, more, than, metres, above, n. Storm tides of the North Sea are coastal floods associated with extratropical cyclones crossing over the North Sea the severity of which is affected by the shallowness of the sea and the orientation of the shoreline relative to the storm s path as well as the timing of tides The water level can rise to more than 5 metres 17 ft above the normal tide as a result of storm tides Netherlands storm tide 1809Northern Germany and Denmark are particularly susceptible to storm tides The coastline of the German Bight forms an L shape facing northwest Also vulnerable are the United Kingdom and the Netherlands where the sea shallows and is funnelled toward the English Channel Storm tides are a regular occurrence in the North Sea basin several form each year Although most do not cause significant damage the impact of some has been devastating During one the February flood of 1825 the Danish coastline changed as the North Jutlandic Island became separated from the Jutland Peninsula 1 Contents 1 Major storm tides 2 Recent storm tides 2 1 Comparative table of surge heights along the east coast of Britain 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksMajor storm tides edit838 December 26 Netherlands more than 2 400 deaths 1014 September 28 Netherlands several thousands of deaths 2 1099 November 11 The Anglo Saxon Chronicle states that in London On the festival of St Martin the sea flood sprung up to such a height and did so much harm as no man remembered that it ever did before 3 1164 February 16 Saint Juliana flood Netherlands and Germany several thousands of deaths 1170 November 1 All Saints Flood Netherlands marks beginning of creation of Zuiderzee 1212 Netherlands possible 36 000 or 60 000 deaths but doubt whether it happened at all 4 1219 January 16 Saint Marcellus flood Netherlands and Germany 36 000 deaths struck West Friesland 5 1248 a year with three storm tides in The Netherlands with major inundations 1277 Netherlands and Germany formation of Dollart 1277 Netherlands and Germany formation of Lauwerszee 1282 Netherlands separates island of Texel from mainland 1287 December 13 Saint Lucia flood Netherlands formation of Waddenzee and Zuiderzee 50 000 80 000 deaths Major impact on Cinque Ports in England nbsp The Burchardi flood in October 1634 1288 February 5 Saint Agathaflood Netherlands several thousands of deaths 1322 Netherlands and Belgium Flanders loses all coastal islands many deaths especially in Holland Zeeland and Flanders 1334 November 23 Netherlands several thousands of deaths nbsp The Great Storm of 1703 nbsp The Christmas flood of 1717 1362 January 16 Grote Mandrenke big drowner of men or Saint Marcellus flood Belgium Netherlands Germany and Denmark created a great part of the Wadden Sea and caused the end of the city of Rungholt 25 000 to 40 000 deaths according to some sources 100 000 deaths 1404 November 19 first Saint Elisabeth flood Belgium and Netherlands major loss of land 1421 November 19 second Saint Elisabeth flood Netherlands storm tide in combination with extreme high water in rivers due to heavy rains 10 000 to 100 000 deaths 1424 November 18 third Saint Elisabeth flood Netherlands 1468 Ursula flood should have been more forceful than second Saint Elisabeth flood 1477 first Cosmas and Damianus flood Netherlands and Germany many thousands of deaths 1530 November 5 St Felix s Flood Belgium and Netherlands many towns disappear more than 100 000 deaths 1532 November 1 All Saints flood Belgium Netherlands and Germany several towns disappear many thousands of deaths 1570 November 1 All Saints flood Belgium and Netherlands several towns disappear more than 20 000 deaths 1571 72 unknown date marine flooding on the Lincolnshire coast between Boston and Grimsby resulted in the loss of all the saltcotes where the best salt was made 6 1634 October 11 12 Burchardi flood Germany and Denmark broke the Island of Strand into parts Nordstrand and Pellworm in Nordfriesland and also resulted in the highest recorded floods in southwestern Jutland 1651 February 22 in Germany March 4 5 Netherlands St Peter s Flood 1663 December 7 The diarist Samuel Pepys noted the greatest tide that ever was remembered in England to have been in this river all Whitehall having been drowned 7 1686 November 12 Saint Martin flood Netherlands 1586 deaths 1703 December 7 Great Storm of 1703 England Belgium Netherlands and Germany many thousands of deaths 1717 December 24 Christmas flood 1717 Netherlands Germany and Scandinavia more than 14 000 deaths 1810 November 10 In Boston Lincolnshire up to 10 deaths are thought to have occurred in the town due to a storm surge 8 1825 February 3 5 February flood of 1825 Germany and Netherlands 800 deaths 1916 January 13 14 Zuiderland flood Netherlands 16 casualties and 300 km2 flooded around the Zuiderzee this flood led to the construction of the Afsluitdijk creating the IJsselmeer 9 1949 January 8 Storm disturbance in the North Sea 10 1953 January 31 February 1 North Sea flood of 1953 most severe in the Netherlands leading to the Delta Works 2533 deaths 1962 February 16 17 North Sea flood of 1962 flooded one fifth of Hamburg and claimed 315 lives 1976 January 3 4 Gale of January 1976 1978 January 11 12 1978 North Sea storm surge East coast of England 1981 November 24 25 North Frisian Flood severe surge with dike breaches in Denmark 1982 December 19 the largest negative surge recorded in the North Sea coincided with a high tide water levels dropped rapidly posing a navigational hazard 1993 February 21 an internal surge in the North Sea and high waves brought flooding to the Norfolk Broads 11 1999 December 3 Cyclone Anatol 2007 November 8 9 North Sea flood of 2007 Tilo 2011 November 24 27 Cyclone Berit Xaver and Lille Berit Yoda 2013 October 10 east coast of England surge Xenon Environment Agency warning of minor flooding and disruption tide passed without major flooding 12 2013 December 5 7 On 4 December the Environment Agency released a warning to communities along the East Coast of England to prepare for the most serious tidal surge in 30 years with a significant threat of coastal flooding associated with Cyclone Xaver 13 2017 January 4 5 storm Axel 14 2017 January 12 13 incl Vidar NO 15 16 Recent storm tides editThe flood of 1976 and the North Frisian Flood of 1981 brought the highest water levels measured to date on the North Sea coast but because of sea defences such as improved warning systems and dikes built and modified after the flood of 1962 these led only to property damage 17 18 Comparative table of surge heights along the east coast of Britain edit Water levels during the storm surges of 1953 1976 1978 19 1983 1993 2006 and 2013 metres O D Location 1953 evening tide 1976 evening tide 1978 observed evening tide 1983 February 20 1993 January February 1993 2006 November 1 2013 December 5 21 Wick 3 92 2 07North Shields 3 32 3 43 3 52 3 58Barton on Humber 5 15 South Ferriby 4 79 5 30 5 30 Immingham 4 50 4 50 4 67 5 80Grimsby 4 35 4 50 Boygrift 4 30 4 50 Boston Dock 5 25 5 24 5 50 Boston Grand Sluice 5 40 5 22 5 63 Boston 6 10 22 Fosdyke ca 5 40 5 18 5 90 Wisbech ca 5 10 4 99 5 60 King s Lynn 5 65 4 99 5 92 Wells 5 13 4 46 4 91 5 31 23 Great Yarmouth 3 28 2 69 2 19 2 59 2 52 Haddiscoe 1 76 1 70 1 58 1 74 Lowestoft 2 97Southwold 3 50 2 50 2 00 Aldeburgh 3 78 2 83 2 45 Sheerness 3 00 24 See also editFloods in the Netherlands Geography of Germany List of settlements lost to floods in the Netherlands Storm surgeReferences edit Vendsyssel Thy Britannica Online Encyclopedia 2008 Retrieved 2008 11 23 This event is recorded by the Anglo Saxon Chronicle This year on Michaelmas Eve came the great sea flood widely through the land and it ran farther up than it ever had flooded many towns and drowned countless human beings Flood alert PDF Met Office Archived from the original PDF on 6 May 2013 Retrieved 6 February 2013 Friedrich Arends 1837 Natuurkundige geschiedenis van de kusten der Noordzee netherlands map and map of the netherlands information page Graphic Maps World Atlas com 2006 Retrieved 2008 12 04 Services Lindsey Archaeological 1995 Newton Marsh Sewage Treatment Works Tetney Lincolnshire PDF Archaeological Monitoring of Project Clear Water doi 10 5284 1014822 Retrieved 10 June 2014 Thames Barrier Project Pack 2012 PDF Environment Agency Archived from the original PDF on 25 August 2012 Retrieved 13 January 2013 200 years since flood to end all floods Lincolnshire Echo 10 November 2010 Retrieved 4 January 2015 Coastal Flood Risk and Trends for the future in the North Sea Region PDF Safecoast Archived from the original PDF on 9 February 2012 Retrieved 25 August 2012 Corkan R H 4 July 1950 The Levels in the North Sea Associated with the Storm Disturbance of 8 January 1949 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 242 853 493 525 Bibcode 1950RSPTA 242 493C doi 10 1098 rsta 1950 0008 S2CID 123438147 Pratt Ian 1 February 1995 The storm surge of 21 February 1993 Weather 50 2 42 48 Bibcode 1995Wthr 50 42P doi 10 1002 j 1477 8696 1995 tb06075 x Batson Richard 10 October 2013 Video Walcott relief as high tide passes without major flooding Eastern Daily Press 24 Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 Retrieved 20 October 2013 Communities urged to prepare for worst east coast tidal surge in 30 years Environment Agency 4 December 2013 Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 Retrieved 4 December 2013 Tief Axel Behorde warnt vor heftiger Sturmflut in German Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 4 January 2017 Retrieved 4 January 2017 Vannstanden blir enda hoyere enn vi trodde NRK Retrieved 12 January 2017 Severe flood warnings Storm surge preparations made BBC News 12 January 2017 Retrieved 12 January 2017 Lamb H H 1988 Weather Climate amp Human Affairs A Book of Essays and Other Papers illustrated ed Taylor amp Francis p 187 ISBN 9780415006743 Lamb Hubert Knud Frydendahl 2005 Historic Storms of the North Sea British Isles and North west Europe Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 61931 8 Steers J A Stoddart D R Bayliss Smith T P Spencer T Durbidge P M July 1979 The Storm Surge of 11 January 1978 on the East Coast of England The Geographical Journal 145 2 192 205 doi 10 2307 634386 JSTOR 634386 Partnership of Norfolk district councils strategic flood risk assessment PDF South Norfolk Council Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 5 January 2013 SEA LEVEL STATION MONITORING FACILITY UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Retrieved 14 December 2013 Boston High Tide and Surge Tide Briefing Environment Agency 18 December 2013 Archived from the original on 10 September 2014 Retrieved 9 September 2014 Spencer Thomas Brooks Susan M Moller Iris Evans Ben R 29 July 2014 Where Local Matters Impacts of a Major North Sea Storm Surge Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 95 30 269 270 Bibcode 2014EOSTr 95 269S doi 10 1002 2014EO300002 6 December 2013 Severe weather Northern Europe PDF European Commission 6 December 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 10 December 2013 Retrieved 14 December 2013 Further reading editGevaar van water water in gevaar uit 2001 ISBN 90 71736 21 0 Methode voor de bepaling van het aantal slachtoffers ten gevolge van een grootschalige overstroming Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat Netherlands 2004External links editMunich Re Historical storm surge events eSurge Surge Event Database North Sea Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Storm tides of the North Sea amp oldid 1193355150, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
