Stickney is the largest crater on Phobos, which is a satellite of Mars. It is 9 km (5.6 mi) in diameter, taking up a substantial proportion of the moon's surface.
Stickney (crater)
Heavily saturated false color image of Stickney with the smaller crater Limtoc within it, as seen by MRO on 23 March 2008.
The crater is named after mathematician Chloe Angeline Stickney Hall, the wife of Phobos' discoverer Asaph Hall, whose support was credited by her husband as critical for his discovery of the moon.[1][2] The crater was named in 1973, based on Mariner 9 images, by an IAU nomenclature committee chaired by Carl Sagan.[3]
Formationedit
There are two models for the age of Stickney, based on the differing possible dates at which Phobos began to orbit around Mars. If Phobos has been orbiting for 4.3 Ga (billion years) then Stickney formed 4.2 Ga ago, but if Phobos has only been orbiting for 3.5 Ga then it formed 2.6 Ga ago.[4] The impact created a large amount of ejecta which escaped Phobos' gravity and entered into orbit around Mars for a period not exceeding 1000 years, some of this material then crashed back onto Phobos and created secondary impact craters.[5] The majority of craters on Phobos that are smaller than 600 meters in diameter were caused by these secondary impacts.[6]
Physical featuresedit
Grooves and crater chains appear to radiate from Stickney. One theory suggests that they were formed as a result of stresses from the impact that created the crater; if true this suggests that said impact nearly destroyed Phobos. There are however numerous other theories for how they were made, such as that they were formed by material ejected from impacts on Mars,[7] that they were created by tidal forces exerted by Mars,[8] or that they were created by boulders rolling along Phobos' surface following the Stickney impact.[9][10]
Regardless of the causes of these grooves, the impact of the object which created Stickney was large enough to have potentially destroyed Phobos; a 2016 study by Syal et al. found that the high porosity of the moon was critical in preventing it from being destroyed during the collision.[11] It is possible that the area underneath Stickney is much denser and less porous than the rest of Phobos, though models of the moon's interior vary on this.[12]
Stickney has a noticeable lineated texture on its interior walls, caused by landslides from materials falling into the crater.[13] There is a noticeable blue spectral coloration on the south-western edge of the crater, which is theorized to be a relatively thin layer of rock.[14][15] Said coloration was likely caused by a combination of material from Stickney itself and from the smaller crater of Limtoc.[15]
^ ab"Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Stickney on Phobos". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. International Astronomical Union. November 29, 2006.
^Hall, Angelo (1908). An astronomer's wife. Baltimore: Nunn and Company. p. 112. OCLC 997037.
^Veverka, Joseph; et al. (1974). "A Mariner 9 atlas of the moons of Mars". Icarus. Elsevier. 23 (2): 206–289. Bibcode:1974Icar...23..206V. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(74)90006-2..
^Schmedermann, Nico; et al. (November 1, 2014). "The age of Phobos and its largest crater, Stickney". Planetary and Space Science. Elsevier. 102: 152–163. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2014.04.009. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
^Ramsley, Kenneth R.; Head, James W. (April 2017). "The Stickney Crater ejecta secondary impact crater spike on Phobos: Implications for the age of Stickney and the surface of Phobos". Planetary and Space Science. Elsevier. 138: 7–24. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2017.02.004. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
^Zubritsky, Elizabeth (November 11, 2015). "Mars' Moon Phobos is Slowly Falling Apart". Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
^Gough, Evan (20 November 2018). "Strange Grooves on Phobos Were Caused by Boulders Rolling Around on its Surface". Universe Today. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^Ramsley, Kenneth R.; Head, James W. (16 November 2018). "Origin of Phobos grooves: Testing the Stickney Crater ejecta model". Planetary and Space Science. Elsevier. 165: 137–147. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2018.11.004. S2CID 86859432.
^Thomas, Nathan; et al. (October 2011). "Spectral heterogeneity on Phobos and Deimos: HiRISE observations and comparisons to Mars Pathfinder results". Planetary and Space Science. Elsevier. 59 (13): 1281–1292. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.04.018. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
^ abKikuchi, Hiroshi (January 15, 2021). "Simulating re-impacts from craters at the deepest location of Phobos to generate its blue spectral units". Icarus. Elsevier. 354: 113997. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113997. S2CID 224926793. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stickney (crater).
stickney, crater, stickney, largest, crater, phobos, which, satellite, mars, diameter, taking, substantial, proportion, moon, surface, heavily, saturated, false, color, image, stickney, with, smaller, crater, limtoc, within, seen, march, 2008, feature, typeimp. Stickney is the largest crater on Phobos which is a satellite of Mars It is 9 km 5 6 mi in diameter taking up a substantial proportion of the moon s surface Stickney crater Heavily saturated false color image of Stickney with the smaller crater Limtoc within it as seen by MRO on 23 March 2008 Feature typeImpact craterLocation1 N 49 W 1 N 49 W 1 49 1 Diameter9 km 5 6 mi DiscovererAsaph HallNamingChloe Angeline Stickney HallStickney on Phobos at left Viking orbiter 10 June 1977 Contents 1 Naming 2 Formation 3 Physical features 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksNaming editThe crater is named after mathematician Chloe Angeline Stickney Hall the wife of Phobos discoverer Asaph Hall whose support was credited by her husband as critical for his discovery of the moon 1 2 The crater was named in 1973 based on Mariner 9 images by an IAU nomenclature committee chaired by Carl Sagan 3 Formation editThere are two models for the age of Stickney based on the differing possible dates at which Phobos began to orbit around Mars If Phobos has been orbiting for 4 3 Ga billion years then Stickney formed 4 2 Ga ago but if Phobos has only been orbiting for 3 5 Ga then it formed 2 6 Ga ago 4 The impact created a large amount of ejecta which escaped Phobos gravity and entered into orbit around Mars for a period not exceeding 1000 years some of this material then crashed back onto Phobos and created secondary impact craters 5 The majority of craters on Phobos that are smaller than 600 meters in diameter were caused by these secondary impacts 6 Physical features editGrooves and crater chains appear to radiate from Stickney One theory suggests that they were formed as a result of stresses from the impact that created the crater if true this suggests that said impact nearly destroyed Phobos There are however numerous other theories for how they were made such as that they were formed by material ejected from impacts on Mars 7 that they were created by tidal forces exerted by Mars 8 or that they were created by boulders rolling along Phobos surface following the Stickney impact 9 10 Regardless of the causes of these grooves the impact of the object which created Stickney was large enough to have potentially destroyed Phobos a 2016 study by Syal et al found that the high porosity of the moon was critical in preventing it from being destroyed during the collision 11 It is possible that the area underneath Stickney is much denser and less porous than the rest of Phobos though models of the moon s interior vary on this 12 Stickney has a noticeable lineated texture on its interior walls caused by landslides from materials falling into the crater 13 There is a noticeable blue spectral coloration on the south western edge of the crater which is theorized to be a relatively thin layer of rock 14 15 Said coloration was likely caused by a combination of material from Stickney itself and from the smaller crater of Limtoc 15 See also editMoons of Mars Deimos moon References edit a b Planetary Names Crater craters Stickney on Phobos Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature International Astronomical Union November 29 2006 Hall Angelo 1908 An astronomer s wife Baltimore Nunn and Company p 112 OCLC 997037 Veverka Joseph et al 1974 A Mariner 9 atlas of the moons of Mars Icarus Elsevier 23 2 206 289 Bibcode 1974Icar 23 206V doi 10 1016 0019 1035 74 90006 2 Schmedermann Nico et al November 1 2014 The age of Phobos and its largest crater Stickney Planetary and Space Science Elsevier 102 152 163 doi 10 1016 j pss 2014 04 009 Retrieved August 9 2022 Ramsley Kenneth R Head James W April 2017 The Stickney Crater ejecta secondary impact crater spike on Phobos Implications for the age of Stickney and the surface of Phobos Planetary and Space Science Elsevier 138 7 24 doi 10 1016 j pss 2017 02 004 Retrieved August 12 2022 Ramsley Kenneth R Head James W 2019 Stickney Crater Secondary Impacts Boulders Grooves and the Surface Age of Phobos PDF Brown University 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2132 1 Retrieved August 24 2022 Murray John B et al 2006 New evidence on the origin of Phobos parallel grooves from HRSC Mars Express PDF Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Lunar and Planetary Institute amp Johnson Space Center Zubritsky Elizabeth November 11 2015 Mars Moon Phobos is Slowly Falling Apart Goddard Space Flight Center NASA Retrieved November 11 2015 Gough Evan 20 November 2018 Strange Grooves on Phobos Were Caused by Boulders Rolling Around on its Surface Universe Today Retrieved 21 November 2018 Ramsley Kenneth R Head James W 16 November 2018 Origin of Phobos grooves Testing the Stickney Crater ejecta model Planetary and Space Science Elsevier 165 137 147 doi 10 1016 j pss 2018 11 004 S2CID 86859432 Syal Megan Bruck et al October 8 2016 Excavating Stickney crater at Phobos Geophysical Research Letters American Geophysical Union 43 20 10595 10601 doi 10 1002 2016GL070749 S2CID 131912268 Le Maistre Simon Rivoldini Attilio Rosenblatt Pascal March 15 2019 Signature of Phobos interior structure in its gravity field and libration Icarus Elsevier 321 272 290 doi 10 1016 j icarus 2018 11 022 S2CID 125563790 Retrieved August 15 2022 Phobos from 6 800 Kilometers Color NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory amp University of Arizona April 9 2008 Archived from the original on April 12 2008 Retrieved April 9 2008 Thomas Nathan et al October 2011 Spectral heterogeneity on Phobos and Deimos HiRISE observations and comparisons to Mars Pathfinder results Planetary and Space Science Elsevier 59 13 1281 1292 doi 10 1016 j pss 2010 04 018 Retrieved August 18 2022 a b Kikuchi Hiroshi January 15 2021 Simulating re impacts from craters at the deepest location of Phobos to generate its blue spectral units Icarus Elsevier 354 113997 doi 10 1016 j icarus 2020 113997 S2CID 224926793 Retrieved August 5 2022 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stickney crater Flight around Phobos animated movie Stickney in High Resolution Stickney at APOD 2018 May 5 Creation of Stickney Crater on Phobos VIDEO Archived 2018 09 14 at the Wayback Machine simulation which shows how Stickney crater was created and how it affected Phobos The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Portal nbsp Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stickney crater amp oldid 1210720096, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
