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Stenocarpella maydis

January 01, 1970

Stenocarpella maydis (Berk.) Sutton (syns. Diplodia maydis (Berk.) Sacc. and D. zeae (Schwein.) Lév.) is a plant pathogenic fungus and causal organism of diplodia ear and stalk rot. Corn (Zea mays) and canes (Arundinaria sp.) are the only known hosts to date.[1] No teleomorph of the fungus is known.[2]

Stenocarpella maydis
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Diaporthales
Family: Diaporthaceae
Genus: Stenocarpella
Species:
S. maydis
Binomial name
Stenocarpella maydis
(Berk.) Sutton

Stenocarpella maydis can significantly reduce yield or grain quality (see – Symptoms and Signs) as there is a decrease on kernel size, and lower test weight. If infection occurs early, some ears may not produce harvestable grain or seed vigor can be compromised.[2][3] Delayed harvest and wet weather before harvest can allow fungal growth to continue, further reducing grain marketability.[4] Further, some animals may reject contaminated corn-based feed. Stenocarpella rot has the potential to affect distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) composition, but not ethanol yield on an equivalent weight basis.[5] Although not common, when the conditions are conducive, this organism can produce mycotoxins (see – Importance), toxic compounds to mammals.

Symptoms and signs edit

If the corn plant becomes infected soon after flowering, the husks appear bleached to straw color. Mycelial growth on corn ears typically begin at the base of the ear. In advanced stages of disease, this can result in a light-weight mummified ears attributed to the release of extracellular hydrolytic activities of acid protease, xylanases, and cellulases.[6] During late season, this ascomycete on the plant can be recognized by the production of small raised, black fungal reproductive structures (pycnidia) on infected kernels, cob, husks, or stalks giving it an irregular feeling when touched. When infection happens several weeks after flowering, ears may be asymptomatic, with a possible brown discoloration, or seldom show mycelium between kernels. Some isolates may cause premature germination of the corn kernels.[7][8][2] In stalk infections, injury to the vascular system disrupts translocation and, thus, reduces grain size.[9]

Biology and epidemiology edit

S. maydis overwinters on diseased plant debris (husks, stalks). During wet conditions, flask-shaped pycnidia embedded on debris produces two-celled conidia. Diplodia ear rot takes place when conidia are spread via rain and wind into the plant during early silking until two to three weeks after silks start to senesce. Alternatively, conidia can penetrate husks, typically at the base of the ear. Fungal growth is most common during milk, dough and dent stages. Diplodia stalk rot takes place mainly in the crown, mesocotyl, roots, and less frequently on the nodes between the crown and the ear. For both diseases, points of entry are facilitated by pest (e.g. bird, insect) damage, predisposing the host. Earworm (Helicoverpa zea) damage at the ear shank is often associated with the disease.[2][4]

Diplodia rot is most severe for mono cropping systems, or when wet weather occurs shortly after silking, particularly for susceptible corn varieties with upright ears and tight husks. S. maydis occurs in cool, humid temperate areas, whereas the closely related S. macrospora, with similar symptoms but whose only host is corn, tend to happen in warm, humid zones.[2][10]

  Corn Diplodia disease cycle Crop Protection Network

Worldwide incidence edit

The incidence of Diplodia ear and stalk rots is dependent of climatic factors. Epidemics have been associated with early droughts and late season rains.[11] The incidence of infected corn in the field may range from 1-2% or as high as 75-80%.[6] Some regions throughout the globe associated with Stenocarpella maydis [9] include:

  • North America: Canada, Mexico (unconfirmed), USA (Florida, Illinois, North Carolina, South Dakota).
  • Central America: Guatemala,[12] Belize,[6] El Salvador,[6] Honduras
  • South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador
  • European and Mediterranean region: Austria, Czech Republic, Italy, France, Russia
  • Africa: Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zaire, Zimbabwe
  • Asia: China (widespread), India (unconfirmed), Iran, Taiwan
  • Oceania: Australia (New South Wales)

Management edit

Cultural control edit

  • Timely planting: Alternate planting dates when possible. Spreading silk dates will reduce the risk of Diplodia infection.[13]
  • Crop rotation: Alternate non-host crops at least one year out of corn to decrease the presence of the pathogen resting structures in subsequent seasons.[2]
  • Tillage: Removal/Degradation of corn residues during the fall can help reduce disease levels.[14]
  • Irrigation timing: Overhead irrigation can splash disperse S. maydis spores from infected corn plants to adjacent healthy plants.[15]
  • Grain drying and selection: Prior to storage, dry grain below 13-15% to halt mold growth. Prior to storage, clean dried grain by removing lighter, damaged kernels, cobs and fines. Routinely screen grain and store the most infected grain separately to reduce disease spread.[13]
  • Others: Burying corn residue provides some degree of disease control. Cool infected grain below 50 °F (19 °C) soon after harvest and store at 30 °F (-1.1 °C) to delay the development of infection.[8][16]

Host resistance edit

Corn hybrids vary in their susceptibility to S. maydis. Flint cultivars are more resistant than dent, and resistance breeding offers promise for control, however complete resistance (immunity) is not available.[9] Some seed suppliers offer Diplodia rot resistance ratings for their hybrids.[17] Further, resistance to insects can reduce damage and disease severity.[13] Genetic resistance to Diplodia stalk rot is highly correlated with resistance to Gibberella stalk rot.[2]

Chemical control edit

The potential benefits of fungicides to control Diplodia rot remain ambiguous. It is recommended to apply fungicides when foliar disease is evident at high levels to help minimize stalk damage during grain fill.[18] Some experimental findings include:

  • Propiconazole and prothioconazole show promising results on a laboratory scale in reducing fungal growth under controlled conditions. In field applications, however, neither has shown successful Diplodia rot reduction.[19]
  • Benomyl (Benlate) and mancozeb (Dithane M-45) have shown a degree of effectiveness in controlling S. maydis in the Nigerian Savanna.[20]
  • A triazole product and a QoI strobilurin + triazole mix product tested by researchers at Purdue University did not consistently reduce disease severity.[21]

Biological control edit

While not as commonly used as the previously described management strategies, several studies show promising results with a biocontrol approach. Examples follow:

  • Two Streptomyces sp. Isolates, designated DAUFPE 11470 and DAUFPE 14632, isolated from corn rhizosphere soil, significantly reduced S. maydis incidence by 93.2% and 92.3%, respectively.[22]
  • Strains of Pseudomonas spp., P. fluorescens, Pantoea agglomerans, and Bacillus subtilis inhibited the development of this fungus for the production of compounds with antifungal activity.[6]

Importance edit

 
Examples of Diplodia toxins. Structures of: A) diplodiatoxin, B) diplonine, C) stachydrine (proline betaine), D) chaetoglobosin K, E) chaetoglobosin L, F) chaetoglobosin O, G) chaetoglobosin M

S. maydis is capable of producing mycotoxins, but no case has been reported regarding Diplodia rot in the United States and Canada. However, there have been some mycotoxicoses (Diplodiosis) in South America and Africa due to this fungus.[4] This manifests as a nervous disorder (neuromycotoxicosis), characterized by neurological disorders such as ataxia, paralysis, and liver damage in farm animals fed or grazing on S. maydis-infected corn. Further, Diplodia-infected corn used in the chicken broiler and egg laying industries has resulted in reduced performance.[11] Mycotoxins produced by this phytopathogen include diploidiatoxin, chaetoglobosins, and diplonine, to which all associated with diplodiosis.[6] Moreover, Chaetoglobosin K has potential as an antifungal. A study by Wicklow et al showed promising antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides[23]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Flett, B. C.; McLaren, N. W.; Wehner, F. C. (2001). "Incidence of Stenocarpella maydis Ear Rot of Corn Under Crop Rotation Systems". Plant Disease. 85 (1): 92–94. doi:10.1094/pdis.2001.85.1.92. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30832079.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Munkvold, Gary P.; White, Donald G. (2016). Compendium of corn diseases. Munkvold, Gary P. (Gary Phillip),, White, Donald G.,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Department of Crop Sciences. (Fourth ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. ISBN 9780890544921. OCLC 946794125.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Siqueira, Carolina da Silva; Barrocas, Ellen Noly; Machado, José da Cruz; Silva, Ursula Abreu da; Dias, Iara Eleutéria (2014). "Effects of Stenocarpella maydis in seeds and in the initial development of corn". Journal of Seed Science. 36 (1): 79–86. doi:10.1590/S2317-15372014000100010. ISSN 2317-1537.
  4. ^ a b c "Corn Disease Management: Ear Rots". Education Store. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  5. ^ Dien, Bruce S.; Wicklow, Donald T.; Singh, Vijay; Moreau, Robert A.; Winkler-Moser, Jill K.; Cotta, Michael A. (2012). "Influence ofStenocarpella maydisInfected Corn on the Composition of Corn Kernel and Its Conversion into Ethanol". Cereal Chemistry. 89 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1094/cchem-09-11-0107. ISSN 0009-0352.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Alvarez-Cervantes, Jorge; Hernandez-Dominguez, Edna M.; Tellez-Tellez, Maura; Mandujano-Gonzalez, Virginia; Mercado-Flores, Yuridia; Diaz-Godinez, Gerardo (2016-05-11), "Stenocarpella maydis and Sporisorium reilianum: Two Pathogenic Fungi of Maize", Fungal Pathogenicity, InTech, doi:10.5772/62662, ISBN 9789535123941
  7. ^ Jackson-Ziems, Tamra; Hartman, Terra (2017). Crop Production Clinic Proceedings. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska - Lincoln. pp. 193–195.
  8. ^ a b Jackson-Ziems, Tamra; Giesler, Loren; Harveson, Robert; Korus, Kevin; Liu, Bo (2012). "Corn Disease Profile III: Ear Rot Diseases and Grain Molds". digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  9. ^ a b c European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2017). "Stenocarpella macroscopa and Stenocarpella maydis" (PDF). Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests.
  10. ^ "International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center". Flickr. 2015-04-30. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  11. ^ a b Grainsa. "A look at Diplodia ear and stalk rot of maize and recently isolated mycotoxins". A look at Diplodia ear and stalk rot of maize and recently isolated mycotoxins. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  12. ^ Mendoza, José Rodrigo; Kok, Car Reen; Stratton, Jayne; Bianchini, Andréia; Hallen-Adams, Heather E. (2017). "Understanding the mycobiota of maize from the highlands of Guatemala, and implications for maize quality and safety". Crop Protection. 101: 5–11. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2017.07.009. ISSN 0261-2194.
  13. ^ a b c Woloshuk, C.; Wise, K. (2009). "Diplodia Ear Rot" (PDF). Purdue Extension BP-75-W. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  14. ^ Jackson-Ziems, Tamra A. (2016). [cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/ear-and-stalk-rot-diseases-becoming-more-common-corn-fields "Ear and Stalk Rot Diseases Becoming More Common in Corn Fields"]. Cropwatch UNL. Retrieved July 17, 2018. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  15. ^ "How does irrigation influence the presence and severity of diseases?". MSU Extension. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  16. ^ Romero Luna, Martha P.; Camberato, James J.; Wise, Kiersten A. (2017). "Survival of Stenocarpella maydis on Corn Residue in Indiana". Plant Health Progress. 18 (2): 78–83. doi:10.1094/php-rs-16-0063. ISSN 1535-1025.
  17. ^ Wise, Kiersten; Mehl, Kelsey; Bradley, Carl (2017). "Diplodia Ear Rot" (PDF). Plant Pathology Fact Sheet PPFS-AG-C-05. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  18. ^ Agronomy Advice (2016). "Management of Diplodia Stalk and Ear Rots in Corn" (PDF). Channel - Seedmanship At Work. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  19. ^ Romero Luna, Martha P.; Wise, Kiersten A. (2015). "Timing and Efficacy of Fungicide Applications for Diplodia Ear Rot Management in Corn". Plant Health Progress. 16 (3): 123–131. doi:10.1094/php-rs-15-0010. ISSN 1535-1025.
  20. ^ Marley, PS; Gbenga, O (2004). "Fungicide control ofStenocarpella Maydisin the Nigerian Savanna". Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 37 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1080/03235400310001631936. ISSN 0323-5408. S2CID 84148839.
  21. ^ Romero, Martha; Wise, Kiersten (2015). "Evaluation of Fungicides for Diplodia Ear Rot" (PDF). Diseases of Corn - Purdue Extension. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  22. ^ Bressan, W.; Figueiredo, J. E. F. (2005). "Biological Control of Stenocarpella maydis in Maize Seed with Antagonistic Streptomyces sp. Isolates". Journal of Phytopathology. 153 (10): 623–626. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.01014.x. ISSN 0931-1785.
  23. ^ Wicklow, Donald T.; Rogers, Kristina D.; Dowd, Patrick F.; Gloer, James B. (2011). "Bioactive metabolites from Stenocarpella maydis, a stalk and ear rot pathogen of maize". Fungal Biology. 115 (2): 133–142. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.11.003. ISSN 1878-6146. PMID 21315311.

External links edit

  • Stenocarpella maydis strain: A1-1 Genome sequencing
  • Characterization of Stenocarpella maydis mutants

January 01, 1970
stenocarpella, maydis, berk, sutton, syns, diplodia, maydis, berk, sacc, zeae, schwein, lév, plant, pathogenic, fungus, causal, organism, diplodia, stalk, corn, mays, canes, arundinaria, only, known, hosts, date, teleomorph, fungus, known, scientific, classifi. Stenocarpella maydis Berk Sutton syns Diplodia maydis Berk Sacc and D zeae Schwein Lev is a plant pathogenic fungus and causal organism of diplodia ear and stalk rot Corn Zea mays and canes Arundinaria sp are the only known hosts to date 1 No teleomorph of the fungus is known 2 Stenocarpella maydis Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Fungi Division Ascomycota Class Sordariomycetes Order Diaporthales Family Diaporthaceae Genus Stenocarpella Species S maydis Binomial name Stenocarpella maydis Berk Sutton Stenocarpella maydis can significantly reduce yield or grain quality see Symptoms and Signs as there is a decrease on kernel size and lower test weight If infection occurs early some ears may not produce harvestable grain or seed vigor can be compromised 2 3 Delayed harvest and wet weather before harvest can allow fungal growth to continue further reducing grain marketability 4 Further some animals may reject contaminated corn based feed Stenocarpella rot has the potential to affect distillers dried grains with solubles DDGS composition but not ethanol yield on an equivalent weight basis 5 Although not common when the conditions are conducive this organism can produce mycotoxins see Importance toxic compounds to mammals Contents 1 Symptoms and signs 2 Biology and epidemiology 3 Worldwide incidence 4 Management 4 1 Cultural control 4 2 Host resistance 4 3 Chemical control 4 4 Biological control 5 Importance 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksSymptoms and signs editIf the corn plant becomes infected soon after flowering the husks appear bleached to straw color Mycelial growth on corn ears typically begin at the base of the ear In advanced stages of disease this can result in a light weight mummified ears attributed to the release of extracellular hydrolytic activities of acid protease xylanases and cellulases 6 During late season this ascomycete on the plant can be recognized by the production of small raised black fungal reproductive structures pycnidia on infected kernels cob husks or stalks giving it an irregular feeling when touched When infection happens several weeks after flowering ears may be asymptomatic with a possible brown discoloration or seldom show mycelium between kernels Some isolates may cause premature germination of the corn kernels 7 8 2 In stalk infections injury to the vascular system disrupts translocation and thus reduces grain size 9 Biology and epidemiology editS maydis overwinters on diseased plant debris husks stalks During wet conditions flask shaped pycnidia embedded on debris produces two celled conidia Diplodia ear rot takes place when conidia are spread via rain and wind into the plant during early silking until two to three weeks after silks start to senesce Alternatively conidia can penetrate husks typically at the base of the ear Fungal growth is most common during milk dough and dent stages Diplodia stalk rot takes place mainly in the crown mesocotyl roots and less frequently on the nodes between the crown and the ear For both diseases points of entry are facilitated by pest e g bird insect damage predisposing the host Earworm Helicoverpa zea damage at the ear shank is often associated with the disease 2 4 Diplodia rot is most severe for mono cropping systems or when wet weather occurs shortly after silking particularly for susceptible corn varieties with upright ears and tight husks S maydis occurs in cool humid temperate areas whereas the closely related S macrospora with similar symptoms but whose only host is corn tend to happen in warm humid zones 2 10 nbsp Corn Diplodia disease cycle Crop Protection NetworkWorldwide incidence editThe incidence of Diplodia ear and stalk rots is dependent of climatic factors Epidemics have been associated with early droughts and late season rains 11 The incidence of infected corn in the field may range from 1 2 or as high as 75 80 6 Some regions throughout the globe associated with Stenocarpella maydis 9 include North America Canada Mexico unconfirmed USA Florida Illinois North Carolina South Dakota Central America Guatemala 12 Belize 6 El Salvador 6 Honduras South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Ecuador European and Mediterranean region Austria Czech Republic Italy France Russia Africa Kenya Malawi Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Zaire Zimbabwe Asia China widespread India unconfirmed Iran Taiwan Oceania Australia New South Wales Management editCultural control edit Timely planting Alternate planting dates when possible Spreading silk dates will reduce the risk of Diplodia infection 13 Crop rotation Alternate non host crops at least one year out of corn to decrease the presence of the pathogen resting structures in subsequent seasons 2 Tillage Removal Degradation of corn residues during the fall can help reduce disease levels 14 Irrigation timing Overhead irrigation can splash disperse S maydis spores from infected corn plants to adjacent healthy plants 15 Grain drying and selection Prior to storage dry grain below 13 15 to halt mold growth Prior to storage clean dried grain by removing lighter damaged kernels cobs and fines Routinely screen grain and store the most infected grain separately to reduce disease spread 13 Others Burying corn residue provides some degree of disease control Cool infected grain below 50 F 19 C soon after harvest and store at 30 F 1 1 C to delay the development of infection 8 16 Host resistance edit Corn hybrids vary in their susceptibility to S maydis Flint cultivars are more resistant than dent and resistance breeding offers promise for control however complete resistance immunity is not available 9 Some seed suppliers offer Diplodia rot resistance ratings for their hybrids 17 Further resistance to insects can reduce damage and disease severity 13 Genetic resistance to Diplodia stalk rot is highly correlated with resistance to Gibberella stalk rot 2 Chemical control edit The potential benefits of fungicides to control Diplodia rot remain ambiguous It is recommended to apply fungicides when foliar disease is evident at high levels to help minimize stalk damage during grain fill 18 Some experimental findings include Propiconazole and prothioconazole show promising results on a laboratory scale in reducing fungal growth under controlled conditions In field applications however neither has shown successful Diplodia rot reduction 19 Benomyl Benlate and mancozeb Dithane M 45 have shown a degree of effectiveness in controlling S maydis in the Nigerian Savanna 20 A triazole product and a QoI strobilurin triazole mix product tested by researchers at Purdue University did not consistently reduce disease severity 21 Biological control edit While not as commonly used as the previously described management strategies several studies show promising results with a biocontrol approach Examples follow Two Streptomyces sp Isolates designated DAUFPE 11470 and DAUFPE 14632 isolated from corn rhizosphere soil significantly reduced S maydis incidence by 93 2 and 92 3 respectively 22 Strains of Pseudomonas spp P fluorescens Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus subtilis inhibited the development of this fungus for the production of compounds with antifungal activity 6 Importance edit nbsp Examples of Diplodia toxins Structures of A diplodiatoxin B diplonine C stachydrine proline betaine D chaetoglobosin K E chaetoglobosin L F chaetoglobosin O G chaetoglobosin M S maydis is capable of producing mycotoxins but no case has been reported regarding Diplodia rot in the United States and Canada However there have been some mycotoxicoses Diplodiosis in South America and Africa due to this fungus 4 This manifests as a nervous disorder neuromycotoxicosis characterized by neurological disorders such as ataxia paralysis and liver damage in farm animals fed or grazing on S maydis infected corn Further Diplodia infected corn used in the chicken broiler and egg laying industries has resulted in reduced performance 11 Mycotoxins produced by this phytopathogen include diploidiatoxin chaetoglobosins and diplonine to which all associated with diplodiosis 6 Moreover Chaetoglobosin K has potential as an antifungal A study by Wicklow et al showed promising antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides 23 See also editList of maize diseasesReferences edit Flett B C McLaren N W Wehner F C 2001 Incidence of Stenocarpella maydis Ear Rot of Corn Under Crop Rotation Systems Plant Disease 85 1 92 94 doi 10 1094 pdis 2001 85 1 92 ISSN 0191 2917 PMID 30832079 a b c d e f g Munkvold Gary P White Donald G 2016 Compendium of corn diseases Munkvold Gary P Gary Phillip White Donald G University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Department of Crop Sciences Fourth ed St Paul Minnesota U S A ISBN 9780890544921 OCLC 946794125 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Siqueira Carolina da Silva Barrocas Ellen Noly Machado Jose da Cruz Silva Ursula Abreu da Dias Iara Eleuteria 2014 Effects of Stenocarpella maydis in seeds and in the initial development of corn Journal of Seed Science 36 1 79 86 doi 10 1590 S2317 15372014000100010 ISSN 2317 1537 a b c Corn Disease Management Ear Rots Education Store Retrieved 2018 07 17 Dien Bruce S Wicklow Donald T Singh Vijay Moreau Robert A Winkler Moser Jill K Cotta Michael A 2012 Influence ofStenocarpella maydisInfected Corn on the Composition of Corn Kernel and Its Conversion into Ethanol Cereal Chemistry 89 1 15 23 doi 10 1094 cchem 09 11 0107 ISSN 0009 0352 a b c d e f Alvarez Cervantes Jorge Hernandez Dominguez Edna M Tellez Tellez Maura Mandujano Gonzalez Virginia Mercado Flores Yuridia Diaz Godinez Gerardo 2016 05 11 Stenocarpella maydis and Sporisorium reilianum Two Pathogenic Fungi of Maize Fungal Pathogenicity InTech doi 10 5772 62662 ISBN 9789535123941 Jackson Ziems Tamra Hartman Terra 2017 Crop Production Clinic Proceedings Lincoln NE University of Nebraska Lincoln pp 193 195 a b Jackson Ziems Tamra Giesler Loren Harveson Robert Korus Kevin Liu Bo 2012 Corn Disease Profile III Ear Rot Diseases and Grain Molds digitalcommons unl edu plantpathpapers Retrieved July 17 2018 a b c European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization EPPO 2017 Stenocarpella macroscopa and Stenocarpella maydis PDF Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Flickr 2015 04 30 Retrieved 2018 07 17 a b Grainsa A look at Diplodia ear and stalk rot of maize and recently isolated mycotoxins A look at Diplodia ear and stalk rot of maize and recently isolated mycotoxins Retrieved 2018 07 17 Mendoza Jose Rodrigo Kok Car Reen Stratton Jayne Bianchini Andreia Hallen Adams Heather E 2017 Understanding the mycobiota of maize from the highlands of Guatemala and implications for maize quality and safety Crop Protection 101 5 11 doi 10 1016 j cropro 2017 07 009 ISSN 0261 2194 a b c Woloshuk C Wise K 2009 Diplodia Ear Rot PDF Purdue Extension BP 75 W Retrieved July 17 2018 Jackson Ziems Tamra A 2016 cropwatch unl edu 2016 ear and stalk rot diseases becoming more common corn fields Ear and Stalk Rot Diseases Becoming More Common in Corn Fields Cropwatch UNL Retrieved July 17 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Check url value help How does irrigation influence the presence and severity of diseases MSU Extension Retrieved 2018 07 17 Romero Luna Martha P Camberato James J Wise Kiersten A 2017 Survival of Stenocarpella maydis on Corn Residue in Indiana Plant Health Progress 18 2 78 83 doi 10 1094 php rs 16 0063 ISSN 1535 1025 Wise Kiersten Mehl Kelsey Bradley Carl 2017 Diplodia Ear Rot PDF Plant Pathology Fact Sheet PPFS AG C 05 Retrieved 2018 07 17 Agronomy Advice 2016 Management of Diplodia Stalk and Ear Rots in Corn PDF Channel Seedmanship At Work Retrieved 2018 07 17 Romero Luna Martha P Wise Kiersten A 2015 Timing and Efficacy of Fungicide Applications for Diplodia Ear Rot Management in Corn Plant Health Progress 16 3 123 131 doi 10 1094 php rs 15 0010 ISSN 1535 1025 Marley PS Gbenga O 2004 Fungicide control ofStenocarpella Maydisin the Nigerian Savanna Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 37 1 19 28 doi 10 1080 03235400310001631936 ISSN 0323 5408 S2CID 84148839 Romero Martha Wise Kiersten 2015 Evaluation of Fungicides for Diplodia Ear Rot PDF Diseases of Corn Purdue Extension Retrieved 2018 07 17 Bressan W Figueiredo J E F 2005 Biological Control of Stenocarpella maydis in Maize Seed with Antagonistic Streptomyces sp Isolates Journal of Phytopathology 153 10 623 626 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0434 2005 01014 x ISSN 0931 1785 Wicklow Donald T Rogers Kristina D Dowd Patrick F Gloer James B 2011 Bioactive metabolites from Stenocarpella maydis a stalk and ear rot pathogen of maize Fungal Biology 115 2 133 142 doi 10 1016 j funbio 2010 11 003 ISSN 1878 6146 PMID 21315311 External links editStenocarpella maydis strain A1 1 Genome sequencing Characterization of Stenocarpella maydis mutants Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stenocarpella maydis amp oldid 1219644030, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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