Water (data page)

This page provides supplementary data to the article properties of water.

Further comprehensive authoritative data can be found at the NIST Webbook page on thermophysical properties of fluids.

Structure and properties

Structure and properties
Index of refraction, nD	1.333 at 20 °C
Dielectric constant^[1]	88.00 at 0 °C 86.04 at 5 °C 84.11 at 10 °C 82.22 at 15 °C 80.36 at 20 °C 78.54 at 25 °C 76.75 at 30 °C 75.00 at 35 °C 73.28 at 40 °C 71.59 at 45 °C 69.94 at 50 °C 66.74 at 60 °C 63.68 at 70 °C 60.76 at 80 °C 57.98 at 90 °C 55.33 at 100 °C
Bond strength	492.215 kJ/mol O–H bond dissociation energy^[2]
Bond length	95.87 pm (equilibrium)^[3]
Bond angle	104.48° (equilibrium) ^[4]^[5]
Magnetic susceptibility	−9.04 × 10^−6 volume SI units^[6]

Thermodynamic properties

Phase behavior
Triple point	273.16 K (0.01 °C), 611.73 Pa
Critical point	647 K (374 °C), 22.1 MPa
Enthalpy change of fusion at 273.15 K, ΔfusH	6.01 kJ/mol
Entropy change of fusion at 273.15 K, 1 bar, ΔfusS	22.0 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy change of vaporization, ΔvapH^o	44.0 kJ/mol
Enthalpy change of vaporization at 373.15 K, ΔvapH	40.68 kJ/mol
Std entropy change of vaporization, ΔvapS^o	118.89 J/(mol·K)
Entropy change of vaporization at 373.15 K, ΔvapS	109.02 J/(mol·K)
Enthalpy change of sublimation at 273.15 K, ΔsubH	51.1 kJ/mol
Std entropy change of sublimation at 273.15 K, 1 bar, ΔsubS	~144 J/(mol·K)
Molal freezing point constant	−1.858 °C kg/mol
Molal boiling point constant	0.512 °C kg/mol
Solid properties
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfH^osolid	−291.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy, S^osolid	41 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp	12.2 J/(mol K) at −200 °C 15.0 J/(mol K) at −180 °C 17.3 J/(mol K) at −160 °C 19.8 J/(mol K) at −140 °C 24.8 J/(mol K) at −100 °C 29.6 J/(mol K) at −60 °C 32.77 J/(mol K) at −38.3 °C 33.84 J/(mol K) at −30.6 °C 35.20 J/(mol K) at −20.8 °C 36.66 J/(mol K) at −11.0 °C 37.19 J/(mol K) at −4.9 °C 37.84 J/(mol K) at −2.2 °C
Liquid properties
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfH^oliquid	−285.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy, S^oliquid	69.95 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp	75.97 J/(mol K) and 4.2176 J/(g·K) at 0 °C 75.42 J/(mol K) and 4.1921 J/(g·K) at 10 °C 75.33 J/(mol K) and 4.1818 J/(g·K) at 20 °C 75.28 J/(mol K) and 4.1814 J/(g·K) at 25 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) and 4.1784 J/(g·K) at 30 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) and 4.1785 J/(g·K) at 40 °C 75.30 J/(mol K) and 4.1806 J/(g·K) at 50 °C 75.37 J/(mol K) and 4.1843 J/(g·K) at 60 °C 75.46 J/(mol K) and 4.1895 J/(g·K) at 70 °C 75.58 J/(mol K) and 4.1963 J/(g·K) at 80 °C 75.74 J/(mol K) and 4.2050 J/(g·K) at 90 °C 75.94 J/(mol K) and 4.2159 J/(g·K) at 100 °C
Gas properties
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfH^ogas	−241.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy, S^ogas	188.84 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp	36.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 36.1 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 36.2 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 37.9 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 41.4 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C
Heat capacity, cv	27.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 27.6 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 27.8 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 29.5 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 33.1 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C
Heat capacity ratio, γ = cp/cv	1.324 at 100 °C 1.310 at 200 °C 1.301 at 400 °C 1.282 at 700 °C 1.252 at 1000 °C
van der Waals' constants	a = 553.6 L^2 kPa/mol^2 b = 0.03049 L/mol

Liquid physical properties

 

Temperature dependence of the surface tension of pure water

 

Temperature dependence of the density of ice and water

Velocity of sound in water
c in distilled water at 25 °C	1498 m/s
c at other temperatures^[7]	1403 m/s at 0 °C 1427 m/s at 5 °C 1447 m/s at 10 °C 1481 m/s at 20 °C 1507 m/s at 30 °C 1526 m/s at 40 °C 1541 m/s at 50 °C 1552 m/s at 60 °C 1555 m/s at 70 °C 1555 m/s at 80 °C 1550 m/s at 90 °C 1543 m/s at 100 °C
Density^[8]^[1]^[page needed]
0.983854 g/cm^3 at −30 °C	0.99221 g/cm^3 at 40 °C
0.993547 g/cm^3 at −20 °C	0.99022 g/cm^3 at 45 °C
0.998117 g/cm^3 at −10 °C	0.98804 g/cm^3 at 50 °C
0.9998395 g/cm^3 at 0 °C	0.98570 g/cm^3 at 55 °C
0.999972 g/cm^3 at 3.984 °C^[9]
0.9999720 g/cm^3 at 4 °C	0.98321 g/cm^3 at 60 °C
0.99996 g/cm^3 at 5 °C	0.98056 g/cm^3 at 65 °C
0.9997026 g/cm^3 at 10 °C	0.97778 g/cm^3 at 70 °C
0.9991026 g/cm^3 at 15 °C	0.97486 g/cm^3 at 75 °C
0.9982071 g/cm^3 at 20 °C	0.97180 g/cm^3 at 80 °C
0.9977735 g/cm^3 at 22 °C	0.96862 g/cm^3 at 85 °C
0.9970479 g/cm^3 at 25 °C	0.96531 g/cm^3 at 90 °C
0.9956502 g/cm^3 at 30 °C	0.96189 g/cm^3 at 95 °C
0.99403 g/cm^3 at 35 °C	0.95835 g/cm^3 at 100 °C
The values below 0 °C refer to supercooled water.
Viscosity^[10]
1.7921 mPa·s (cP) at 0 °C	0.5494 mPa·s at 50 °C
1.5188 mPa·s at 5 °C	0.5064 mPa·s at 55 °C
1.3077 mPa·s at 10 °C	0.4688 mPa·s at 60 °C
1.1404 mPa·s at 15 °C	0.4355 mPa·s at 65 °C
1.0050 mPa·s at 20 °C	0.4061 mPa·s at 70 °C
0.8937 mPa·s at 25 °C	0.3799 mPa·s at 75 °C
0.8007 mPa·s at 30 °C	0.3635 mPa·s at 80 °C
0.7225 mPa·s at 35 °C	0.3355 mPa·s at 85 °C
0.6560 mPa·s at 40 °C	0.3165 mPa·s at 90 °C
0.5988 mPa·s at 45 °C	0.2994 mPa·s at 95 °C
	0.2838 mPa·s at 100 °C
Surface tension^[11]
75.64 dyn/cm at 0 °C	69.56 dyn/cm at 40 °C
74.92 dyn/cm at 5 °C	68.74 dyn/cm at 45 °C
74.22 dyn/cm at 10 °C	67.91 dyn/cm at 50 °C
73.49 dyn/cm at 15 °C	66.18 dyn/cm at 60 °C
72.75 dyn/cm at 20 °C	64.42 dyn/cm at 70 °C
71.97 dyn/cm at 25 °C	62.61 dyn/cm at 80 °C
71.18 dyn/cm at 30 °C	60.75 dyn/cm at 90 °C
70.38 dyn/cm at 35 °C	58.85 dyn/cm at 100 °C

Electrical conductivity of highly purified water at saturation pressure^[12]

Temperature, °C	Conductivity, μS/m
0.01	1.15
25	5.50
100	76.5
200	299
300	241

Water/steam equilibrium properties

Vapor pressure formula for steam in equilibrium with liquid water:^[13]

${\displaystyle \log _{10}P=A-{\frac {B}{T-C}},}$ 

where P is equilibrium vapor pressure in kPa, and T is temperature in kelvins.

For T = 273 K to 333 K: A = 7.2326; B = 1750.286; C = 38.1.

For T = 333 K to 423 K: A = 7.0917; B = 1668.21; C = 45.1.

Steam table^[14]
Temperature (°C)	Pressure (kPa)	H of liquid (J/g)	ΔvapH (J/g)	Wvap (J/g)	ρ of vapor (kg/m^3)
0	0.612	0.00	2496.5	126.0	0.004845
10	1.227	42.0	2473.5	130.5	0.009398
20	2.336	83.8	2450.9	135.1	0.01728
30	4.242	125.6	2427.9	139.7	0.03036
40	7.370	167.2	2404.9	144.2	0.05107
50	12.33	209.0	2381.4	148.7	0.08285
60	19.90	250.8	2357.6	153.0	0.1300
70	31.15	292.7	2332.9	157.3	0.1979
80	46.12	334.6	2307.7	161.5	0.2931
90	70.10	376.6	2282.6	165.5	0.4232
100	101.32	419.0	2256.3	169.4	0.5974
110	143.27	460.8	2229.5	173.1	0.8264
120	198.50	503.2	2201.4	176.7	1.121
130	270.13	545.8	2172.5	180.2	1.497
140	361.4	588.5	2142.8	183.2	1.967
150	476.0	631.5	2111.8	186.1	2.548
160	618.1	674.7	2080.0	188.7	3.263
170	792.0	718.5	2047.0	190.6	4.023
180	1002.7	762.5	2012.2	192.8	5.165
190	1254.9	807.0	1975.8	194.5	6.402
200	1554.3	851.9	1937.3	195.6	7.868
210	1907.9	897.5	1897.5	196.3	9.606
221.1	2369.8	948.5	1850.2	196.6	11.88
229.4	2769.6	987.9	1812.5	196.2	13.87
240.6	3381.1	1040.6	1759.4	195.1	16.96
248.9	3904.1	1080.3	1715.8	193.7	19.66
260.0	4695.9	1134.8	1653.9	190.8	23.84
271.1	5603.4	1195.9	1586.5	186.9	28.83
279.4	6366.5	1240.7	1532.5	183.3	33.18
290.6	7506.2	1302.3	1456.3	177.4	39.95
298.9	8463.9	1350.0	1394.8	172.2	45.93
310.0	9878.0	1415.7	1307.7	164.2	55.25
321.1	11461	1483.9	1212.7	154.5	66.58
329.4	12785	1537.9	1133.2	145.6	76.92
340.6	14727	1617.9	1007.6	130.9	94.25
348.9	16331	1687.0	892.0	117.0	111.5
360.0	18682	1797.0	694.0	91.0	145.3
371.1	21349	1968.3	365.0	47.0	214.5
374.4	22242	2151.2	0	0	306.8
Temperature (°C)	Pressure (kPa)	H of liquid (J/g)	ΔvapH (J/g)	Wvap (J/g)	ρ of vapor (kg/m^3)

Data in the table above is given for water–steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in kPa. The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C. The fourth column is the heat of vaporization of each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The fifth column is the work PΔV done by each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The sixth column is the density of the vapor.

Melting point of ice at various pressures

Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed., p. 2390

Pressure kPa	Temp. °C
101.325	0.0
32950	−2.5
60311	−5.0
87279	−7.5
113267	−10.0
138274	−12.5
159358	−15.0
179952	−17.5
200251	−20.0
215746	−22.1

Table of various forms of ice

Properties of various forms of ice^[15]
Ice form	Density g/cm^3	Crystal structure	Triple points	TP temp °C	TP pressure MPa
Ih	0.92	hexagonal	Lq, Vap, Ih	0.01	0.000612
			Lq, Ih, III	−22.0	207.5
			Ih, II, III	−34.7	212.9
Ic	0.92	cubic
II	1.17	rhombohedral	Ih, II, III	−34.7	212.9
			II, III, V	−24.3	344.3
			II, V, VI	−55 (est)	620
III	1.14	tetragonal	Lq, Ih, III	−22.0	207.5
			Lq, III, V	−17	346.3
			Ih, II, III	−34.7	212.9
			II, III, V	−24.3	344.3
IV	1.27	rhombohedral
V	1.23	monoclinic	Lq, III, V	−17	346.3
			Lq, V, VI	0.16	625.9
			II, III, V	−24.3	344.3
			II, V, VI	−55 (est)	620
VI	1.31	tetragonal	Lq, V, VI	0.16	625.9
			Lq, VI, VII	81.6	2200
			II, V, VI	−55 (est)	620
			VI, VII, VIII	≈5	2100
VII	1.50	cubic	Lq, VI, VII	81.6	2200
			VI, VII, VIII	≈5	2100
			VII, VIII, X	−173	62000
VIII	1.46	tetragonal	VI, VII, VIII	≈5	2100
			VII, VIII, X	−173	62000
IX	1.16	tetragonal
X	2.46	cubic	VII, VIII, X	−173	62000
XI^‡	0.92	orthorhombic	Vap, Ih, XI	−201.5	0 (expected)
XII	1.29	tetragonal
XIII	1.23	monoclinic
XIV	1.29	orthorhombic

^‡Ice XI triple point is theoretical and has never been obtained

Phase diagram

 

Log-lin pressure–temperature phase diagram of water. The Roman numerals indicate various ice phases.

Water with dissolved NaCl

 

Water–NaCl phase diagram

Properties of water–NaCl mixtures ^[16]

NaCl, wt%	Teq, °C	ρ, g/cm^3	n	η, mPa·s
0	0	0.99984	1.333	1.002
0.5	−0.3	1.0018	1.3339	1.011
1	−0.59	1.0053	1.3347	1.02
2	−1.19	1.0125	1.3365	1.036
3	−1.79	1.0196	1.3383	1.052
4	−2.41	1.0268	1.34	1.068
5	−3.05	1.034	1.3418	1.085
6	−3.7	1.0413	1.3435	1.104
7	−4.38	1.0486	1.3453	1.124
8	−5.08	1.0559	1.347	1.145
9	−5.81	1.0633	1.3488	1.168
10	−6.56	1.0707	1.3505	1.193
12	−8.18	1.0857	1.3541	1.25
14	−9.94	1.1008	1.3576	1.317
16	−11.89	1.1162	1.3612	1.388
18	−14.04	1.1319	1.3648	1.463
20	−16.46	1.1478	1.3684	1.557
22	−19.18	1.164	1.3721	1.676
23.3	−21.1
23.7	−17.3
24.9	−11.1
26.1	−2.7
26.28	0
26.32	10
26.41	20
26.45	25
26.52	30
26.67	40
26.84	50
27.03	60
27.25	70
27.5	80
27.78	90
28.05	100

Note: ρ is density, n is refractive index at 589 nm,^{[clarification needed]} and η is viscosity, all at 20 °C; T_eq is the equilibrium temperature between two phases: ice/liquid solution for T_eq < 0–0.1 °C and NaCl/liquid solution for T_eq above 0.1 °C.

Self-ionization

Main article: Self-ionization of water

 

°C		−35	0	25	60	300 (~50 MPa)
pKw^[17]		17	14.9	14.0	13.0	12

${\displaystyle pK_{w}=-\log([\mathrm {H} ^{+}][\mathrm {OH} ^{-}])}$ 

Spectral data

UV-Vis
λmax	? nm
Extinction coefficient, ε	?
IR
Major absorption bands^[18]	vapor: ν1 = 3657.05, ν2 = 1594.75, ν3 = 3755.93 cm^−1 liquid: ν1 = 3280, ν2 = 1644, ν3 = 3490 cm^−1 hexagonal ice: ν1 = 3085, ν2 = 1650, ν3 = 3220 cm^−1
NMR
Proton NMR	4.79 ppm in D2O ; 1.56 ppm in CDCl3 ; 0.40 ppm in C6D6 ; 4.87 in CD3OD^[19]
Carbon-13 NMR	N/A
Other NMR data
MS
Masses of main fragments

Self-diffusion coefficients

Experimental self-diffusion coefficients at various temperatures^[20]
Temperature in °C	Coefficients in 10^−9 m^2/s
0	1.099
1	1.138
4	1.261
5	1.303
10	1.525
15	1.765
20	2.023
25	2.299
30	2.594
35	2.907
40	3.238
45	3.588
50	3.956
56	4.423
60	4.748
70	5.615
80	6.557
90	7.574
100	8.667

Additional data translated from German "Wasser (Stoffdaten)" page

The data that follows was copied and translated from the German language Wikipedia version of this page (which has moved to here). It provides supplementary physical, thermodynamic, and vapor pressure data, some of which is redundant with data in the tables above, and some of which is additional.

Physical and thermodynamic tables

In the following tables, values are temperature-dependent and to a lesser degree pressure-dependent, and are arranged by state of aggregation (s = solid, lq = liquid, g = gas), which are clearly a function of temperature and pressure. All of the data were computed from data given in "Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for Scientific and General Use" (IAPWS , 1984) (obsolete as of 1995).^[21] This applies to:

• T – temperature in degrees Celsius
• V – specific volume in cubic decimeters per kilogram (1 dm³ is equivalent to 1 liter)
• H – specific enthalpy in kilojoules per kilogram
• U – specific internal energy in kilojoules per kilogram
• S – specific entropy in kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin
• c_p – specific heat capacity at constant pressure in kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin
• γ – Thermal expansion coefficient as 10⁻³ per kelvin
• λ – Heat conductivity in milliwatts per meter-kelvin
• η – Viscosity in micropascal-seconds (1 cP = 1000 μPa·s)
• σ – surface tension in millinewtons per meter (equivalent to dyn/cm)

Standard conditions

In the following table, material data are given for standard pressure of 0.1 MPa (equivalent to 1 bar). Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1 atm), which is the average atmospheric pressure.

 

Water/steam data table at standard pressure (0.1 MPa)
T °C		V dm^3/kg	H kJ/kg	U kJ/kg	S kJ/(kg·K)	cp kJ/(kg·K)	γ 10^−3/K	λ mW / (m·K)	η μPa·s	σ   ^‡ mN/m
0	lq	1.0002	0.06	−0.04	−0.0001	4.228	−0.080	561.0	1792	75.65
5		1.0000	21.1	21.0	0.076	4.200	0.011	570.6	1518	74.95
10		1.0003	42.1	42.0	0.151	4.188	0.087	580.0	1306	74.22
15		1.0009	63.0	62.9	0.224	4.184	0.152	589.4	1137	73.49
20		1.0018	83.9	83.8	0.296	4.183	0.209	598.4	1001	72.74
25		1.0029	104.8	104.7	0.367	4.183	0.259	607.2	890.4	71.98
30		1.0044	125.8	125.7	0.437	4.183	0.305	615.5	797.7	71.20
35		1.0060	146.7	146.6	0.505	4.183	0.347	623.3	719.6	70.41
40		1.0079	167.6	167.5	0.572	4.182	0.386	630.6	653.3	69.60
45		1.0099	188.5	188.4	0.638	4.182	0.423	637.3	596.3	68.78
50		1.0121	209.4	209.3	0.704	4.181	0.457	643.6	547.1	67.95
60		1.0171	251.2	251.1	0.831	4.183	0.522	654.4	466.6	66.24
70		1.0227	293.1	293.0	0.955	4.187	0.583	663.1	404.1	64.49
80		1.0290	335.0	334.9	1.075	4.194	0.640	670.0	354.5	62.68
90		1.0359	377.0	376.9	1.193	4.204	0.696	675.3	314.6	60.82
99.63	lq	1.0431	417.5	417.4	1.303	4.217	0.748	679.0	283.0	58.99
	g	1694.3	2675	2505	7.359	2.043	2.885	25.05	12.26	–
100	g	1696.1	2675	2506	7.361	2.042	2.881	25.08	12.27	58.92
200		2172.3	2874	2657	7.833	1.975	2.100	33.28	16.18	37.68
300		2638.8	3073	2810	8.215	2.013	1.761	43.42	20.29	14.37
500		3565.5	3488	3131	8.834	2.135	1.297	66.970	28.57	–
750		4721.0	4043	3571	9.455	2.308	0.978	100.30	38.48	–
1000		5875.5	4642	4054	9.978	2.478	0.786	136.3	47.66	–
^‡ The values for surface tension for the liquid section of the table are for a liquid/air interface. Values for the gas section of the table are for a liquid/saturated steam interface.

Triple point

In the following table, material data are given with a pressure of 611.7 Pa (equivalent to 0.006117 bar). Up to a temperature of 0.01 °C, the triple point of water, water normally exists as ice, except for supercooled water, for which one data point is tabulated here. At the triple point, ice can exist together with both liquid water and vapor. At higher temperatures, the data are for water vapor only.

 

Water/steam data table at triple point pressure (0.0006117 MPa)
T °C		V dm^3/kg	H kJ/kg	U kJ/kg	S kJ/(kg·K)	cp kJ/(kg·K)	γ 10^−3/K	λ mW / (m·K)	η μPa·s
0	lq	1.0002	−0.04	−0.04	−0.0002	4.339	−0.081	561.0	1792
0.01	s	1.0908	−333.4	−333.4	−1.221	1.93	0.1	2180	–
	lq	1.0002	0.0	0	0	4.229	−0.080	561.0	1791
	g	205986	2500	2374	9.154	1.868	3.672	17.07	9.22
5	g	209913	2509	2381	9.188	1.867	3.605	17.33	9.34
10		213695	2519	2388	9.222	1.867	3.540	17.60	9.46
15		217477	2528	2395	9.254	1.868	3.478	17.88	9.59
20		221258	2537	2402	9.286	1.868	3.417	18.17	9.73
25		225039	2547	2409	9.318	1.869	3.359	18.47	9.87
30		228819	2556	2416	9.349	1.869	3.304	18.78	10.02
35		232598	2565	2423	9.380	1.870	3.249	19.10	10.17
40		236377	2575	2430	9.410	1.871	3.197	19.43	10.32
45		240155	2584	2437	9.439	1.872	3.147	19.77	10.47
50		243933	2593	2444	9.469	1.874	3.098	20.11	10.63
60		251489	2612	2459	9.526	1.876	3.004	20.82	10.96
70		259043	2631	2473	9.581	1.880	2.916	21.56	11.29
80		266597	2650	2487	9.635	1.883	2.833	22.31	11.64
90		274150	2669	2501	9.688	1.887	2.755	23.10	11.99
100		281703	2688	2515	9.739	1.891	2.681	23.90	12.53
200		357216	2879	2661	10.194	1.940	2.114	32.89	16.21
300		432721	3076	2811	10.571	2.000	1.745	43.26	20.30
500		583725	3489	3132	11.188	2.131	1.293	66.90	28.57
750		772477	4043	3571	11.808	2.307	0.977	100.20	38.47
1000		961227	4642	4054	12.331	2.478	0.785	136.30	47.66

Saturated vapor pressure

The following table is based on different, complementary sources and approximation formulas, whose values are of various quality and accuracy. The values in the temperature range of −100 °C to 100 °C were inferred from D. Sunday (1982) and are quite uniform and exact. The values in the temperature range of the boiling point of water up to the critical point (100 °C to 374 °C) are drawn from different sources and are substantially less accurate; hence they should be used only as approximate values.^{[22][23][24][25]}

To use the values correctly, consider the following points:

• The values apply only to smooth interfaces and in the absence other gases or gas mixtures such as air. Hence they apply only to pure phases and need a correction factor for systems in which air is present.
• The values were not computed according formulas widely used in the US, but using somewhat more exact formulas (see below), which can also be used to compute further values in the appropriate temperature ranges.
• The saturated vapor pressure over water in the temperature range of −100 °C to −50 °C is only extrapolated [Translator's note: Supercooled liquid water is not known to exist below −42 °C].
• The values have various units (Pa, hPa or bar), which must be considered when reading them.

Formulas

The table values for −100 °C to 100 °C were computed by the following formulas, where T is in kelvins and vapor pressures, P_w and P_i, are in pascals.

Over liquid water

log_e(P_w) = −6094.4642 T⁻¹ + 21.1249952 − 2.724552×10⁻² T + 1.6853396×10⁻⁵ T² + 2.4575506 log_e(T)

For temperature range: 173.15 K to 373.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 100 °C

Over ice

log_e(P_i) = −5504.4088 T⁻¹ − 3.5704628 − 1.7337458×10⁻² T + 6.5204209×10⁻⁶ T² + 6.1295027 log_e(T)

For temperature range: 173.15 K to 273.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 0 °C

At triple point

An important basic value, which is not registered in the table, is the saturated vapor pressure at the triple point of water. The internationally accepted value according to measurements of Guildner, Johnson and Jones (1976) amounts to:

P_w(t_tp = 0.01 °C) = 611.657 Pa ± 0.010 Pa at (1 − α) = 99%

 

Values of saturated vapor pressure of water
Temp. T in °C	Pi(T) over ice in Pa	Pw(T) over water in Pa		Temp. T in °C	Pw(T) over water in hPa		Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar		Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar		Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar
−100	0.0013957	0.0036309		0	6.11213		100	1.01		200	15.55		300	85.88
−99	0.0017094	0.0044121		1	6.57069		101	1.05		201	15.88		301	87.09
−98	0.0020889	0.0053487		2	7.05949		102	1.09		202	16.21		302	88.32
−97	0.0025470	0.0064692		3	7.58023		103	1.13		203	16.55		303	89.57
−96	0.0030987	0.0078067		4	8.13467		104	1.17		204	16.89		304	90.82
−95	0.0037617	0.0093996		5	8.72469		105	1.21		205	17.24		305	92.09
−94	0.0045569	0.011293		6	9.35222		106	1.25		206	17.60		306	93.38
−93	0.0055087	0.013538		7	10.0193		107	1.30		207	17.96		307	94.67
−92	0.0066455	0.016195		8	10.7280		108	1.34		208	18.32		308	95.98
−91	0.0080008	0.019333		9	11.4806		109	1.39		209	18.70		309	97.31
−90	0.0096132	0.023031		10	12.2794		110	1.43		210	19.07		310	98.65
−89	0.011528	0.027381		11	13.1267		111	1.48		211	19.46		311	100.00
−88	0.013797	0.032489		12	14.0251		112	1.53		212	19.85		312	101.37
−87	0.016482	0.038474		13	14.9772		113	1.58		213	20.25		313	102.75
−86	0.019653	0.045473		14	15.9856		114	1.64		214	20.65		314	104.15
−85	0.02339	0.053645		15	17.0532		115	1.69		215	21.06		315	105.56
−84	0.027788	0.063166		16	18.1829		116	1.75		216	21.47		316	106.98
−83	0.032954	0.074241		17	19.3778		117	1.81		217	21.89		317	108.43
−82	0.039011	0.087101		18	20.6409		118	1.86		218	22.32		318	109.88
−81	0.046102	0.10201		19	21.9757		119	1.93		219	22.75		319	111.35
−80	0.054388	0.11925		20	23.3854		120	1.99		220	23.19		320	112.84
−79	0.064057	0.13918		21	24.8737		121	2.05		221	23.64		321	114.34
−78	0.075320	0.16215		22	26.4442		122	2.12		222	24.09		322	115.86
−77	0.088419	0.18860		23	28.1006		123	2.18		223	24.55		323	117.39
−76	0.10363	0.21901		24	29.8470		124	2.25		224	25.02		324	118.94
−75	0.12127	0.25391		25	31.6874		125	2.32		225	25.49		325	120.51
−74	0.14168	0.29390		26	33.6260		126	2.40		226	25.98		326	122.09
−73	0.16528	0.33966		27	35.6671		127	2.47		227	26.46		327	123.68
−72	0.19252	0.39193		28	37.8154		128	2.55		228	26.96		328	125.30
−71	0.22391	0.45156		29	40.0754		129	2.62		229	27.46		329	126.93
−70	0.26004	0.51948		30	42.4520		130	2.70		230	27.97		330	128.58
−69	0.30156	0.59672		31	44.9502		131	2.78		231	28.48		331	130.24
−68	0.34921	0.68446		32	47.5752		132	2.87		232	29.01		332	131.92
−67	0.40383	0.78397		33	50.3322		133	2.95		233	29.54		333	133.62
−66	0.46633	0.89668		34	53.2267		134	3.04		234	30.08		334	135.33
−65	0.53778	1.0242		35	56.2645		135	3.13		235	30.62		335	137.07
−64	0.61933	1.1682		36	59.4513		136	3.22		236	31.18		336	138.82
−63	0.71231	1.3306		37	62.7933		137	3.32		237	31.74		337	140.59
−62	0.81817	1.5136		38	66.2956		138	3.42		238	32.31		338	142.37
−61	0.93854	1.7195		39	69.9675		139	3.51		239	32.88		339	144.18
−60	1.0753	1.9509		40	73.8127		140	3.62		240	33.47		340	146.00
−59	1.2303	2.2106		41	77.8319		141	3.72		241	34.06		341	147.84
−58	1.4060	2.5018		42	82.0536		142	3.82		242	34.66		342	149.71
−57	1.6049	2.8277		43	86.4633		143	3.93		243	35.27		343	151.58
−56	1.8296	3.1922		44	91.0757		144	4.04		244	35.88		344	153.48
−55	2.0833	3.5993		45	95.8984		145	4.16		245	36.51		345	155.40
−54	2.3694	4.0535		46	100.939		146	4.27		246	37.14		346	157.34
−53	2.6917	4.5597		47	106.206		147	4.39		247	37.78		347	159.30
−52	3.0542	5.1231		48	111.708		148	4.51		248	38.43		348	161.28
−51	3.4618	5.7496		49	117.452		149	4.64		249	39.09		349	163.27
−50	3.9193	6.4454		50	123.4478		150	4.76		250	39.76		350	165.29
−49	4.4324	7.2174		51	129.7042		151	4.89		251	40.44		351	167.33
−48	5.0073	8.0729		52	136.2304		152	5.02		252	41.12		352	169.39
−47	5.6506	9.0201		53	143.0357		153	5.16		253	41.81		353	171.47
−46	6.3699	10.068		54	150.1298		154	5.29		254	42.52		354	173.58
−45	7.1732	11.225		55	157.5226		155	5.43		255	43.23		355	175.70
−44	8.0695	12.503		56	165.2243		156	5.58		256	43.95		356	177.85
−43	9.0685	13.911		57	173.2451		157	5.72		257	44.68		357	180.02
−42	10.181	15.463		58	181.5959		158	5.87		258	45.42		358	182.21
−41	11.419	17.170		59	190.2874		159	6.03		259	46.16		359	184.43
−40	12.794	19.048		60	199.3309		160	6.18		260	46.92		360	186.66
−39	14.321	21.110		61	208.7378		161	6.34		261	47.69		361	188.93
−38	16.016	23.372		62	218.5198		162	6.50		262	48.46		362	191.21
−37	17.893	25.853	63	228.6888	163	6.67	263	49.25	363	193.52
−36	19.973	28.570	64	239.2572	164	6.84	264	50.05	364	195.86
−35	22.273	31.544	65	250.2373	165	7.01	265	50.85	365	198.22
−34	24.816	34.795	66	261.6421	166	7.18	266	51.67	366	200.61
−33	27.624	38.347	67	273.4845	167	7.36	267	52.49	367	203.02
−32	30.723	42.225	68	285.7781	168	7.55	268	53.33	368	205.47
−31	34.140	46.453	69	298.5363	169	7.73	269	54.17	369	207.93
−30	37.903	51.060	70	311.7731	170	7.92	270	55.03	370	210.43
−29	42.046	56.077	71	325.5029	171	8.11	271	55.89	371	212.96
−28	46.601	61.534	72	339.7401	172	8.31	272	56.77	372	215.53
−27	51.607	67.466	73	354.4995	173	8.51	273	57.66	373	218.13
−26	57.104	73.909	74	369.7963	174	8.72	274	58.56	374	220.64
−25	63.134	80.902	75	385.6459	175	8.92	275	59.46	374.15	221.20
−24	69.745	88.485	76	402.0641	176	9.14	276	60.38
−23	76.987	96.701	77	419.0669	177	9.35	277	61.31
−22	84.914	105.60	78	436.6708	178	9.57	278	62.25
−21	93.584	115.22	79	454.8923	179	9.80	279	63.20
−20	103.06	125.63	80	473.7485	180	10.03	280	64.17
−19	113.41	136.88	81	493.2567	181	10.26	281	65.14
−18	124.70	149.01	82	513.4345	182	10.50	282	66.12
−17	137.02	162.11	83	534.3000	183	10.74	283	67.12
−16	150.44	176.23	84	555.8714	184	10.98	284	68.13
−15	165.06	191.44	85	578.1673	185	11.23	285	69.15
−14	180.97	207.81	86	601.2068	186	11.49	286	70.18
−13	198.27	225.43	87	625.0090	187	11.75	287	71.22
−12	217.07	244.37	88	649.5936	188	12.01	288	72.27
−11	237.49	264.72	89	674.9806	189	12.28	289	73.34
−10	259.66	286.57	90	701.1904	190	12.55	290	74.42
−9	283.69	310.02	91	728.2434	191	12.83	291	75.51
−8	309.75	335.16	92	756.1608	192	13.11	292	76.61
−7	337.97	362.10	93	784.9639	193	13.40	293	77.72
−6	368.52	390.95	94	814.6743	194	13.69	294	78.85
−5	401.58	421.84	95	845.3141	195	13.99	295	79.99
−4	437.31	454.88	96	876.9057	196	14.29	296	81.14
−3	475.92	490.19	97	909.4718	197	14.60	297	82.31
−2	517.62	527.93	98	943.0355	198	14.91	298	83.48
−1	562.62	568.22	99	977.6203	199	15.22	299	84.67
0	611.153	611.213	100	1013.25	200	15.55	300	85.88
Temp. T in °C	Pi(T) over ice in Pa	Pw(T) over water in Pa	Temp. T in °C	Pw(T) over water in hPa	Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar	Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar	Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar

Magnetic susceptibility

Accepted standardized value of the magnetic susceptibility of water at 20 °C (room temperature) is −12.97 cm³/mol.^[26]

Accepted standardized value of the magnetic susceptibility of water at 20 °C (room temperature) is −0.702 cm³/g.^[26]

Magnetic susceptibility of water at different temperatures^[26]

Isotopolog, state	Temperature in K	Magnetic susceptibiliy in cm^3/mol
H2O(g)	>373	−13.1
H2O(l)	373	−13.09
H2O(l)	293	−12.97
H2O(l)	273	−12.93
H2O(s)	273	−12.65
H2O(s)	223	−12.31
DHO(l)	302	−12.97
D2O(l)	293	−12.76
D2O(l)	276.8	−12.66
D2O(s)	276.8	−12.54
D2O(s)	213	−12.41

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• Except where noted otherwise, data relate to Standard temperature and pressure.
• Reliability of data general note.

See also

•  Water portal

• Properties of water

References

1. Lide 2004, p. 6-15.
2. Maksyutenko, Pavlo; Rizzo, Thomas R.; Boyarkin, Oleg V. (2006). "A direct measurement of the dissociation energy of water". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 125 (18): 181101. Bibcode:2006JChPh.125r1101M. doi:10.1063/1.2387163. PMID 17115729.
3. Cook, R; Delucia, F; Helminger, P (1974). "Molecular force field and structure of water: Recent microwave results". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 53 (1): 62–76. Bibcode:1974JMoSp..53...62C. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(74)90261-6.
4. Hoy, AR; Bunker, PR (1979). "A precise solution of the rotation bending Schrödinger equation for a triatomic molecule with application to the water molecule". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 74 (1): 1–8. Bibcode:1979JMoSp..74....1H. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(79)90019-5.
5. "List of experimental bond angles of type aHOH". Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase.
6. Griffiths, David Jeffery (1999). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-13-919960-8.
7. "Water and the Speed of Sound". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
8. Dean & Lange 1999, p. 1199: Due to the old definition of liter used at the time, the data from the Handbook was converted from old g/ml to g/cm³, by multiplying by 0.999973
9. Franks 2012, p. 376.
10. Lide 2004, p. 6-201.
11. Dean & Lange 1999, p. 1663.
12. Revised Release on Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Heavy Water Substance, The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam Lucerne, Switzerland, August 2007.
13. Dean & Lange 1999, p. 1436.
14. Dean & Lange 1999, p. 1476.
15. Martin Chaplin. "Water Phase Diagram". London South Bank University. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
16. Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. pp. 8–71, 8–116. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
17. Martin Chaplin. "Water ionization". London South Bank University. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
18. Martin Chaplin. "Water Absorption Spectrum". London South Bank University. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
19. Fulmer, Gregory R.; Miller, Alexander J. M.; Sherden, Nathaniel H.; Gottlieb, Hugo E.; Nudelman, Abraham; Stoltz, Brian M.; Bercaw, John E.; Goldberg, Karen I. (2010). "NMR Chemical Shifts of Trace Impurities: Common Laboratory Solvents, Organics, and Gases in Deuterated Solvents Relevant to the Organometallic Chemist" (PDF). Organometallics. 29 (9): 2176–2179. doi:10.1021/om100106e. ISSN 0276-7333.
20. Holz, Manfred; Heil, Stefan R.; Sacco, Antonio (2000). "Temperature-dependent self-diffusion coefficients of water and six selected molecular liquids for calibration in accurate ¹
    H NMR PFG measurements". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2 (20): 4740–4742. Bibcode:2000PCCP....2.4740H. doi:10.1039/b005319h. ISSN 1463-9084.
21. "IAPWS". Main IAPWS Thermodynamic Property Formulations. Retrieved 4 May 2023. In 1995, IAPWS approved a new formulation of the thermodynamic properties of water and steam for general and scientific use. This replaced the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher and Kell, and now serves as the international standard for water's thermodynamic properties.
22. Guildner, L. A.; Johnson, D. P.; Jones, F. E. (1976). "Vapor Pressure of Water at Its Triple Point: Highly Accurate Value". Science. 191 (4233): 1261. Bibcode:1976Sci...191.1261G. doi:10.1126/science.191.4233.1261. PMID 17737716. S2CID 37399612.
23. Klaus Scheffler (1981): Wasserdampftafeln: thermodynam. Eigenschaften von Wasser u. Wasserdampf bis 800°C u. 800 bar (Water Vapor Tables: Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water and Water Vapor to 800°C and 800 bar), Berlin [u.a.] ISBN 3-540-10930-7
24. D. Sonntag und D. Heinze (1982): Sättigungsdampfdruck- und Sättigungsdampfdichtetafeln für Wasser und Eis. (Saturated Vapor Pressure and Saturated Vapor Density Tables for Water and Ice)(1. Aufl.), VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
25. Ulrich Grigull, Johannes Staub, Peter Schiebener (1990): Steam Tables in SI-Units – Wasserdampftafeln. Springer-Verlagdima gmbh
26. Weast, Robert (1983–1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 64th edition. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC publishing. pp. E-119. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Bibliography

• Dean, John Aurie; Lange, Norbert Adolph (1999). Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-016384-3.
• Franks, Felix (2012). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4684-8334-5.
• Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD)
• Lide, David R. (2004). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

External links

• Microwave Spectrum (by NIST)
• Water properties by Martin Chaplin, London South Bank University.