A quake is the result when the surface of a planet, moon or star begins to shake, usually as the consequence of a sudden release of energy transmitted as seismic waves, and potentially with great violence.
An earthquake is a phenomenon that results from the sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes may manifest themselves by a shaking or displacement of the ground and sometimes cause tsunamis, which may lead to loss of life and destruction of property. An earthquake is caused by tectonic plates (sections of the Earth's crust) getting stuck and putting a strain on the ground. The strain becomes so great that rocks give way and fault lines occur.
A moonquake is the lunar equivalent of an earthquake (i.e., a quake on the Moon) although moonquakes are caused in different ways. They were first discovered by the Apolloastronauts. The largest moonquakes are much weaker than the largest earthquakes, though their shaking can last for up to an hour, due to fewer attenuating factors to damp seismic vibrations.[1]
Information about moonquakes comes from seismometers placed on the Moon from 1969 through 1972. The instruments placed by the Apollo 12, 14, 15 and 16 missions functioned perfectly until they were switched off in 1977.
There are at least four kinds of moonquake:
Deep moonquakes (~700 km below the surface, probably tidal in origin)[2][3][4]
Thermal moonquakes (the frigid lunar crust expands when sunlight returns after the two-week lunar night)[5]
Shallow moonquakes (50–220 kilometers below the surface)[6]
The first three kinds of moonquakes mentioned above tend to be mild; however, shallow moonquakes can register up to mB=5.5 on the body-wave magnitude scale.[7] Between 1972 and 1977, 28 shallow moonquakes were observed. Deep moonquakes tend to occur within isolated kilometer-scale patches, sometimes referred to as nests or clusters.[8]
A marsquake is a quake that occurs on the planet Mars. A 2012 study suggests that marsquakes may occur every million years.[9] This suggestion is related to evidence found then of Mars's tectonic boundaries.[10] A tremor believed to be a possible marsquake was first measured by NASA'sInSight lander on April 6, 2019, which was one of the lander's key science goals.[11]
VenusquakeEdit
A venusquake is a quake that occurs on the planet Venus.
A venusquake may have caused a new scarp and a landslide to form. An image of the landslides was taken in November 1990 during the first flight around Venus by the Magellan spacecraft. Another image was taken on July 23, 1991 as the Magellan revolved around Venus for the second time. Each image was 24 kilometres (15 mi) across and 38 kilometres (24 mi) long, and was centered at 2° south latitude and 74° east longitude. The pair of Magellan images shows a region in Aphrodite Terra, within a steeply sloping valley that is cut by many fractures (faults).[12]
Seismic waves produced by sunquakes occur in the photosphere and can travel at velocities of 35,000 kilometres per hour (22,000 mph) for distances up to 400,000 kilometres (250,000 mi) before fading away.[13]
On July 9, 1996, a sunquake was produced by an X2.6 class solar flare and its corresponding coronal mass ejection. According to researchers who reported the event in Nature, this sunquake was comparable to an earthquake of a magnitude 11.3 on the Richter scale. That represents a release of energy approximately 40,000 times greater than that of the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and far greater than that of any earthquake ever recorded. Such an event contains the energy of 100–110 billion tons of TNT or 2 million modest sized nuclear bombs. It is unclear how such a relatively modest flare could have liberated sufficient energy to generate such powerful seismic waves.[13][14]
The ESA and NASA spacecraft SOHO records sunquakes as part of its mission to study the Sun.
A starquake is an astrophysical phenomenon that occurs when the crust of a neutron star undergoes a sudden adjustment, analogous to an earthquake on Earth. Starquakes are thought to result from two different mechanisms. One is the huge stresses exerted on the surface of the neutron star produced by twists in the ultra-strong interior magnetic fields. A second cause is a result of spindown. As the neutron star loses linear velocity due to frame-dragging and by the bleeding off of energy due to it being a rotating magnetic dipole, the crust develops an enormous amount of stress. Once that exceeds a certain level, it adjusts itself to a shape closer to non-rotating equilibrium: a perfect sphere. The actual change is believed to be on the order of micrometers or less, and occurs in less than a millionth of a second.
The largest recorded starquake was detected on December 27, 2004 from the ultracompact stellar corpseSGR 1806-20.[15] The quake, which occurred 50,000 light years from Earth, released gamma rays equivalent to 1037 kW. Had it occurred within a distance of 10 light years from Earth, the quake could have triggered a mass extinction.[16]
MercuryquakeEdit
A mercuryquake is a quake that occurs on Mercury. In 2016 it has been suggested that quakes might happen on Mercury due to the planet's contraction as the interior cools, impact vibrations or from heat or possibly magma rising from the core and mantle. It has not been measured or proved yet due to the fact that no probes have landed on its surface.
^Frohlich, Cliff; Nakamura, Yosio (2009). "The physical mechanisms of deep moonquakes and intermediate-depth earthquakes: How similar and how different?". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 173 (3–4): 365–374. Bibcode:2009PEPI..173..365F. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2009.02.004.
^Oberst, Jurgen (10 February 1987). "Unusually high stress drops associated with shallow moonquakes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 92 (B2): 1397–1405. Bibcode:1987JGR....92.1397O. doi:10.1029/JB092iB02p01397.
^Nakamura, Y., Latham, G.V., Dorman, H.J., Harris, J.E., 1981.Passive seismic experiment long-period event catalog, final version. University of Texas Institute for Geophysics Technical Report 18, Galveston.
^"Mars Surface Made of Shifting Plates Like Earth, Study Suggests". SPACE.com. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^Space.com (14 August 2012). "A photo of Mars from NASA's Viking spacecraft, which launched in 1975. 7 Biggest Mysteries of Mars Mars Curiosity Rover with Rocks 1st Photos of Mars by Curiosity Rover (Gallery) Filaments in the Orgueil meteorite, seen under a scanning electron microscope, could be evidence of extraterrestrial bacteria, claims NASA scientist Richard Hoover. 5 Bold Claims of Alien Life Mars Surface Made of Shifting Plates Like Earth, Study Suggests". Yin, An. Space.com. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
^Bartels, Meghan (23 April 2019). "Marsquake! NASA's InSight Lander Feels Its 1st Red Planet Tremor". Space.com. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
^Harwood, William (1991-08-30). "Surface change seen on Venus". UPI. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
^ ab"Solar Flare Leaves Sun Quaking". XMM-Newton Press Release: 18. 1998. Bibcode:1998xmm..pres...18. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
^Kosovichev, A. G.; Zharkova, V. V. (28 May 1998). "X-ray flare sparks quake inside Sun". Nature. 393 (28 May): 317–318. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..317K. doi:10.1038/30629. S2CID 4300831.
^"The Biggest Starquake Ever". space.com. 18 July 2005. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
^"Huge 'star-quake' rocks Milky Way". BBC News. 18 February 2005.
October 23, 2023
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Quake natural phenomenon news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message A quake is the result when the surface of a planet moon or star begins to shake usually as the consequence of a sudden release of energy transmitted as seismic waves and potentially with great violence The types of quakes include Contents 1 Earthquake 2 Moonquake 3 Marsquake 4 Venusquake 5 Sunquake 6 Starquake 7 Mercuryquake 8 See also 9 ReferencesEarthquake EditMain article Earthquake An earthquake is a phenomenon that results from the sudden release of stored energy in the Earth s crust that creates seismic waves At the Earth s surface earthquakes may manifest themselves by a shaking or displacement of the ground and sometimes cause tsunamis which may lead to loss of life and destruction of property An earthquake is caused by tectonic plates sections of the Earth s crust getting stuck and putting a strain on the ground The strain becomes so great that rocks give way and fault lines occur Moonquake Edit Moonquake redirects here For other uses see Moonquake disambiguation Further information Lunar seismology A moonquake is the lunar equivalent of an earthquake i e a quake on the Moon although moonquakes are caused in different ways They were first discovered by the Apollo astronauts The largest moonquakes are much weaker than the largest earthquakes though their shaking can last for up to an hour due to fewer attenuating factors to damp seismic vibrations 1 Information about moonquakes comes from seismometers placed on the Moon from 1969 through 1972 The instruments placed by the Apollo 12 14 15 and 16 missions functioned perfectly until they were switched off in 1977 There are at least four kinds of moonquake Deep moonquakes 700 km below the surface probably tidal in origin 2 3 4 Meteorite impact vibrations Thermal moonquakes the frigid lunar crust expands when sunlight returns after the two week lunar night 5 Shallow moonquakes 50 220 kilometers below the surface 6 The first three kinds of moonquakes mentioned above tend to be mild however shallow moonquakes can register up to mB 5 5 on the body wave magnitude scale 7 Between 1972 and 1977 28 shallow moonquakes were observed Deep moonquakes tend to occur within isolated kilometer scale patches sometimes referred to as nests or clusters 8 Marsquake EditMain article Marsquake A marsquake is a quake that occurs on the planet Mars A 2012 study suggests that marsquakes may occur every million years 9 This suggestion is related to evidence found then of Mars s tectonic boundaries 10 A tremor believed to be a possible marsquake was first measured by NASA s InSight lander on April 6 2019 which was one of the lander s key science goals 11 Venusquake EditA venusquake is a quake that occurs on the planet Venus A venusquake may have caused a new scarp and a landslide to form An image of the landslides was taken in November 1990 during the first flight around Venus by the Magellan spacecraft Another image was taken on July 23 1991 as the Magellan revolved around Venus for the second time Each image was 24 kilometres 15 mi across and 38 kilometres 24 mi long and was centered at 2 south latitude and 74 east longitude The pair of Magellan images shows a region in Aphrodite Terra within a steeply sloping valley that is cut by many fractures faults 12 Sunquake EditMain articles Helioseismology and Moreton wave A sunquake is a quake that occurs on the Sun Seismic waves produced by sunquakes occur in the photosphere and can travel at velocities of 35 000 kilometres per hour 22 000 mph for distances up to 400 000 kilometres 250 000 mi before fading away 13 On July 9 1996 a sunquake was produced by an X2 6 class solar flare and its corresponding coronal mass ejection According to researchers who reported the event in Nature this sunquake was comparable to an earthquake of a magnitude 11 3 on the Richter scale That represents a release of energy approximately 40 000 times greater than that of the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake and far greater than that of any earthquake ever recorded Such an event contains the energy of 100 110 billion tons of TNT or 2 million modest sized nuclear bombs It is unclear how such a relatively modest flare could have liberated sufficient energy to generate such powerful seismic waves 13 14 The ESA and NASA spacecraft SOHO records sunquakes as part of its mission to study the Sun Starquake EditSee also Asteroseismology A starquake is an astrophysical phenomenon that occurs when the crust of a neutron star undergoes a sudden adjustment analogous to an earthquake on Earth Starquakes are thought to result from two different mechanisms One is the huge stresses exerted on the surface of the neutron star produced by twists in the ultra strong interior magnetic fields A second cause is a result of spindown As the neutron star loses linear velocity due to frame dragging and by the bleeding off of energy due to it being a rotating magnetic dipole the crust develops an enormous amount of stress Once that exceeds a certain level it adjusts itself to a shape closer to non rotating equilibrium a perfect sphere The actual change is believed to be on the order of micrometers or less and occurs in less than a millionth of a second The largest recorded starquake was detected on December 27 2004 from the ultracompact stellar corpse SGR 1806 20 15 The quake which occurred 50 000 light years from Earth released gamma rays equivalent to 1037 kW Had it occurred within a distance of 10 light years from Earth the quake could have triggered a mass extinction 16 Mercuryquake EditA mercuryquake is a quake that occurs on Mercury In 2016 it has been suggested that quakes might happen on Mercury due to the planet s contraction as the interior cools impact vibrations or from heat or possibly magma rising from the core and mantle It has not been measured or proved yet due to the fact that no probes have landed on its surface See also EditMagnetar Neutron star Pulsar Soft gamma repeaterReferences Edit Latham Gary Ewing Maurice Dorman James Lammlein David Press Frank Toksoz Naft Sutton George Duennebier Fred Nakamura Yosio 1972 Moonquakes and lunar tectonism The Moon 4 3 4 373 382 Bibcode 1972Moon 4 373L doi 10 1007 BF00562004 S2CID 120692155 Frohlich Cliff Nakamura Yosio 2009 The physical mechanisms of deep moonquakes and intermediate depth earthquakes How similar and how different Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 173 3 4 365 374 Bibcode 2009PEPI 173 365F doi 10 1016 j pepi 2009 02 004 http jupiter ethz ch akhan amir Publications files tecto moon13 pdf full citation needed 1980LPSC 11 1855K Page 1855 Duennebier Frederick Sutton George H 1974 Thermal moonquakes Journal of Geophysical Research 79 29 4351 4363 Bibcode 1974JGR 79 4351D doi 10 1029 JB079i029p04351 1979LPSC 10 2299N Page 2299 Oberst Jurgen 10 February 1987 Unusually high stress drops associated with shallow moonquakes Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 92 B2 1397 1405 Bibcode 1987JGR 92 1397O doi 10 1029 JB092iB02p01397 Nakamura Y Latham G V Dorman H J Harris J E 1981 Passive seismic experiment long period event catalog final version University of Texas Institute for Geophysics Technical Report 18 Galveston Mars Surface Made of Shifting Plates Like Earth Study Suggests SPACE com 14 August 2012 Retrieved 30 July 2019 Space com 14 August 2012 A photo of Mars from NASA s Viking spacecraft which launched in 1975 7 Biggest Mysteries of Mars Mars Curiosity Rover with Rocks 1st Photos of Mars by Curiosity Rover Gallery Filaments in the Orgueil meteorite seen under a scanning electron microscope could be evidence of extraterrestrial bacteria claims NASA scientist Richard Hoover 5 Bold Claims of Alien Life Mars Surface Made of Shifting Plates Like Earth Study Suggests Yin An Space com Retrieved 15 August 2012 Bartels Meghan 23 April 2019 Marsquake NASA s InSight Lander Feels Its 1st Red Planet Tremor Space com Retrieved 23 April 2019 Harwood William 1991 08 30 Surface change seen on Venus UPI Retrieved 2018 06 25 a b Solar Flare Leaves Sun Quaking XMM Newton Press Release 18 1998 Bibcode 1998xmm pres 18 Retrieved 31 March 2012 Kosovichev A G Zharkova V V 28 May 1998 X ray flare sparks quake inside Sun Nature 393 28 May 317 318 Bibcode 1998Natur 393 317K doi 10 1038 30629 S2CID 4300831 The Biggest Starquake Ever space com 18 July 2005 Retrieved 8 April 2018 Huge star quake rocks Milky Way BBC News 18 February 2005 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Quake natural phenomenon amp oldid 1178922134 Starquake, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
