The star-throated antwren (Rhopias gularis) is an insectivorous bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is endemic to southeastern Brazil.[2]
The star-throated antwren was described and illustrated by the German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix in 1825 and given the binomial nameThamnophilus gularis.[3] It was subsequently placed with the "stipple-throated group" in the genus Myrmotherula, a group which later was itself transferred to genus Epinecrophylla. When a morphological and genetic analysis published in 2012 found that the star-throated antwren was not closely related to other species in Myrmotherula it was moved to genus Rhopias which had originally been erected by the German ornithologists Jean Cabanis and Ferdinand Heine in 1860.[4][5][6] The type species is the star-throated antwren.[7] The name of the genus comes from the Ancient Greek word rhōps meaning "bush".[8]
The star-throated antwren is the only member of genus Rhopias and it has no subspecies.[2] Its closest relatives appear to be the banded antbird (Dichrozona cincta) and the two species of antwrens in genus Isleria.[9]
Descriptionedit
The star-throated antwren is 8.5 to 9.5 cm (3.3 to 3.7 in) long and weighs 10 to 12 g (0.35 to 0.42 oz). Adult males have a grayish forehead and rufous-brown crown, upperparts, and tail with a hidden white patch between the scapulars. Their wings are mostly rufous-brown with white at the bend and blackish brown coverts dotted with pale cinnamon. Their throat is black with white spots, their breast and belly gray, and their flanks and undertail coverts pale rufous-brown. Females have a buffy forehead, larger white throat spots than males, and no white patch between the scapulars.[10][11]
Distribution and habitatedit
The star-throated antwren is found in coastal southeastern Brazil from southeastern Bahia south into northeastern Rio Grande do Sul and inland to western Paraná. It inhabits the understorey of evergreen forest. It favors dense vegetation along streams in the lowlands and in shady ravines in the foothills. In elevation it mostly occurs between 300 and 1,550 m (1,000 and 5,100 ft) but does occur down to sea level.[10][11]
Behavioredit
Movementedit
The star-throated antwren is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[10]
Feedingedit
The star-throated antwren's diet has not been detailed but is known to include insects and spiders. It mostly forages singly or in pairs, and sometimes joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It typically forages from the ground up to about 5 m (15 ft) above it but will feed as high as 8 m (25 ft). It actively gleans from leaves and stems by reaching from a perch and making short jumps. It also jumps from a perch to take prey from leaf litter the ground and works through tangles of fallen branches. There is one record of a pair following an army ant swarm.[10]
Breedingedit
The star-throated antwren's breeding season has not been fully defined but includes October to January.[10] Its nest is an open cup made of fine rootlets, fungal fibers, and pieces of dried leaves. It is typically suspended from a slender horizontal stem or a fork between 0.6 and 1 m (2 and 3 ft) above the ground and often over or near watercourses. The clutch is two eggs. These have a white background covered with reddish-brown spots and blotches. The average size of an egg is 19.0 mm × 14.5 mm (0.75 in × 0.57 in) with a weight of 2.2 g (0.078 oz).[12][10] The inclubation period is about 17 days and fledging occurs about 11 days after hatch. Both parents incubate the clutch and provision the nestlings.[13][10]
Songs and calls
Listen to star-throated antwren on xeno-canto
Vocalizationedit
The star-throated antwren's song is an "extr. high, slightly lowered 'tzew-tzew--' " repeated about six times. One call is a "low 'tzeet-tzeet' ".[11]
Statusedit
The IUCN has assessed the star-throated antwren as being of Least Concern. It has a fairly large range. Its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered generally uncommon. It occurs in several nominally protected areas but "the deforestation, colonization, agricultural expansion and urbanization that inevitably follow an expanding human population in this already most densely populated region of Brazil will present continuing threats to the integrity of the reserves on which this and many other endemic species depend".[10]
Referencesedit
^ abBirdLife International (2016). "Star-throated Antwren Rhopias gularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22701463A93830926. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22701463A93830926.en. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
^ abGill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
^von Spix, Johann Baptist (1825). Avium species novae, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX (in Latin). Vol. 2. Monachii (Munich): Typis Franc. Seraph. Hübschmanni. p. 30, Plate 41 fig. 2.
^Belmonte-Lopes, R.; Bravo, G.A.; Bornschein, M.R.; Maurício, G.; Pie, M.R.; Brumfield, R.T. (2012). "Genetic and morphological data support placement of Myrmotherula gularis (Spix) in the monotypic genus Rhopias Cabanis and Heine (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae)". Zootaxa. 3451: 1–16. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3451.1.1.
^Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Antbirds". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^Cabanis, Jean; Heine, Ferdinand (1860). Museum Heineanum : Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt (in German and Latin). Vol. 2. Halberstadt: R. Frantz. p. 13.
^Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 335. ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4.
^Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
^ abcdefghZimmer, K., M.L. Isler, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Star-throated Antwren (Rhopias gularis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.sttant1.01 retrieved February 23, 2024
^ abcvan Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 240–241. ISBN978-0-19-530155-7.
^Perrella, D.F.; Biagolini-Júnior, C.H.; Ribeiro-Silva, L.; Zima, P.V.Q.; Galetti, P.M. Jr.; Francisco, M.R. (2015). "Nest, eggs, and nestlings of the Atlantic Forest endemic Star-throated Antwren (Rhopias gularis)". Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 127 (2): 319–323. doi:10.1676/wils-127-02-319-323.1. S2CID 85930491.
Data related to Myrmotherula gularis at Wikispecies
January 01, 1970
star, throated, antwren, star, throated, antwren, rhopias, gularis, insectivorous, bird, subfamily, thamnophilinae, family, thamnophilidae, typical, antbirds, endemic, southeastern, brazil, conservation, status, least, concern, iucn, scientific, classification. The star throated antwren Rhopias gularis is an insectivorous bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae the typical antbirds It is endemic to southeastern Brazil 2 Star throated antwren Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Passeriformes Family Thamnophilidae Genus RhopiasCabanis amp Heine 1860 Species R gularis Binomial name Rhopias gularis von Spix 1825 Synonyms Myrmotherula gularis Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Movement 4 2 Feeding 4 3 Breeding 4 4 Vocalization 5 Status 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy and systematics editThe star throated antwren was described and illustrated by the German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix in 1825 and given the binomial name Thamnophilus gularis 3 It was subsequently placed with the stipple throated group in the genus Myrmotherula a group which later was itself transferred to genus Epinecrophylla When a morphological and genetic analysis published in 2012 found that the star throated antwren was not closely related to other species in Myrmotherula it was moved to genus Rhopias which had originally been erected by the German ornithologists Jean Cabanis and Ferdinand Heine in 1860 4 5 6 The type species is the star throated antwren 7 The name of the genus comes from the Ancient Greek word rhōps meaning bush 8 The star throated antwren is the only member of genus Rhopias and it has no subspecies 2 Its closest relatives appear to be the banded antbird Dichrozona cincta and the two species of antwrens in genus Isleria 9 Description editThe star throated antwren is 8 5 to 9 5 cm 3 3 to 3 7 in long and weighs 10 to 12 g 0 35 to 0 42 oz Adult males have a grayish forehead and rufous brown crown upperparts and tail with a hidden white patch between the scapulars Their wings are mostly rufous brown with white at the bend and blackish brown coverts dotted with pale cinnamon Their throat is black with white spots their breast and belly gray and their flanks and undertail coverts pale rufous brown Females have a buffy forehead larger white throat spots than males and no white patch between the scapulars 10 11 Distribution and habitat editThe star throated antwren is found in coastal southeastern Brazil from southeastern Bahia south into northeastern Rio Grande do Sul and inland to western Parana It inhabits the understorey of evergreen forest It favors dense vegetation along streams in the lowlands and in shady ravines in the foothills In elevation it mostly occurs between 300 and 1 550 m 1 000 and 5 100 ft but does occur down to sea level 10 11 Behavior editMovement edit The star throated antwren is believed to be a year round resident throughout its range 10 Feeding edit The star throated antwren s diet has not been detailed but is known to include insects and spiders It mostly forages singly or in pairs and sometimes joins mixed species feeding flocks It typically forages from the ground up to about 5 m 15 ft above it but will feed as high as 8 m 25 ft It actively gleans from leaves and stems by reaching from a perch and making short jumps It also jumps from a perch to take prey from leaf litter the ground and works through tangles of fallen branches There is one record of a pair following an army ant swarm 10 Breeding edit The star throated antwren s breeding season has not been fully defined but includes October to January 10 Its nest is an open cup made of fine rootlets fungal fibers and pieces of dried leaves It is typically suspended from a slender horizontal stem or a fork between 0 6 and 1 m 2 and 3 ft above the ground and often over or near watercourses The clutch is two eggs These have a white background covered with reddish brown spots and blotches The average size of an egg is 19 0 mm 14 5 mm 0 75 in 0 57 in with a weight of 2 2 g 0 078 oz 12 10 The inclubation period is about 17 days and fledging occurs about 11 days after hatch Both parents incubate the clutch and provision the nestlings 13 10 nbsp Songs and calls Listen to star throated antwren on xeno canto Vocalization edit The star throated antwren s song is an extr high slightly lowered tzew tzew repeated about six times One call is a low tzeet tzeet 11 Status editThe IUCN has assessed the star throated antwren as being of Least Concern It has a fairly large range Its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing No immediate threats have been identified 1 It is considered generally uncommon It occurs in several nominally protected areas but the deforestation colonization agricultural expansion and urbanization that inevitably follow an expanding human population in this already most densely populated region of Brazil will present continuing threats to the integrity of the reserves on which this and many other endemic species depend 10 References edit a b BirdLife International 2016 Star throated Antwren Rhopias gularis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22701463A93830926 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22701463A93830926 en Retrieved 23 February 2024 a b Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds January 2024 Antbirds IOC World Bird List v 14 1 Retrieved January 4 2024 von Spix Johann Baptist 1825 Avium species novae quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII MDCCCXX in Latin Vol 2 Monachii Munich Typis Franc Seraph Hubschmanni p 30 Plate 41 fig 2 Belmonte Lopes R Bravo G A Bornschein M R Mauricio G Pie M R Brumfield R T 2012 Genetic and morphological data support placement of Myrmotherula gularis Spix in the monotypic genus Rhopias Cabanis and Heine Aves Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Zootaxa 3451 1 16 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3451 1 1 Gill Frank Donsker David eds 2017 Antbirds World Bird List Version 8 1 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 4 February 2018 Cabanis Jean Heine Ferdinand 1860 Museum Heineanum Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine auf Gut St Burchard vor Halberstadt in German and Latin Vol 2 Halberstadt R Frantz p 13 Dickinson E C Christidis L eds 2014 The Howard amp Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World Vol 2 Passerines 4th ed Eastbourne UK Aves Press p 74 ISBN 978 0 9568611 2 2 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 335 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt G Del Rio A Jaramillo D F Lane M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer Version 26 November 2023 A classification of the bird species of South America American Ornithological Society https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCBaseline htm retrieved November 27 2023 a b c d e f g h Zimmer K M L Isler and G M Kirwan 2020 Star throated Antwren Rhopias gularis version 1 0 In Birds of the World J del Hoyo A Elliott J Sargatal D A Christie and E de Juana Editors Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA https doi org 10 2173 bow sttant1 01 retrieved February 23 2024 a b c van Perlo Ber 2009 A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil New York Oxford University Press pp 240 241 ISBN 978 0 19 530155 7 Perrella D F Biagolini Junior C H Ribeiro Silva L Zima P V Q Galetti P M Jr Francisco M R 2015 Nest eggs and nestlings of the Atlantic Forest endemic Star throated Antwren Rhopias gularis Wilson Journal of Ornithology 127 2 319 323 doi 10 1676 wils 127 02 319 323 1 S2CID 85930491 Perrella D F Biagolini Junior C H Ribeiro Silva L Zima P V Q Francisco M R 2017 Reproduction of the Atlantic Forest endemic star throated antwren Rhopias gularis Aves Thamnophilidae Brazilian Journal of Biology 77 2 356 360 doi 10 1590 1519 6984 14715 PMID 27579975 External links edit nbsp Data related to Myrmotherula gularis at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Star throated antwren amp oldid 1209775576, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
