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Standard (music)

January 01, 1970

This article is about the musical term. For other uses, see Standard (disambiguation).

In music, a standard is a musical composition of established popularity, considered part of the "standard repertoire" of one or several genres.[1][2] Even though the standard repertoire of a given genre consists of a dynamic and partly subjective set of songs, these can be identified by having been performed or recorded by a variety of musical acts, often with different arrangements. In addition, standards are extensively quoted by other works and commonly serve as the basis for musical improvisation.[3] Standards may "cross over" from one genre's repertoire to another's; for example, many jazz standards have entered the pop repertoire, and many blues standards have entered the rock repertoire.

Standards exist in the classical, popular and folk music traditions of all cultures. In the context of Western classical music, the standard repertoire constitutes most of what is considered the "teaching canon", i.e. the compositions that students learn in their academic training.[4] The standard repertoire varies according to the different eras, movements and scenes within a genre, meaning that the extent to which a given composition is considered a standard or "repertoire piece" may vary greatly.[5] However, some repertoires (e.g. concert piano) have become particularly static, giving rise to a divide between "standard-repertoire performers" and contemporary music advocates.[6]

Formal aspects (popular music) edit

See also: Song structure

Standards mostly possess "canonical" structures which pervade the repertoire. Popular standards in the Western tradition often have one of four basic song structures: strophic form (AAA), twelve-bar blues progression (AAB),[3] thirty-two-bar form (AABA) or a verse–chorus form (ABAB).[7]

The standard repertoire (classical music) edit

In western-classical music, the standard repertoire, or the repertoire, refers to a large set of musical works that have been performed on numerous occasions by many orchestras, groups or interpreters across several countries over a long period of time. The pieces that conform the standard repertoire date from the Baroque Era until the late 20th century and follow the classical music traditional canons of composition and execution. In addition, because of their continuous presence in recordings and recital halls, the works from the standard repertoire are the most popular amongst the classical music audiences, and the performance of music that lies "outside the repertoire" generates much debate and discussion.[8][9]

The works in the repertoire have become need-to-know pieces for orchestral and solo instrumentalists, singers and conductors, as they encounter them in concert programs, competition requirements, and auditions, both for acceptance into academic institutions and working positions. As a result, much of the repertoire has become part of the teaching canon.[10] The term can be applied to any classical music genre, as in "the standard operatic repertoire", "the standard symphonic repertoire" or "the standard piano repertoire"; referring to the pieces within that genre that fulfill said characteristics.

Formal aspects and limitations edit

As the standard repertoire is deeply rooted in the western classical music tradition, the pieces included respect the characteristics, complexity, and performance practice of classical music established during the common-practice period, although it is possible to find exceptions. Due to the "inflexibility" of the traditional techniques of composition and performance and the arduous and unclear requirements to enter the repertoire, a division has arisen between advocates of contemporary music and/or music outside the repertoire and those who promote and protect the founded tradition.[6]

Controversy edit

Although the term "standard repertoire" aims to encompass a set of established works, it is still subject to trends and the tastes of conductors, programmers, and performers. Old works might be rediscovered, new works may enter the repertoire through repeated performance and good audience response, and established works can be left out indefinitely based merely on time constraints.[11][12] Because of the disparity and unpredictability of this process, the works in the repertoire might differ from one time-period or location to another, although the most popular and wide-spread works tend to prevail.[13] Furthermore, because of the incapacity of the educational institutions and publishing companies to adapt quickly enough, works that seem of no importance today remain in the concert programs and teaching repertoire, and works we consider relevant are artificially kept out.[14]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "standard". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  2. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2
  3. ^ a b Baerman, Noah (2003). The Big Book of Jazz Piano Improvisation. Van Nuys, CA: Alfred Publishing. p. 136. ISBN 9780739031711.
  4. ^ Citron, Marcia J. (1993). Gender and the Musical Canon. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780521392921.
  5. ^ Beckwith, John (1997). Music Papers: Articles and Talks, 1961-1994. Ottawa, Canada: Golden Dog Press. pp. 90–110. ISBN 9780919614727.
  6. ^ a b Hamilton, Kenneth (2008). After the Golden Age: Romantic Pianism and Modern Performance. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 9780195178265.
  7. ^ Davies, Sheila (1985). The Craft of Lyric Writing. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. p. 61. ISBN 0898791499.
  8. ^ Pompe, Jeffrey; Tamburri, Lawrence; Munn, Jonathan (2013). "Symphony Concert Demand: Does Programming Matter?". Journal of Arts Management, Law & Society. 43 (4). Tayor and Francis Ltd: 215–228. doi:10.1080/10632921.2013.818085. S2CID 154989708. Retrieved 6 April 2020. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
  9. ^ Everett-Green, Robert (1993). "Beyond applause APPRECIATION'Erich Leinsdorf often performed music from the margins of the so-called standard repertoire". Globe and Mail: C17. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  10. ^ Kraft, Tristan (2008). "Joseph Colaneri, artistic director of Mannes Opera, insists that his students have a grounding in standard repertoire". Opera News (New York, United States). 72 (9). Metropolitan Opera Guild, Inc.: 36. Retrieved 6 April 2020. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
  11. ^ Radice, Mark, A. (2012). "8. Champions of Tradition: Mendelssohn, Schumann, and Brahms". Chamber Music: An Essential History. University of Michigan Press (Michigan, United States). ISBN 9780472028115.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Lowder, Mark (2006). "Response: Radio 3 audiences want the standard repertoire - and more: Programmes that challenge and inspire listeners should not be dismissed as musical elitism, says Mark Lowther". The Guardian (London, England). 21 February 2006 (33). Guardian Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  13. ^ Morley, Christopher (2020). "Culture: Joy of Beethoven's magnificent ninth; In the first of a series profiling masterpieces featuring in the CBSO's new season, Christopher Morley explains why Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is one of the peaks of the repertoire". Birmingham Post (Birmingham, England) (8 Oct. 2002: 14). MGN Ltd. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  14. ^ Braunlich, Helmut (1976). "Violin sonatas and the standard repertoire". The American Music Teacher. 25 (5). Music Teachers National Association: 19–21. Retrieved 6 April 2020. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)

Further reading edit

Printed music
Books on the subject
  • Morath, Max. The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Popular Standards, series Grand Central Press Book[s] and also Perigee Book[s]. First ed. New York: Berkley Publishing Group, cop. 2002. xvi, 235 p. ISBN 0-399-52744-3

January 01, 1970
standard, music, this, article, about, musical, term, other, uses, standard, disambiguation, music, standard, musical, composition, established, popularity, considered, part, standard, repertoire, several, genres, even, though, standard, repertoire, given, gen. This article is about the musical term For other uses see Standard disambiguation In music a standard is a musical composition of established popularity considered part of the standard repertoire of one or several genres 1 2 Even though the standard repertoire of a given genre consists of a dynamic and partly subjective set of songs these can be identified by having been performed or recorded by a variety of musical acts often with different arrangements In addition standards are extensively quoted by other works and commonly serve as the basis for musical improvisation 3 Standards may cross over from one genre s repertoire to another s for example many jazz standards have entered the pop repertoire and many blues standards have entered the rock repertoire Standards exist in the classical popular and folk music traditions of all cultures In the context of Western classical music the standard repertoire constitutes most of what is considered the teaching canon i e the compositions that students learn in their academic training 4 The standard repertoire varies according to the different eras movements and scenes within a genre meaning that the extent to which a given composition is considered a standard or repertoire piece may vary greatly 5 However some repertoires e g concert piano have become particularly static giving rise to a divide between standard repertoire performers and contemporary music advocates 6 Contents 1 Formal aspects popular music 2 The standard repertoire classical music 2 1 Formal aspects and limitations 2 2 Controversy 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingFormal aspects popular music editSee also Song structure Standards mostly possess canonical structures which pervade the repertoire Popular standards in the Western tradition often have one of four basic song structures strophic form AAA twelve bar blues progression AAB 3 thirty two bar form AABA or a verse chorus form ABAB 7 The standard repertoire classical music editIn western classical music the standard repertoire or the repertoire refers to a large set of musical works that have been performed on numerous occasions by many orchestras groups or interpreters across several countries over a long period of time The pieces that conform the standard repertoire date from the Baroque Era until the late 20th century and follow the classical music traditional canons of composition and execution In addition because of their continuous presence in recordings and recital halls the works from the standard repertoire are the most popular amongst the classical music audiences and the performance of music that lies outside the repertoire generates much debate and discussion 8 9 The works in the repertoire have become need to know pieces for orchestral and solo instrumentalists singers and conductors as they encounter them in concert programs competition requirements and auditions both for acceptance into academic institutions and working positions As a result much of the repertoire has become part of the teaching canon 10 The term can be applied to any classical music genre as in the standard operatic repertoire the standard symphonic repertoire or the standard piano repertoire referring to the pieces within that genre that fulfill said characteristics Formal aspects and limitations edit As the standard repertoire is deeply rooted in the western classical music tradition the pieces included respect the characteristics complexity and performance practice of classical music established during the common practice period although it is possible to find exceptions Due to the inflexibility of the traditional techniques of composition and performance and the arduous and unclear requirements to enter the repertoire a division has arisen between advocates of contemporary music and or music outside the repertoire and those who promote and protect the founded tradition 6 Controversy edit Although the term standard repertoire aims to encompass a set of established works it is still subject to trends and the tastes of conductors programmers and performers Old works might be rediscovered new works may enter the repertoire through repeated performance and good audience response and established works can be left out indefinitely based merely on time constraints 11 12 Because of the disparity and unpredictability of this process the works in the repertoire might differ from one time period or location to another although the most popular and wide spread works tend to prevail 13 Furthermore because of the incapacity of the educational institutions and publishing companies to adapt quickly enough works that seem of no importance today remain in the concert programs and teaching repertoire and works we consider relevant are artificially kept out 14 See also editAdult standards radio format Blues standard Jazz standard Pop standard traditional pop Great American Songbook Classical music List of operas in the standard repertoire Musical repertoireReferences edit standard Merriam Webster Dictionary Retrieved 3 October 2016 Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 6th ed Oxford University Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 19 920687 2 a b Baerman Noah 2003 The Big Book of Jazz Piano Improvisation Van Nuys CA Alfred Publishing p 136 ISBN 9780739031711 Citron Marcia J 1993 Gender and the Musical Canon Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press p 27 ISBN 9780521392921 Beckwith John 1997 Music Papers Articles and Talks 1961 1994 Ottawa Canada Golden Dog Press pp 90 110 ISBN 9780919614727 a b Hamilton Kenneth 2008 After the Golden Age Romantic Pianism and Modern Performance New York NY Oxford University Press pp 62 63 ISBN 9780195178265 Davies Sheila 1985 The Craft of Lyric Writing Cincinnati OH Writer s Digest Books p 61 ISBN 0898791499 Pompe Jeffrey Tamburri Lawrence Munn Jonathan 2013 Symphony Concert Demand Does Programming Matter Journal of Arts Management Law amp Society 43 4 Tayor and Francis Ltd 215 228 doi 10 1080 10632921 2013 818085 S2CID 154989708 Retrieved 6 April 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Check url value help Everett Green Robert 1993 Beyond applause APPRECIATION Erich Leinsdorf often performed music from the margins of the so called standard repertoire Globe and Mail C17 Retrieved 6 April 2020 Kraft Tristan 2008 Joseph Colaneri artistic director of Mannes Opera insists that his students have a grounding in standard repertoire Opera News New York United States 72 9 Metropolitan Opera Guild Inc 36 Retrieved 6 April 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Check url value help Radice Mark A 2012 8 Champions of Tradition Mendelssohn Schumann and Brahms Chamber Music An Essential History University of Michigan Press Michigan United States ISBN 9780472028115 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Lowder Mark 2006 Response Radio 3 audiences want the standard repertoire and more Programmes that challenge and inspire listeners should not be dismissed as musical elitism says Mark Lowther The Guardian London England 21 February 2006 33 Guardian Newspapers Ltd Retrieved 6 April 2020 Morley Christopher 2020 Culture Joy of Beethoven s magnificent ninth In the first of a series profiling masterpieces featuring in the CBSO s new season Christopher Morley explains why Beethoven s Ninth Symphony is one of the peaks of the repertoire Birmingham Post Birmingham England 8 Oct 2002 14 MGN Ltd Retrieved 6 April 2020 Braunlich Helmut 1976 Violin sonatas and the standard repertoire The American Music Teacher 25 5 Music Teachers National Association 19 21 Retrieved 6 April 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Check url value help Further reading editPrinted music Greatest Rock Standards published by Hal Leonard ISBN 0 7935 8839 1 Jazz Standards published by Hal Leonard ISBN 0 7935 8872 3 Blues Standards published by Hal Leonard ISBN 0 634 09260 X Latin Standards published by Hal Leonard ISBN 0 634 06939 X Folk Standards 3 Guitars arranged by Karl Bruckner Published by Universal Edition ISBN 3 7024 5953 7 Country Standards published by Hal Leonard ISBN 0 634 06906 3 Pop Standards published by Hal Leonard ISBN 1 4234 2191 4 Books on the subject Morath Max The NPR Curious Listener s Guide to Popular Standards series Grand Central Press Book s and also Perigee Book s First ed New York Berkley Publishing Group cop 2002 xvi 235 p ISBN 0 399 52744 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Standard music amp oldid 1184530302, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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