Saint Louis encephalitis is a disease caused by the mosquito-borne Saint Louis encephalitis virus. Saint Louis encephalitis virus is related to Japanese encephalitis virus and is a member of the family Flaviviridae. This disease mainly affects the United States, including Hawaii.[3] Occasional cases have been reported from Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean, including the Greater Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica.[3]
The majority of infections result in mild illness, including fever and headache. When infection is more severe the person may experience headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions and spastic paralysis. Fatality ranges from 3–30%. Elderly people are more likely to have a fatal infection.[citation needed]
Transmissionedit
Mosquitoes, primarily from the genus Culex, become infected by feeding on birds infected with the Saint Louis encephalitis virus. The most common vector of this disease within the genus Culex is Culex pipiens, also known as the common house mosquito.[4] Infected mosquitoes then transmit the Saint Louis encephalitis virus to humans and animals during the feeding process. The Saint Louis encephalitis virus grows both in the infected mosquito and the infected bird, but does not make either one sick. Only infected mosquitoes can transmit Saint Louis encephalitis virus. Once a human has been infected with the virus it is not transmissible from that individual to other humans.[citation needed]
A recent evolutionary study[9] based on 23 new full open reading frame sequences (near-complete genomes) found that the North American strains belonged to a single clade. Strains were isolated at different points in time (from 1933 to 2001) which allowed for the estimation of divergence times of SLE virus clades and the overall evolutionary rate. Furthermore, this study found an increase in the effective population size of the SLE virus around the end of the 19th century that corresponds to the split of the latest North American clade, suggesting a northwards colonization of SLE virus in the Americas, and a split from the ancestral South American strains around 1892.[10] Scans for natural selection showed that most codons of the SLE virus ORF were evolving neutrally or under negative selection. Positive selection was statistically detected only at one single codon coding for amino acids belonging to the hypothesized N-linkedglycosylation site of the envelope protein. Nevertheless, the latter can be due to selection in vitro (laboratory) rather than in vivo (host). In an independent study[8] 14 out of 106 examined envelope gene sequences were found not to contain a specific codon at position 156 coding for this glycosylation site (Ser→Phe/Tyr).[citation needed]
Another study estimated the evolutionary rate to be 4.1 × 10−4 substitutions/site/year (95% confidence internal 2.5-5.7 × 10−4 substitutions/site/year).[11] The virus seems to have evolved in northern Mexico and then spread northwards with migrating birds.
Treatmentedit
There are no vaccines or any other treatments specifically for Saint Louis encephalitis virus, although one study showed that early use of interferon alfa-2b may decrease the severity of complications.[12]
Epidemiologyedit
Human incidence of Saint Louis encephalitis in the United States, 1964–1998.
In the United States an average of 128 cases of Saint Louis encephalitis are recorded annually. In temperate areas of the United States, Saint Louis encephalitis cases occur primarily in the late summer or early fall. In the southern United States where the climate is milder Saint Louis encephalitis can occur year-round.[citation needed]
Historyedit
The name of the virus goes back to 1933 when within five weeks in autumn an encephalitis epidemic of explosive proportions broke out in the vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri, and the neighboring St. Louis County.[13][14] Over 1,000 cases were reported to the local health departments and the newly constituted National Institutes of Health of the United States was appealed to for epidemiological and investigative expertise.[15] The previously unknown virus that caused the epidemic was isolated by the NIH team first in monkeys and then in white mice.[16]
On September 11, 2001, an outbreak of this disease prompted an emergency alert in Louisiana after 50 cases were reported.
Referencesedit
^Siddell, Stuart (April 2017). "Change the names of 43 virus species to accord with ICVCN Code, Section 3-II, Rule 3.13 regarding the use of ligatures, diacritical marks, punctuation marks (excluding hyphens), subscripts, superscripts, oblique bars and non-Latin letters in taxon names" (ZIP). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 29 April 2019.
^ICTV 5th Report Francki, R. I. B., Fauquet, C. M., Knudson, D. L. & Brown, F. (eds)(1991). Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Fifthreport of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Archives of Virology Supplementum 2, p226 https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%205th%20Report.pdf
^ abMavian, Carla; Dulcey, Melissa; Munoz, Olga; Salemi, Marco; Vittor, Amy; Capua, Ilaria (25 December 2018). "Islands as Hotspots for Emerging Mosquito-Borne Viruses: A One-Health Perspective". Viruses. 11 (1): 11. doi:10.3390/v11010011. PMC6356932. PMID 30585228.
^"Saint Louis Encephalitis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 20, 2009. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
^Kramer LD, Presser SB, Hardy JL, Jackson AO (1997). "Genotypic and phenotypic variation of selected Saint Louis encephalitis viral strains isolated in California". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 57 (2): 222–9. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1997.57.222. PMID 9288820.
^Kramer LD, Chandler LJ (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope gene of St. Louis encephalitis virus". Arch. Virol. 146 (12): 2341–55. doi:10.1007/s007050170007. PMID 11811684. S2CID 24755534.
^Twiddy SS, Holmes EC (2003). "The extent of homologous recombination in members of the genus Flavivirus". J. Gen. Virol. 84 (Pt 2): 429–40. doi:10.1099/vir.0.18660-0. PMID 12560576.
^ abMay FJ, Li L, Zhang S, Guzman H, Beasley DW, Tesh RB, Higgs S, Raj P, Bueno R, Randle Y, Chandler L, Barrett AD (2008). "Genetic variation of St. Louis encephalitis virus". J. Gen. Virol. 89 (Pt 8): 1901–10. doi:10.1099/vir.0.2008/000190-0. PMC2696384. PMID 18632961.
^Baillie GJ, Kolokotronis SO, Waltari E, Maffei JG, Kramer LD, Perkins SL (2008). "Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of St. Louis encephalitis virus genomes". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 47 (2): 717–28. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.015. PMID 18374605.
^"Solving The Mystery Of St. Louis Encephalitis". American Museum of Natural History. 30 July 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
^Auguste AJ, Pybus OG, Carrington CV (2009). "Evolution and dispersal of St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Americas". Infect. Genet. Evol. 9 (4): 709–15. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.006. PMID 18708161.
^Rahal JJ, Anderson J, Rosenberg C, Reagan T, Thompson LL (2004). "Effect of interferon-alpha2b therapy on St. Louis viral meningoencephalitis: clinical and laboratory results of a pilot study". J. Infect. Dis. 190 (6): 1084–7. doi:10.1086/423325. PMID 15319857.
^"Encephalitis in St. Louis". American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health. 23 (10): 1058–60. October 1933. doi:10.2105/ajph.23.10.1058. PMC1558319. PMID 18013846.
^Bredeck JF (November 1933). "The Story of the Epidemic of Encephalitis in St. Louis". American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health. 23 (11): 1135–40. doi:10.2105/AJPH.23.11.1135. PMC1558406. PMID 18013860.
^Edward A. Beeman: Charles Armstrong, M.D.: A Biography; 2007; p. 305; also online here (PDF).
The Encephalitis Society - A Global resource on Encephalitis
"St. Louis encephalitis virus". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 11080.
January 01, 1970
saint, louis, encephalitis, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Saint Louis encephalitis news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Saint Louis encephalitis is a disease caused by the mosquito borne Saint Louis encephalitis virus Saint Louis encephalitis virus is related to Japanese encephalitis virus and is a member of the family Flaviviridae This disease mainly affects the United States including Hawaii 3 Occasional cases have been reported from Canada Mexico and the Caribbean including the Greater Antilles Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica 3 Saint Louis encephalitis virus Electron micrograph of Saint Louis encephalitis virus seen in a mosquito salivary gland Virus classification unranked Virus Realm Riboviria Kingdom Orthornavirae Phylum Kitrinoviricota Class Flasuviricetes Order Amarillovirales Family Flaviviridae Genus Flavivirus Species Saint Louis encephalitis virus Synonyms St Louis encephalitis virus 1 St Louis virus 2 Saint Louis encephalitisSpecialtyInfectious diseases Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Transmission 3 Genetics 4 Treatment 5 Epidemiology 6 History 7 References 8 External linksSigns and symptoms editThe majority of infections result in mild illness including fever and headache When infection is more severe the person may experience headache high fever neck stiffness stupor disorientation coma tremors occasional convulsions and spastic paralysis Fatality ranges from 3 30 Elderly people are more likely to have a fatal infection citation needed Transmission editMosquitoes primarily from the genus Culex become infected by feeding on birds infected with the Saint Louis encephalitis virus The most common vector of this disease within the genus Culex is Culex pipiens also known as the common house mosquito 4 Infected mosquitoes then transmit the Saint Louis encephalitis virus to humans and animals during the feeding process The Saint Louis encephalitis virus grows both in the infected mosquito and the infected bird but does not make either one sick Only infected mosquitoes can transmit Saint Louis encephalitis virus Once a human has been infected with the virus it is not transmissible from that individual to other humans citation needed Genetics editFive evolutionary genetic studies of SLE virus have been published of which four 5 6 7 8 focused on phylogeny genetic variation and recombination dynamics by sequencing the envelope protein gene and parts of other genes A recent evolutionary study 9 based on 23 new full open reading frame sequences near complete genomes found that the North American strains belonged to a single clade Strains were isolated at different points in time from 1933 to 2001 which allowed for the estimation of divergence times of SLE virus clades and the overall evolutionary rate Furthermore this study found an increase in the effective population size of the SLE virus around the end of the 19th century that corresponds to the split of the latest North American clade suggesting a northwards colonization of SLE virus in the Americas and a split from the ancestral South American strains around 1892 10 Scans for natural selection showed that most codons of the SLE virus ORF were evolving neutrally or under negative selection Positive selection was statistically detected only at one single codon coding for amino acids belonging to the hypothesized N linked glycosylation site of the envelope protein Nevertheless the latter can be due to selection in vitro laboratory rather than in vivo host In an independent study 8 14 out of 106 examined envelope gene sequences were found not to contain a specific codon at position 156 coding for this glycosylation site Ser Phe Tyr citation needed Another study estimated the evolutionary rate to be 4 1 10 4 substitutions site year 95 confidence internal 2 5 5 7 10 4 substitutions site year 11 The virus seems to have evolved in northern Mexico and then spread northwards with migrating birds Treatment editThere are no vaccines or any other treatments specifically for Saint Louis encephalitis virus although one study showed that early use of interferon alfa 2b may decrease the severity of complications 12 Epidemiology edit nbsp Human incidence of Saint Louis encephalitis in the United States 1964 1998 In the United States an average of 128 cases of Saint Louis encephalitis are recorded annually In temperate areas of the United States Saint Louis encephalitis cases occur primarily in the late summer or early fall In the southern United States where the climate is milder Saint Louis encephalitis can occur year round citation needed History editThe name of the virus goes back to 1933 when within five weeks in autumn an encephalitis epidemic of explosive proportions broke out in the vicinity of St Louis Missouri and the neighboring St Louis County 13 14 Over 1 000 cases were reported to the local health departments and the newly constituted National Institutes of Health of the United States was appealed to for epidemiological and investigative expertise 15 The previously unknown virus that caused the epidemic was isolated by the NIH team first in monkeys and then in white mice 16 On September 11 2001 an outbreak of this disease prompted an emergency alert in Louisiana after 50 cases were reported References edit Siddell Stuart April 2017 Change the names of 43 virus species to accord with ICVCN Code Section 3 II Rule 3 13 regarding the use of ligatures diacritical marks punctuation marks excluding hyphens subscripts superscripts oblique bars and non Latin letters in taxon names ZIP International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICTV Retrieved 29 April 2019 ICTV 5th Report Francki R I B Fauquet C M Knudson D L amp Brown F eds 1991 Classification and nomenclature of viruses Fifthreport of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Archives of Virology Supplementum 2 p226 https ictv global ictv proposals ICTV 205th 20Report pdf a b Mavian Carla Dulcey Melissa Munoz Olga Salemi Marco Vittor Amy Capua Ilaria 25 December 2018 Islands as Hotspots for Emerging Mosquito Borne Viruses A One Health Perspective Viruses 11 1 11 doi 10 3390 v11010011 PMC 6356932 PMID 30585228 Saint Louis Encephalitis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention November 20 2009 Retrieved July 14 2017 Kramer LD Presser SB Hardy JL Jackson AO 1997 Genotypic and phenotypic variation of selected Saint Louis encephalitis viral strains isolated in California Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 2 222 9 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 1997 57 222 PMID 9288820 Kramer LD Chandler LJ 2001 Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope gene of St Louis encephalitis virus Arch Virol 146 12 2341 55 doi 10 1007 s007050170007 PMID 11811684 S2CID 24755534 Twiddy SS Holmes EC 2003 The extent of homologous recombination in members of the genus Flavivirus J Gen Virol 84 Pt 2 429 40 doi 10 1099 vir 0 18660 0 PMID 12560576 a b May FJ Li L Zhang S Guzman H Beasley DW Tesh RB Higgs S Raj P Bueno R Randle Y Chandler L Barrett AD 2008 Genetic variation of St Louis encephalitis virus J Gen Virol 89 Pt 8 1901 10 doi 10 1099 vir 0 2008 000190 0 PMC 2696384 PMID 18632961 Baillie GJ Kolokotronis SO Waltari E Maffei JG Kramer LD Perkins SL 2008 Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of St Louis encephalitis virus genomes Mol Phylogenet Evol 47 2 717 28 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2008 02 015 PMID 18374605 Solving The Mystery Of St Louis Encephalitis American Museum of Natural History 30 July 2008 Retrieved 28 July 2019 Auguste AJ Pybus OG Carrington CV 2009 Evolution and dispersal of St Louis encephalitis virus in the Americas Infect Genet Evol 9 4 709 15 doi 10 1016 j meegid 2008 07 006 PMID 18708161 Rahal JJ Anderson J Rosenberg C Reagan T Thompson LL 2004 Effect of interferon alpha2b therapy on St Louis viral meningoencephalitis clinical and laboratory results of a pilot study J Infect Dis 190 6 1084 7 doi 10 1086 423325 PMID 15319857 Encephalitis in St Louis American Journal of Public Health and the Nation s Health 23 10 1058 60 October 1933 doi 10 2105 ajph 23 10 1058 PMC 1558319 PMID 18013846 Washington Post Magazine October 8 1933 Bredeck JF November 1933 The Story of the Epidemic of Encephalitis in St Louis American Journal of Public Health and the Nation s Health 23 11 1135 40 doi 10 2105 AJPH 23 11 1135 PMC 1558406 PMID 18013860 Edward A Beeman Charles Armstrong M D A Biography 2007 p 305 also online here PDF External links edit nbsp Biology portal nbsp Medicine portal United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Saint Louis encephalitis St Louis Encephalitis at eMedicine The Encephalitis Society A Global resource on Encephalitis St Louis encephalitis virus NCBI Taxonomy Browser 11080 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Saint Louis encephalitis amp oldid 1192906466, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
