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Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes

July 20, 2023

Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonization schemes is the government program of settling mostly Sinhalese farmers from the densely populated wet zone into the sparsely populated areas of the dry zone near tanks and reservoirs being built in major irrigation and hydro-power programs such as the Mahaweli project. This has taken place since the 1950s.

Sinhala Buddhist nationalists within the Sri Lankan government, Buddhist clergy and Mahaweli department have deliberately targeted the Tamil majority northeast for state sponsored Sinhala colonisation, with the explicit intention to take the land into "Sinhala hands" away from the Tamils,[1] and to disrupt the Tamil-speaking continuity between the north and east.[2] This resulted in a significant demographic shift, with the resettled farmers contributing to an increase in the Sinhalese population in the northeast dry zone, thus promoting Sinhala-Buddhist hegemony in the area.[3] Sinhalese settlers were provided with preferential access to land by the state in these regions, whilst the local Tamil speaking people were excluded from this privilege,[4] making them minorities in their own lands.[5] Whilst empowering Sinhalese settlers, the scheme also served as a means to marginalize, exclude, and harm Tamil speaking minorities, treating them as the 'other'.[6] It has been perhaps the most immediate cause of inter-communal violence.[7][8][9][10]

Introduction

Shortly after independence, the government of Ceylon started a program to settle farmers in the jungles of the Trincomalee District. The forests were cleared and water tanks restored. As a consequence of these schemes the Sinhalese population of the Trincomalee District rose from 15,706 (21%) in 1946 to 85,503 (33%) in 1981.[11][12] In the 1980s the government extended the colonization schemes into the Dry Zone area of the Northern Province, drawing up plans to settle up to 30,000 Sinhalese in the area.[7] Colonization schemes also took place in the areas of Ampara and Batticaloa districts.[13] The Sinhalese population rose from 31,107 in 1953 in the combined Batticaloa and Amparai Districts to 157,017 in 1981, an increase far in excess of the natural projected growth.[14]

The notion of the "traditional Tamil homeland" became a potent component of popular Tamil political imagination while the Sinhalese nationalist groups viewed the resettlement schemes in these areas as "reclamation and recreation in the present of the glorious Sinhalese Buddhist past".[15] The Muslim community tended to reject the countervailing notion of a traditional Tamil homeland in the North East region which resulted in animosity between the Muslim and Tamil communities in the region to rise.[8]

1950s

The first colonisation scheme was in the Gal Oya Valley in the Batticaloa District in 1952. Tens of thousands of Sinhalese peasants from the Kegalle and Kandy districts who suffered from land hunger were given fertile land in the upstream end of Gal Oya. Tamils and Muslims were also given land in the region.[16] Gal Oya would later be the site of the first major anti-Tamil riot in 1956.[17]

The next colonisation scheme was at Kantale (Kanthalai) tank where peasants from outside of the Trincomalee District were settled in the then Tamil dominant village of Kantale (Kanthalai), 39 km south-west of the Trincomalee town.[18][19] 77% of settlers were Sinhalese and the rest were Tamils and Muslims.[20]

A colonisation scheme was at the areas surrounding the Kantale Tank, 25 km south of Trincomalee town.[18][21] 65% of settlers were Sinhalese and the rest were Muslims.[20]

The colonisation scheme was extended to Tamil speaking areas of Anuradhapura District. A scheme was started at Padaviya Tank (Pathavik Kulam), 65 km north-east of Anuradhapura town.[18] Parts of the scheme lay in Trincomalee District but were administered by the Sinhalese majority Anuradhapura District.[22] Land Development Department employees from this scheme took part in the 1958 anti-Tamil riots.[18][20]

Colonisation of Southern Dry Zone in the south of Ceylon was carried out mainly under the Walawe River Valley which was planned in 1959. The Uda Walawe Project started in 1969 which resulted in 30,000 net irrigable acres and settlement of around 3440 settlers in the southern dry zone. The development of settlements around Walawe, Chandrika and Kiri Ibban reservoirs saw population in the selected region growing from 2,000 in the 1950s to 200,000 by the 2000s.[23]

1960s

In the 1961 a colonisation scheme was started at Morawewa tank (Muthali Kulam), 24 km west of the Trincomalee town.[18][24]

1980s

In the 1980s, funded by aid received from the European Community, a colonisation scheme was started at Periya Vilankulam (Mahadiulwewa) tank, 30 km north-west of Trincomalee town.[18]

The colonisation scheme was extended into the Northern province with the introduction of the Weli Oya (Manal Aru) scheme, which covered the districts of Mullaitivu, Trincomalee, Vavuniya and Anuradhapura.[25] Sinhalese farmers were settled in lands that were formerly populated by ethnic Tamils, given land, money to build homes and security provided by the Special Task Force.[7][26] Although the scheme covered four districts, administration was handled by the Anuradhapura district, which constituted a Sinhalese majority demographic.[25] The scheme aroused much anger amongst the Tamils.[27] This anger boiled over into violence when the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam attacked the Kent and Dollar Farm settlement at Weli Oya, killing 62.[27]

1990s

Pro-LTTE news site TamilNet reported that when the Indian Peace Keeping Forces were withdrawn in 1990, Tamils homes in the suburbs of Trincomalee were occupied by Sinhalese settlers. Tens of thousands of landless Sinhala peasants were reported to have been brought in by the advancing government forces and made to occupy local villages and lands, denying resettlement to its original inhabitants who had earlier fled to the jungles due to the "murder" of Tamil civilians at the hands of the Army.[28][29]

2000s

Since the fall of the LTTE and the capture of LTTE held areas, several settlement programmes were initiated by the government that extends towards the Northern Province. In the Vavuniya district 3000 acres in Madukulam (Maduwewa) are being cleared for a village, while work of a settlement is underway in the former LTTE stronghold of Othiyamalai Kaadu. A settlement is being created in Rampaveddi bordering the minor tank area of Eropothana and new settlement of approximately 2500 ethnic Sinhala families (about 6000 people) from the South were settled in the village of Kokkachaankulam. Tamils in Barathypuram were evicted and a Muslim settlement is being created in the area due to the large economic opportunities provided by an apparels factory being built there.[30]

Several new settlements are also being built in Mullaitivu District while the Weli Oya settlement is being expanded as well. Several fishing colonies are being built in the Mannar district and Muslim settlements have been built in lands previously owned by Tamils that fled to India during the war. ‘Navatkuli Housing Project’ is being built in Navatkuli, Jaffna District to house 135 Sinhalese families, including 54 families who had, in 2010, attempted to set up temporary residences at the Jaffna Railway Station with funding from Buddhist Organizations and Political parties.[30]

Following the defeat of the LTTE, the Mahaweli project, which had been temporarily halted, gained new momentum. The Mahaweli Authority and the military resumed activities to bring in landless Sinhalese settlers from the southern parts of the country to settle in and around Weli Oya.[31] Despite ongoing displacement of thousands of Tamils from their land and homes, the Mahaweli Authority, under successive governments since the end of the war, continues to allocate land to Sinhalese settlers in the same areas.[32]

Pro-LTTE news site TamilNet reported that Tamils were being ethnically cleansed in the Jaffna peninsula and Mullativu districts, and that this was being supplemented with the construction of Buddhist stupas and Sinhalisation of names of streets and places.[33] According to TamilNet the Tamil populace had been reduced to a fourth between 2007 and 2011 based on Government figures. Tamil locals also complained of the state waging an accelerated campaign of Sinhala Buddhist colonisation by destroying historic Hindu shrines in the East.[34][35][36][37][38] Over 400 families were reported to have been settled in Nelukkulam in Mullativu district by the website.[39] Another incident of state colonization before the Final Eelam War was reported by Muslim residents of the Pulmoddai village who claimed that several acres of their traditional land had been annexed by the Government for settlements from South on the pretext of industrial development.[40]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bart Klem & Thiruni Kelegama (2020) Marginal placeholders: peasants, paddy and ethnic space in Sri Lanka’s post-war frontier, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47:2, 346-365, DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2019.1572604
  2. ^ Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
  3. ^ Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
  4. ^ International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Shahul H. Hasbullah and Urs Geiser (2019), Negotiating access to land in eastern Sri Lanka, p.9
  5. ^ Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
  6. ^ Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
  7. ^ a b c "Tamil Alienation". Country Studies Series: Sri Lanka. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. October 1988. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  8. ^ a b http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSRILANKA/Resources/App1.pdf%7Ctitle=The Root Causes of the Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka
  9. ^ http://mahaweli.gov.lk/en/pdf/Library/Implementtion%20Strategy%20Study%20-%20Volume%205.pdf%7Ctitle=[permanent dead link] Mahaweli Ganga Development Program Implementation Strategy Study
  10. ^ Patrick Peebles (1990). "Colonization and Ethnic Conflict in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka". The Journal of Asian Studies. 49 (1): 30–55. doi:10.2307/2058432. JSTOR 2058432. S2CID 153505636.
  11. ^ CENSUS OF CEYLON 1946 VOL. I PART I GENERAL REPORT p115-116 - http://repo.statistics.gov.lk/bitstream/handle/1/313/B_33.PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  12. ^ SRI LANKA CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING 1981 TRINCOMALEE DISTRICT REPORT page XIV
  13. ^ Chelvadurai Manogaran, Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka, University of Hawaii press, 1987, p97
  14. ^ Chelvadurai Manogaran, Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka, University of Hawaii press, 1987, p100
  15. ^ Bart Klem & Thiruni Kelegama (2020) Marginal placeholders: peasants, paddy and ethnic space in Sri Lanka’s post-war frontier, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47:2, 346-365, DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2019.1572604
  16. ^ Kanagasundram, Ajit. "The Gal Oya Project 60 years on - Part I". The Island. The Island. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  17. ^ Chattopadhyaya, H. Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations, p. 52
  18. ^ a b c d e f "Colonisation & Demographic Changes in the Trincomalee District and Its Effect on the Tamil Speaking People". Report 11, Apendix II. University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna). 15 April 1993. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  19. ^ ""ISGA needed as confidence building measure for final solution" - Sampanthan". TamilNet. 9 May 2004. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  20. ^ a b c V. Thangavelu (3 June 2005). "Part 3: Buddha's statues symbol of Sinhalese Hegemony!". Tamil Canadian. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  21. ^ "LTTE opposes land ministry mobile service in Kantalai". TamilNet. 20 December 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  22. ^ Rajavarothiam Sampanthan (1984). "Genocide in Sri Lanka". Tamil United Liberation Front. Retrieved 4 October 2009.[dead link]
  23. ^ "Economics and Politics of Water Resources Development Uda Walawe Irrigation Project, Sri Lanka" (PDF).
  24. ^ "SLAF occupation adds to Muthalikulam farmers' woes". TamilNet. 8 December 2002. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  25. ^ a b T. Sabaratnam. "Chapter 23: Manal Aru becomes Weli Oya". Pirapaharan. Ilankai Tamil Sangam. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  26. ^ "Welcome to UTHRJ: Report 8, Chapter 1". www.uthr.org. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  27. ^ a b T. Sabaratnam. "Chapter 40: Operation Green Arrow". Pirapaharan. Ilankai Tamil Sangam. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  28. ^ TamilNet. "TamilNet". www.tamilnet.com. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  29. ^ "Protests at Illegal Settlement". TamilNet. 9 July 1998. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  30. ^ a b "State facilitated colonization of northern sri lanka 2013". GroundViews.org. 5 September 2013.
  31. ^ Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
  32. ^ Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
  33. ^ TamilNet. "TamilNet". www.tamilnet.com. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  34. ^ TamilNet. "TamilNet". www.tamilnet.com. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  35. ^ TamilNet. "TamilNet". www.tamilnet.com. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  36. ^ TamilNet. "TamilNet". www.tamilnet.com. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  37. ^ TamilNet. "TamilNet". www.tamilnet.com. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  38. ^ TamilNet. "TamilNet". www.tamilnet.com. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  39. ^ TamilNet. "TamilNet". www.tamilnet.com. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  40. ^ "Muslims allege Sinhala colonization in Pulmoddai". TamilNet. 25 September 2007.

Further reading

  • Markus Mayer; Darini Rajasingham-Senanayake; Yuvi Thangarajah; Universität Heidelberg. Südasien-Institut (2003). Building local capacities for peace: rethinking conflict and development in Sri Lanka. Macmillan India. ISBN 0-333-93921-2.

July 20, 2023
lankan, state, sponsored, colonisation, schemes, lankan, state, sponsored, colonization, schemes, government, program, settling, mostly, sinhalese, farmers, from, densely, populated, zone, into, sparsely, populated, areas, zone, near, tanks, reservoirs, being,. Sri Lankan state sponsored colonization schemes is the government program of settling mostly Sinhalese farmers from the densely populated wet zone into the sparsely populated areas of the dry zone near tanks and reservoirs being built in major irrigation and hydro power programs such as the Mahaweli project This has taken place since the 1950s Sinhala Buddhist nationalists within the Sri Lankan government Buddhist clergy and Mahaweli department have deliberately targeted the Tamil majority northeast for state sponsored Sinhala colonisation with the explicit intention to take the land into Sinhala hands away from the Tamils 1 and to disrupt the Tamil speaking continuity between the north and east 2 This resulted in a significant demographic shift with the resettled farmers contributing to an increase in the Sinhalese population in the northeast dry zone thus promoting Sinhala Buddhist hegemony in the area 3 Sinhalese settlers were provided with preferential access to land by the state in these regions whilst the local Tamil speaking people were excluded from this privilege 4 making them minorities in their own lands 5 Whilst empowering Sinhalese settlers the scheme also served as a means to marginalize exclude and harm Tamil speaking minorities treating them as the other 6 It has been perhaps the most immediate cause of inter communal violence 7 8 9 10 Contents 1 Introduction 2 1950s 3 1960s 4 1980s 5 1990s 6 2000s 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingIntroduction EditShortly after independence the government of Ceylon started a program to settle farmers in the jungles of the Trincomalee District The forests were cleared and water tanks restored As a consequence of these schemes the Sinhalese population of the Trincomalee District rose from 15 706 21 in 1946 to 85 503 33 in 1981 11 12 In the 1980s the government extended the colonization schemes into the Dry Zone area of the Northern Province drawing up plans to settle up to 30 000 Sinhalese in the area 7 Colonization schemes also took place in the areas of Ampara and Batticaloa districts 13 The Sinhalese population rose from 31 107 in 1953 in the combined Batticaloa and Amparai Districts to 157 017 in 1981 an increase far in excess of the natural projected growth 14 The notion of the traditional Tamil homeland became a potent component of popular Tamil political imagination while the Sinhalese nationalist groups viewed the resettlement schemes in these areas as reclamation and recreation in the present of the glorious Sinhalese Buddhist past 15 The Muslim community tended to reject the countervailing notion of a traditional Tamil homeland in the North East region which resulted in animosity between the Muslim and Tamil communities in the region to rise 8 1950s EditThe first colonisation scheme was in the Gal Oya Valley in the Batticaloa District in 1952 Tens of thousands of Sinhalese peasants from the Kegalle and Kandy districts who suffered from land hunger were given fertile land in the upstream end of Gal Oya Tamils and Muslims were also given land in the region 16 Gal Oya would later be the site of the first major anti Tamil riot in 1956 17 The next colonisation scheme was at Kantale Kanthalai tank where peasants from outside of the Trincomalee District were settled in the then Tamil dominant village of Kantale Kanthalai 39 km south west of the Trincomalee town 18 19 77 of settlers were Sinhalese and the rest were Tamils and Muslims 20 A colonisation scheme was at the areas surrounding the Kantale Tank 25 km south of Trincomalee town 18 21 65 of settlers were Sinhalese and the rest were Muslims 20 The colonisation scheme was extended to Tamil speaking areas of Anuradhapura District A scheme was started at Padaviya Tank Pathavik Kulam 65 km north east of Anuradhapura town 18 Parts of the scheme lay in Trincomalee District but were administered by the Sinhalese majority Anuradhapura District 22 Land Development Department employees from this scheme took part in the 1958 anti Tamil riots 18 20 Colonisation of Southern Dry Zone in the south of Ceylon was carried out mainly under the Walawe River Valley which was planned in 1959 The Uda Walawe Project started in 1969 which resulted in 30 000 net irrigable acres and settlement of around 3440 settlers in the southern dry zone The development of settlements around Walawe Chandrika and Kiri Ibban reservoirs saw population in the selected region growing from 2 000 in the 1950s to 200 000 by the 2000s 23 1960s EditIn the 1961 a colonisation scheme was started at Morawewa tank Muthali Kulam 24 km west of the Trincomalee town 18 24 1980s EditIn the 1980s funded by aid received from the European Community a colonisation scheme was started at Periya Vilankulam Mahadiulwewa tank 30 km north west of Trincomalee town 18 The colonisation scheme was extended into the Northern province with the introduction of the Weli Oya Manal Aru scheme which covered the districts of Mullaitivu Trincomalee Vavuniya and Anuradhapura 25 Sinhalese farmers were settled in lands that were formerly populated by ethnic Tamils given land money to build homes and security provided by the Special Task Force 7 26 Although the scheme covered four districts administration was handled by the Anuradhapura district which constituted a Sinhalese majority demographic 25 The scheme aroused much anger amongst the Tamils 27 This anger boiled over into violence when the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam attacked the Kent and Dollar Farm settlement at Weli Oya killing 62 27 1990s EditPro LTTE news site TamilNet reported that when the Indian Peace Keeping Forces were withdrawn in 1990 Tamils homes in the suburbs of Trincomalee were occupied by Sinhalese settlers Tens of thousands of landless Sinhala peasants were reported to have been brought in by the advancing government forces and made to occupy local villages and lands denying resettlement to its original inhabitants who had earlier fled to the jungles due to the murder of Tamil civilians at the hands of the Army 28 29 2000s EditSince the fall of the LTTE and the capture of LTTE held areas several settlement programmes were initiated by the government that extends towards the Northern Province In the Vavuniya district 3000 acres in Madukulam Maduwewa are being cleared for a village while work of a settlement is underway in the former LTTE stronghold of Othiyamalai Kaadu A settlement is being created in Rampaveddi bordering the minor tank area of Eropothana and new settlement of approximately 2500 ethnic Sinhala families about 6000 people from the South were settled in the village of Kokkachaankulam Tamils in Barathypuram were evicted and a Muslim settlement is being created in the area due to the large economic opportunities provided by an apparels factory being built there 30 Several new settlements are also being built in Mullaitivu District while the Weli Oya settlement is being expanded as well Several fishing colonies are being built in the Mannar district and Muslim settlements have been built in lands previously owned by Tamils that fled to India during the war Navatkuli Housing Project is being built in Navatkuli Jaffna District to house 135 Sinhalese families including 54 families who had in 2010 attempted to set up temporary residences at the Jaffna Railway Station with funding from Buddhist Organizations and Political parties 30 Following the defeat of the LTTE the Mahaweli project which had been temporarily halted gained new momentum The Mahaweli Authority and the military resumed activities to bring in landless Sinhalese settlers from the southern parts of the country to settle in and around Weli Oya 31 Despite ongoing displacement of thousands of Tamils from their land and homes the Mahaweli Authority under successive governments since the end of the war continues to allocate land to Sinhalese settlers in the same areas 32 Pro LTTE news site TamilNet reported that Tamils were being ethnically cleansed in the Jaffna peninsula and Mullativu districts and that this was being supplemented with the construction of Buddhist stupas and Sinhalisation of names of streets and places 33 According to TamilNet the Tamil populace had been reduced to a fourth between 2007 and 2011 based on Government figures Tamil locals also complained of the state waging an accelerated campaign of Sinhala Buddhist colonisation by destroying historic Hindu shrines in the East 34 35 36 37 38 Over 400 families were reported to have been settled in Nelukkulam in Mullativu district by the website 39 Another incident of state colonization before the Final Eelam War was reported by Muslim residents of the Pulmoddai village who claimed that several acres of their traditional land had been annexed by the Government for settlements from South on the pretext of industrial development 40 See also EditOrigins of the Sri Lankan civil war Sri Lankan Civil War Black JulyReferences Edit Bart Klem amp Thiruni Kelegama 2020 Marginal placeholders peasants paddy and ethnic space in Sri Lanka s post war frontier The Journal of Peasant Studies 47 2 346 365 DOI 10 1080 03066150 2019 1572604 Thiruni Kelegama April 10th 2023 Development Gone Wrong Sri Lanka at 75 https blogs lse ac uk southasia 2023 04 10 development gone wrong sri lanka at 75 Thiruni Kelegama April 10th 2023 Development Gone Wrong Sri Lanka at 75 https blogs lse ac uk southasia 2023 04 10 development gone wrong sri lanka at 75 International Centre for Ethnic Studies Shahul H Hasbullah and Urs Geiser 2019 Negotiating access to land in eastern Sri Lanka p 9 Thiruni Kelegama April 10th 2023 Development Gone Wrong Sri Lanka at 75 https blogs lse ac uk southasia 2023 04 10 development gone wrong sri lanka at 75 Thiruni Kelegama April 10th 2023 Development Gone Wrong Sri Lanka at 75 https blogs lse ac uk southasia 2023 04 10 development gone wrong sri lanka at 75 a b c Tamil Alienation Country Studies Series Sri Lanka Federal Research Division Library of Congress October 1988 Retrieved 4 October 2009 a b http siteresources worldbank org INTSRILANKA Resources App1 pdf 7Ctitle The Root Causes of the Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka http mahaweli gov lk en pdf Library Implementtion 20Strategy 20Study 20 20Volume 205 pdf 7Ctitle permanent dead link Mahaweli Ganga Development Program Implementation Strategy Study Patrick Peebles 1990 Colonization and Ethnic Conflict in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka The Journal of Asian Studies 49 1 30 55 doi 10 2307 2058432 JSTOR 2058432 S2CID 153505636 CENSUS OF CEYLON 1946 VOL I PART I GENERAL REPORT p115 116 http repo statistics gov lk bitstream handle 1 313 B 33 PDF sequence 1 amp isAllowed y SRI LANKA CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING 1981 TRINCOMALEE DISTRICT REPORT page XIV Chelvadurai Manogaran Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka University of Hawaii press 1987 p97 Chelvadurai Manogaran Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka University of Hawaii press 1987 p100 Bart Klem amp Thiruni Kelegama 2020 Marginal placeholders peasants paddy and ethnic space in Sri Lanka s post war frontier The Journal of Peasant Studies 47 2 346 365 DOI 10 1080 03066150 2019 1572604 Kanagasundram Ajit The Gal Oya Project 60 years on Part I The Island The Island Retrieved 10 March 2019 Chattopadhyaya H Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka An Account of Tamil Sinhalese Race Relations p 52 a b c d e f Colonisation amp Demographic Changes in the Trincomalee District and Its Effect on the Tamil Speaking People Report 11 Apendix II University Teachers for Human Rights Jaffna 15 April 1993 Retrieved 4 October 2009 ISGA needed as confidence building measure for final solution Sampanthan TamilNet 9 May 2004 Retrieved 4 October 2009 a b c V Thangavelu 3 June 2005 Part 3 Buddha s statues symbol of Sinhalese Hegemony Tamil Canadian Retrieved 4 October 2009 LTTE opposes land ministry mobile service in Kantalai TamilNet 20 December 2003 Retrieved 4 October 2009 Rajavarothiam Sampanthan 1984 Genocide in Sri Lanka Tamil United Liberation Front Retrieved 4 October 2009 dead link Economics and Politics of Water Resources Development Uda Walawe Irrigation Project Sri Lanka PDF SLAF occupation adds to Muthalikulam farmers woes TamilNet 8 December 2002 Retrieved 4 October 2009 a b T Sabaratnam Chapter 23 Manal Aru becomes Weli Oya Pirapaharan Ilankai Tamil Sangam Retrieved 4 October 2009 Welcome to UTHRJ Report 8 Chapter 1 www uthr org Retrieved 18 May 2019 a b T Sabaratnam Chapter 40 Operation Green Arrow Pirapaharan Ilankai Tamil Sangam Retrieved 4 October 2009 TamilNet TamilNet www tamilnet com Retrieved 18 May 2019 Protests at Illegal Settlement TamilNet 9 July 1998 Retrieved 4 October 2009 a b State facilitated colonization of northern sri lanka 2013 GroundViews org 5 September 2013 Thiruni Kelegama April 10th 2023 Development Gone Wrong Sri Lanka at 75 https blogs lse ac uk southasia 2023 04 10 development gone wrong sri lanka at 75 Thiruni Kelegama April 10th 2023 Development Gone Wrong Sri Lanka at 75 https blogs lse ac uk southasia 2023 04 10 development gone wrong sri lanka at 75 TamilNet TamilNet www tamilnet com Retrieved 18 May 2019 TamilNet TamilNet www tamilnet com Retrieved 18 May 2019 TamilNet TamilNet www tamilnet com Retrieved 18 May 2019 TamilNet TamilNet www tamilnet com Retrieved 18 May 2019 TamilNet TamilNet www tamilnet com Retrieved 18 May 2019 TamilNet TamilNet www tamilnet com Retrieved 18 May 2019 TamilNet TamilNet www tamilnet com Retrieved 18 May 2019 Muslims allege Sinhala colonization in Pulmoddai TamilNet 25 September 2007 Further reading EditMarkus Mayer Darini Rajasingham Senanayake Yuvi Thangarajah Universitat Heidelberg Sudasien Institut 2003 Building local capacities for peace rethinking conflict and development in Sri Lanka Macmillan India ISBN 0 333 93921 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes amp oldid 1152100920, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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