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Sports science

January 01, 1970

Sports science is a discipline that studies how the healthy human body works during exercise, and how sports and physical activity promote health and performance from cellular to whole body perspectives. The study of sports science traditionally incorporates areas of physiology (exercise physiology), psychology (sport psychology), anatomy, biomechanics (sports biomechanics), biochemistry, and kinesiology.

Institute of Sports Science, Japan

Sport scientists and performance consultants are growing in demand and employment numbers, with the ever-increasing focus within the sporting world on achieving the best results possible.[1] Through the scientific study of sports, researchers have developed a greater understanding of how the human body reacts to exercise, training, different environments, and many other stimuli.

Origins of exercise physiology edit

Main article: Exercise physiology

Sports science can trace its origins back to Ancient Greece. The noted ancient Greek physician Galen (131–201) wrote 87 detailed essays about improving health (proper nutrition), aerobic fitness, and strengthening muscles.[2][3]

 
Galen

New ideas upon the working and functioning of the human body emerged during the Renaissance as anatomists and physicians challenged the previously known theories.[4] These spread with the implementation of the printed word, the result of Gutenberg's printing press in the 15th century.[5] Allied with this was a large increase in academia in general, universities were forming all around the world.[6] Importantly, these new scholars went beyond the simplistic notions of the early Greek physicians, and shed light upon the complexities of the circulatory, and digestive systems.[7] Furthermore, by the middle of the 19th century, early medical schools (such as the Harvard Medical School, formed 1782) began appearing in the United States, whose graduates went on to assume positions of importance in academia and allied medical research.[8]

Medical journal publications increased significantly in number during this period. In 1898, three articles on physical activity appeared in the first volume of the American Journal of Physiology. Other articles and reviews subsequently appeared in prestigious journals. The German applied physiology publication, Internationale Zeitschrift fur Physiologie einschliesslich Arbeitphysiologie (1929–1940; now known as the European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology), became a significant journal in the field of research.

A number of key figures have made significant contributions to the study of sports science:

  • Austin Flint, Jr., (1836–1915) One of the first American pioneer physicians, studied physiological responses to exercise in his influential medical textbooks.[9]
  • Edward Hitchcock, Jr., (1828–1911) Amherst College Professor of Hygiene and Physical Education, devoted his academic career to the scientific study of physical exercise, training, and the body. Coauthored 1860 text on exercise physiology.[10]
  • George Wells Fitz, M.D. (1860–1934) Created the first departmental major in Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training at Harvard University in 1891.[11]
  • August Krogh (1874–1949) Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in physiology for discovering the mechanism that controlled capillary blood flow in resting or active muscle.[12]
  • Per-Olof Åstrand (1922–2015) Professor at the Department of Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm. Wrote a seminal paper which evaluated the physical working capacity of men and women aged 4–33 years.[13]

Study of sports science edit

 
A snowboarder leaning into the curve to counter the centrifugal force may be analyzed applying a force diagram from the field of mechanics, a discipline of physics
 
The force diagram for the above scenario with the vectors (red arrows) for weight force (vertical), centrifugal force (horizontal) and resulting force (diagonal).

A notable amount of research in the field of sports science is completed at universities or dedicated research centers.[14] Higher-education degrees in Sports Science or Human Physiology are also becoming increasingly popular, with many universities now offering both undergraduate, postgraduate and distance learning degrees in the discipline.[15] Opportunities for graduates in these fields include employment as a Physical Education teacher, Dietician or Nutritionist, Performance Analyst, Sports coach, Sports therapist, Fitness center manager, Sports administrator, Strength and Conditioning specialist, or retail manager of a sports store. Graduates may also be well-positioned to undertake further training to become an accredited Physiotherapist, Exercise Physiologist, Research Scientist and Sports Medical Doctor.

Sports science may also be useful for providing information on the aging body.[16] Older adults are aware of the benefits of exercise, but many are not performing the exercise needed to maintain these benefits.[17] Sports science provides a means of allowing older people to regain more physical competence without focusing on doing so for the purposes of anti-aging.[16] Sports science can also provide a means of helping older people avoid falls and have the ability to perform daily tasks more independently.[16]

In Australia, the majority of sports science research from 1983 to 2003 was done in laboratories and nearly half of the research was done with sub-elite or elite athletes.[14] Over two-thirds of the research was done regarding four sports: rowing, cycling, athletics, and swimming.[14] In America, sports play a big part of the American identity, however, sports science has slowly been replaced with exercise science.[18] Sports science can allow athletes to train and compete more effectively at home and abroad.[18]

José Mourinho, a football manager who won UEFA Champions League twice, reflected his studies of sport science as "sometimes it is difficult to understand if it is sport or if it is science".[19]

Academic journals in sports science edit

Reproducibility edit

A 2018 study criticized the field of exercise and sports science for insufficient replication studies, limited reporting of both null and trivial results, and insufficient research transparency.[20] Statisticians have criticized sports science for common use of magnitude-based inference, a controversial statistical method which has allowed sports scientists to extract apparently significant results from noisy data where ordinary hypothesis testing would have found none.[21]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Schonbrun, Zach (13 April 2018). "How Do Athletes' Brains Control Their Movements?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  2. ^ Berryman, Jack; Park, Roberta (1992). Sport and Exercise Science. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp. 14–19. ISBN 0-252-01896-6. from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  3. ^ Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum (14 July 2011). "Health & Medicine". www.vam.ac.uk. from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  4. ^ Mesquita, Evandro Tinoco; de Souza Júnior, Celso Vale; Ferreira, Thiago Reigado (2015). "Andreas Vesalius 500 years – A Renaissance that revolutionized cardiovascular knowledge". Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular. 30 (2): 260–265. doi:10.5935/1678-9741.20150024. PMC 4462973. PMID 26107459.
  5. ^ "Background: The Printing Press and the Spread of Ideas | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  6. ^ "Universities". obo. from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  7. ^ "History of the Stomach and Intestines". web.stanford.edu. from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  8. ^ Flexner, Abraham (1 June 1910). "Medical Education in America". The Atlantic. from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  9. ^ McArdle, William; Katch, Frank; Katch, Victor (2006). Essentials of Exercise Physiology (3 ed.). United States of America: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 8. ISBN 0-7817-4991-3. from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  10. ^ Sweet, William. "150 Years Ago: Amherst Established Nation's First College Health Program". amherst.edu. Amherst College. from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  11. ^ McArdle, William; Katch, Frank; Katch, Victor (2006). Essentials of Exercise Physiology (3 ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 9. ISBN 0-7817-4991-3. from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  12. ^ "August Krogh Biographical". NobelPrize.org. The Nobel Prize Organization. from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  13. ^ Astrand, Per-Olof; Rodahl, Kaare; Dahl, Hans; Stromme, Sigmund (2003). The Textbook of Work Physiology (4th ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 260–288. ISBN 0-7360-0140-9. from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  14. ^ a b c Williams, Stephen John; Kendall, Lawrence R. (1 August 2007). "A profile of sports science research (1983–2003)". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 10 (4): 193–200. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.07.016. ISSN 1440-2440. PMID 17000134. from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  15. ^ Nuzzo, James L. (2 July 2020). "Growth of Exercise Science in the United States since 2002: A Secondary Data Analysis". Quest. 72 (3): 358–372. doi:10.1080/00336297.2020.1736106. ISSN 0033-6297.
  16. ^ a b c Tulle, Emmanuelle (1 December 2008). "Acting your age? Sports science and the ageing body". Journal of Aging Studies. The anti-aging enterprise: science, knowledge, expertise, rhetoric and values. 22 (4): 340–347. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2008.05.005. ISSN 0890-4065. from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  17. ^ Goggin, N. L.; Morrow, J. (2001). "Physical Activity Behaviors of Older Adults". Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 9: 58–66. doi:10.1123/JAPA.9.1.58. S2CID 140851467.
  18. ^ a b Stone, Michael H.; Sands, William A.; Stone, Margaret E. (April 2004). "The Downfall of Sports Science in the United States". Strength & Conditioning Journal. 26 (2): 72–75. doi:10.1519/00126548-200404000-00014. ISSN 1524-1602. from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  19. ^ "José Mourinho: Talking Porto, Chelsea, Inter and his future management plans". The Coaches' Voice, Youtube. 30 June 2019. p. 4m20s–4m50s. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.
  20. ^ Halperin, Israel; Vigotsky, Andrew D.; Foster, Carl; Pyne, David B. (1 February 2018). "Strengthening the Practice of Exercise and Sport-Science Research". International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 13 (2): 127–134. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0322. hdl:10072/383414. ISSN 1555-0273. PMID 28787228. S2CID 3695727.
  21. ^ Aschwanden, Christie; Nguyen, Mai (16 May 2018). "How Shoddy Statistics Found A Home In Sports Research". FiveThirtyEight. from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2018.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sports science.
  • Sport Science International Register
  • British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  • American College of Sports Medicine
  • Exercise & Sports Science Australia
  • National Strength & Conditioning Association

January 01, 1970
sports, science, discipline, that, studies, healthy, human, body, works, during, exercise, sports, physical, activity, promote, health, performance, from, cellular, whole, body, perspectives, study, sports, science, traditionally, incorporates, areas, physiolo. Sports science is a discipline that studies how the healthy human body works during exercise and how sports and physical activity promote health and performance from cellular to whole body perspectives The study of sports science traditionally incorporates areas of physiology exercise physiology psychology sport psychology anatomy biomechanics sports biomechanics biochemistry and kinesiology Institute of Sports Science Japan Sport scientists and performance consultants are growing in demand and employment numbers with the ever increasing focus within the sporting world on achieving the best results possible 1 Through the scientific study of sports researchers have developed a greater understanding of how the human body reacts to exercise training different environments and many other stimuli Contents 1 Origins of exercise physiology 2 Study of sports science 3 Academic journals in sports science 4 Reproducibility 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksOrigins of exercise physiology editMain article Exercise physiology Sports science can trace its origins back to Ancient Greece The noted ancient Greek physician Galen 131 201 wrote 87 detailed essays about improving health proper nutrition aerobic fitness and strengthening muscles 2 3 nbsp Galen New ideas upon the working and functioning of the human body emerged during the Renaissance as anatomists and physicians challenged the previously known theories 4 These spread with the implementation of the printed word the result of Gutenberg s printing press in the 15th century 5 Allied with this was a large increase in academia in general universities were forming all around the world 6 Importantly these new scholars went beyond the simplistic notions of the early Greek physicians and shed light upon the complexities of the circulatory and digestive systems 7 Furthermore by the middle of the 19th century early medical schools such as the Harvard Medical School formed 1782 began appearing in the United States whose graduates went on to assume positions of importance in academia and allied medical research 8 Medical journal publications increased significantly in number during this period In 1898 three articles on physical activity appeared in the first volume of the American Journal of Physiology Other articles and reviews subsequently appeared in prestigious journals The German applied physiology publication Internationale Zeitschrift fur Physiologie einschliesslich Arbeitphysiologie 1929 1940 now known as the European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology became a significant journal in the field of research A number of key figures have made significant contributions to the study of sports science Austin Flint Jr 1836 1915 One of the first American pioneer physicians studied physiological responses to exercise in his influential medical textbooks 9 Edward Hitchcock Jr 1828 1911 Amherst College Professor of Hygiene and Physical Education devoted his academic career to the scientific study of physical exercise training and the body Coauthored 1860 text on exercise physiology 10 George Wells Fitz M D 1860 1934 Created the first departmental major in Anatomy Physiology and Physical Training at Harvard University in 1891 11 August Krogh 1874 1949 Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in physiology for discovering the mechanism that controlled capillary blood flow in resting or active muscle 12 Per Olof Astrand 1922 2015 Professor at the Department of Physiology Karolinska Institute Stockholm Wrote a seminal paper which evaluated the physical working capacity of men and women aged 4 33 years 13 Study of sports science edit nbsp A snowboarder leaning into the curve to counter the centrifugal force may be analyzed applying a force diagram from the field of mechanics a discipline of physics nbsp The force diagram for the above scenario with the vectors red arrows for weight force vertical centrifugal force horizontal and resulting force diagonal A notable amount of research in the field of sports science is completed at universities or dedicated research centers 14 Higher education degrees in Sports Science or Human Physiology are also becoming increasingly popular with many universities now offering both undergraduate postgraduate and distance learning degrees in the discipline 15 Opportunities for graduates in these fields include employment as a Physical Education teacher Dietician or Nutritionist Performance Analyst Sports coach Sports therapist Fitness center manager Sports administrator Strength and Conditioning specialist or retail manager of a sports store Graduates may also be well positioned to undertake further training to become an accredited Physiotherapist Exercise Physiologist Research Scientist and Sports Medical Doctor Sports science may also be useful for providing information on the aging body 16 Older adults are aware of the benefits of exercise but many are not performing the exercise needed to maintain these benefits 17 Sports science provides a means of allowing older people to regain more physical competence without focusing on doing so for the purposes of anti aging 16 Sports science can also provide a means of helping older people avoid falls and have the ability to perform daily tasks more independently 16 In Australia the majority of sports science research from 1983 to 2003 was done in laboratories and nearly half of the research was done with sub elite or elite athletes 14 Over two thirds of the research was done regarding four sports rowing cycling athletics and swimming 14 In America sports play a big part of the American identity however sports science has slowly been replaced with exercise science 18 Sports science can allow athletes to train and compete more effectively at home and abroad 18 Jose Mourinho a football manager who won UEFA Champions League twice reflected his studies of sport science as sometimes it is difficult to understand if it is sport or if it is science 19 Academic journals in sports science editJournal of Applied Biomechanics International Journal of Computer Science in Sport Journal of Strength amp Conditioning Research Journal of Swimming Research Sports Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise Journal of Science and Medicine in SportReproducibility editA 2018 study criticized the field of exercise and sports science for insufficient replication studies limited reporting of both null and trivial results and insufficient research transparency 20 Statisticians have criticized sports science for common use of magnitude based inference a controversial statistical method which has allowed sports scientists to extract apparently significant results from noisy data where ordinary hypothesis testing would have found none 21 See also editComputer science in sport Heuristics and sports Kinanthropometry Kinesiology Sports biomechanics Sports medicineReferences edit Schonbrun Zach 13 April 2018 How Do Athletes Brains Control Their Movements The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 29 May 2023 Retrieved 27 November 2023 Berryman Jack Park Roberta 1992 Sport and Exercise Science Urbana and Chicago University of Illinois Press pp 14 19 ISBN 0 252 01896 6 Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 Retrieved 18 January 2019 Victoria and Albert Museum Online Museum 14 July 2011 Health amp Medicine www vam ac uk Archived from the original on 22 March 2022 Retrieved 29 April 2022 Mesquita Evandro Tinoco de Souza Junior Celso Vale Ferreira Thiago Reigado 2015 Andreas Vesalius 500 years A Renaissance that revolutionized cardiovascular knowledge Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular 30 2 260 265 doi 10 5935 1678 9741 20150024 PMC 4462973 PMID 26107459 Background The Printing Press and the Spread of Ideas Encyclopedia com www encyclopedia com Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 Retrieved 29 April 2022 Universities obo Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 Retrieved 29 April 2022 History of the Stomach and Intestines web stanford edu Archived from the original on 30 August 2022 Retrieved 29 April 2022 Flexner Abraham 1 June 1910 Medical Education in America The Atlantic Archived from the original on 17 March 2022 Retrieved 29 April 2022 McArdle William Katch Frank Katch Victor 2006 Essentials of Exercise Physiology 3 ed United States of America Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins p 8 ISBN 0 7817 4991 3 Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 Retrieved 18 January 2019 Sweet William 150 Years Ago Amherst Established Nation s First College Health Program amherst edu Amherst College Archived from the original on 5 December 2020 Retrieved 18 January 2019 McArdle William Katch Frank Katch Victor 2006 Essentials of Exercise Physiology 3 ed USA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins p 9 ISBN 0 7817 4991 3 Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 Retrieved 18 January 2019 August Krogh Biographical NobelPrize org The Nobel Prize Organization Archived from the original on 28 March 2019 Retrieved 18 January 2019 Astrand Per Olof Rodahl Kaare Dahl Hans Stromme Sigmund 2003 The Textbook of Work Physiology 4th ed USA McGraw Hill pp 260 288 ISBN 0 7360 0140 9 Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 Retrieved 18 January 2019 a b c Williams Stephen John Kendall Lawrence R 1 August 2007 A profile of sports science research 1983 2003 Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 10 4 193 200 doi 10 1016 j jsams 2006 07 016 ISSN 1440 2440 PMID 17000134 Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 Retrieved 29 April 2022 Nuzzo James L 2 July 2020 Growth of Exercise Science in the United States since 2002 A Secondary Data Analysis Quest 72 3 358 372 doi 10 1080 00336297 2020 1736106 ISSN 0033 6297 a b c Tulle Emmanuelle 1 December 2008 Acting your age Sports science and the ageing body Journal of Aging Studies The anti aging enterprise science knowledge expertise rhetoric and values 22 4 340 347 doi 10 1016 j jaging 2008 05 005 ISSN 0890 4065 Archived from the original on 28 November 2023 Retrieved 29 April 2022 Goggin N L Morrow J 2001 Physical Activity Behaviors of Older Adults Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 9 58 66 doi 10 1123 JAPA 9 1 58 S2CID 140851467 a b Stone Michael H Sands William A Stone Margaret E April 2004 The Downfall of Sports Science in the United States Strength amp Conditioning Journal 26 2 72 75 doi 10 1519 00126548 200404000 00014 ISSN 1524 1602 Archived from the original on 18 June 2022 Retrieved 29 April 2022 Jose Mourinho Talking Porto Chelsea Inter and his future management plans The Coaches Voice Youtube 30 June 2019 p 4m20s 4m50s Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 Halperin Israel Vigotsky Andrew D Foster Carl Pyne David B 1 February 2018 Strengthening the Practice of Exercise and Sport Science Research International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13 2 127 134 doi 10 1123 ijspp 2017 0322 hdl 10072 383414 ISSN 1555 0273 PMID 28787228 S2CID 3695727 Aschwanden Christie Nguyen Mai 16 May 2018 How Shoddy Statistics Found A Home In Sports Research FiveThirtyEight Archived from the original on 21 September 2020 Retrieved 16 May 2018 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sports science Sport Science International Register British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine American College of Sports Medicine European College of Sport Science Exercise amp Sports Science Australia National Strength amp Conditioning Association Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sports science amp oldid 1221768330, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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