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August Krogh

November 30, 2023

Schack August Steenberg Krogh ForMemRS[1] (15 November 1874 – 13 September 1949) was a Danish professor at the department of zoophysiology at the University of Copenhagen from 1916 to 1945.[2][3][4] He contributed a number of fundamental discoveries within several fields of physiology, and is famous for developing the Krogh Principle.[5][6][7]

August Krogh
August Krogh
Born(1874-11-15)15 November 1874
Grenå
Died13 September 1949(1949-09-13) (aged 74)
Copenhagen
NationalityDanish
Known forDiffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
Perfusion
Krogh model
Krogh length
Krogh's principle
AwardsBaly Medal (1945)
Croonian Medal (1940)
ForMemRS (1937)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1920)
Scientific career
FieldsZoophysiology
InstitutionsUniversity of Copenhagen

In 1920 August Krogh was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the mechanism of regulation of the capillaries in skeletal muscle.[8][9] Krogh was first to describe the adaptation of blood perfusion in muscle and other organs according to demands through opening and closing the arterioles and capillaries.[10]

Besides his contributions to medicine, Krogh was also one of the founders of what is today the Novo Nordisk company.[11]

Life edit

He was born in Grenaa on the peninsula of Djursland in Denmark, the son of Viggo Krogh, a shipbuilder. He was educated at the Aarhus Katedralskole in Aarhus. He attended the University of Copenhagen graduating MSc in 1899 and gaining a doctorate PhD in 1903.[12]

Krogh was a pioneer in comparative physiology. He wrote his thesis on the respiration through the skin and lungs in frogs: Respiratory Exchange of Animals, 1915. Later Krogh took on studies of water and electrolyte homeostasis of aquatic animals and he published the books: Osmotic Regulation (1939) and Comparative Physiology of Respiratory Mechanisms (1941). He contributed more than 200 research articles in international journals. He was a constructor of scientific instruments of which several had considerable practical importance, such as the spirometer and the apparatus for measuring basal metabolic rate.

Krogh began lecturing in the University of Copenhagen in 1908 and in 1916 was promoted to full professor, becoming the head of the first laboratory for animal physiology (zoophysiology) at the university.[13]

Krogh was elected an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1931,[14] an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1937,[15] and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1941.[16]

Krogh and his wife Marie, scientist in her own right, brought insulin to Denmark shortly after its discovery in 1922 by Frederick Banting and Charles Best.[17] Marie, a doctor who had patients with type 1 diabetes, was herself suffering from type 2 diabetes and was naturally very interested in the disease.[11] Together with doctor Hans Christian Hagedorn, August and Marie Krogh founded Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium, where Krogh made decisive contributions to establishing a Danish production of insulin by ethanol extraction of the hormone from the pancreatic glands of pigs.[11]

In the 1930s, Krogh worked with two other Nobel prizewinners, the radiochemist George de Hevesy and the physicist Niels Bohr on the permeability of membranes to heavy water and radioactive isotopes, and together, they managed to obtain Denmark's first cyclotron for experiments on animal and plant physiology as well as in dental and medical work.[13]

Publications edit

  • The Respiratory Exchange of Animals and Man (1916)
  • Osmotic Regulation in Aquatic Animals (1939)
  • The Comparative Physiology of Respiratory Mechanisms (1941)

Family edit

He married Marie Krogh (née Jørgensen, 1874–1943) in 1905. She was a renowned scientist in her own right and much of August Krogh's work was carried out in close collaboration with her.[10]

August and Marie had four children, the youngest of whom, Bodil, was born in 1918. She too was a physiologist, and became the first woman president of the American Physiological Society in 1975.[18] Bodil married another eminent physiologist, Knut Schmidt-Nielsen.[19][20]

Legacy edit

Torkel Weis-Fogh, an eminent pioneer on the study of insect flight, was a student of August Krogh's. Together they wrote a classic paper on that subject in 1951.[21]

Krogh's name is preserved in two items now named for him:

  • Krogh length, the distance between capillaries which nutrients diffuse to, based on cellular consumption of the nutrients.[22][23]
  • Krogh's principle, that "for... a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice, or a few such animals, on which it can be most conveniently studied."[24]

Further reading edit

  • Larsen, E. H. (2001). "August Krogh and the laboratory of animal physiology situated at Ny Vestergade 11". Ugeskrift for Laeger. 163 (51): 7240–7248. PMID 11797555.
  • Kardel, T. (1999). "About the seven little devils who changed physiology. August and Marie Krogh on pulmonary gas exchange". Ugeskrift for Laeger. 161 (51): 7112–7116. PMID 10647306.
  • Schmidt-Nielsen, B. (1984). "August and Marie Krogh and respiratory physiology". Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology. 57 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.2.293. PMID 6381437.
  • Poulsen, J. E. (1975). "The impact of August Krogh on the insulin treatment of diabetes and our present status". Acta Medica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 578: 7–14. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1975.tb06497.x. PMID 1098401.
  • Dejours, P. (1975). "August Krogh and the physiology of respiration". Scandinavian Journal of Respiratory Diseases. 56 (6): 337–346. PMID 769148.
  • Kenez, J. (1965). "The Capillaries and Krogh". Orvosi Hetilap. 106: 177–178. PMID 14275297.

References edit

  1. ^ Hill, A. V. (1950). "August Schack Steenberg Krogh. 1874-1949". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 7 (19): 220–237. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1950.0014. S2CID 161131285.
  2. ^ Drinker, C. K. (1950). "August Krogh: 1874-1949". Science. 112 (2900): 105–107. Bibcode:1950Sci...112..105D. doi:10.1126/science.112.2900.105. PMID 15442251.
  3. ^ Liljestrand, G. (1950). "August Krogh". Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 20 (2–3): 109–116. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1950.tb00688.x. PMID 15413515.
  4. ^ "Deaths of C. M. Wenyon, Clifford Dobell and A. Krogh". Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de biologie et de ses filiales. 144 (3–4): 160–1. 1950. PMID 15420871.
  5. ^ "August Krogh (1874-1949) the physiologist's physiologist". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 199 (7): 496–497. 1967. doi:10.1001/jama.199.7.496. PMID 5335475.
  6. ^ Hurst, J. W.; Fye, W. B.; Zimmer, H. G. (2006). "August Krogh". Clinical Cardiology. 29 (5): 231–233. doi:10.1002/clc.4960290514. PMC 6653951. PMID 16739398.
  7. ^ Rehberg, P. B. (1951). "August Krogh, November 15, 1874-September 13, 1949". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 24 (2): 83–102. PMC 2599127. PMID 14901880.
  8. ^ Larsen, E. H. (2007). "August Krogh (1874-1949): 1920 Nobel Prize". Ugeskrift for Laeger. 169 (35): 2878. PMID 17877986.
  9. ^ Sulek, K. (1967). "Nobel prize for August Krogh in 1920 for his discovery of regulative mechanism in the capillaries". Wiadomosci Lekarskie. 20 (19): 1829. PMID 4870667.
  10. ^ a b "August Krogh - Facts". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  11. ^ a b c . Novo Nordisk. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  12. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.
  13. ^ a b "George de Hevesy: Explosion of new knowledge". Niels Bohr Institute. 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  14. ^ "August Krogh". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  15. ^ "August Krogh". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  16. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  17. ^ Schmidt-Nielsen, Bodil (1995). August and Marie Krogh : lives in science. New York: American Physiological Society. ISBN 9780195090994.
  18. ^ Dantzler, William H. (July 2015). . Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  19. ^ Living history of physiology: Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen (Prof. William Dantzler. University of Arizona) [1] 2008-12-26 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ 48th APS President (1975-1976)Bodil M. Schmidt-Nielsen (American Physiological Society) . Archived from the original on 2009-11-21. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
  21. ^ Krogh, August; Weis-Fogh, Torkel (1951). "The Respiratory Exchange of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca Gregaria) before, During and After Flight". Journal of Experimental Biology. The Company of Biologists. 28 (3): 344–357. doi:10.1242/jeb.28.3.344.
  22. ^ Fournier, R. L. Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering. Taylor & Francis, London, 1999.
  23. ^ Choi et al. Microfluidic scaffolds for tissue engineering. Nature Materials (2007) vol. 6 pp. 908-915
  24. ^ Bernard, Claude. Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale, J.B. Baillière et Fils, Libraires de L'Académie Impériale de Médecine, 1865. pp. 400

External links edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to August Krogh.
  • August Krogh on Nobelprize.org   including the Nobel Lecture on December 11, 1920 A Contribution to the Physiology of the Capillaries

November 30, 2023
august, krogh, schack, august, steenberg, krogh, formemrs, november, 1874, september, 1949, danish, professor, department, zoophysiology, university, copenhagen, from, 1916, 1945, contributed, number, fundamental, discoveries, within, several, fields, physiolo. Schack August Steenberg Krogh ForMemRS 1 15 November 1874 13 September 1949 was a Danish professor at the department of zoophysiology at the University of Copenhagen from 1916 to 1945 2 3 4 He contributed a number of fundamental discoveries within several fields of physiology and is famous for developing the Krogh Principle 5 6 7 August KroghAugust KroghBorn 1874 11 15 15 November 1874GrenaDied13 September 1949 1949 09 13 aged 74 CopenhagenNationalityDanishKnown forDiffusing capacity for carbon monoxidePerfusionKrogh modelKrogh lengthKrogh s principleAwardsBaly Medal 1945 Croonian Medal 1940 ForMemRS 1937 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920 Scientific careerFieldsZoophysiologyInstitutionsUniversity of CopenhagenIn 1920 August Krogh was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the mechanism of regulation of the capillaries in skeletal muscle 8 9 Krogh was first to describe the adaptation of blood perfusion in muscle and other organs according to demands through opening and closing the arterioles and capillaries 10 Besides his contributions to medicine Krogh was also one of the founders of what is today the Novo Nordisk company 11 Contents 1 Life 2 Publications 3 Family 4 Legacy 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External linksLife editHe was born in Grenaa on the peninsula of Djursland in Denmark the son of Viggo Krogh a shipbuilder He was educated at the Aarhus Katedralskole in Aarhus He attended the University of Copenhagen graduating MSc in 1899 and gaining a doctorate PhD in 1903 12 Krogh was a pioneer in comparative physiology He wrote his thesis on the respiration through the skin and lungs in frogs Respiratory Exchange of Animals 1915 Later Krogh took on studies of water and electrolyte homeostasis of aquatic animals and he published the books Osmotic Regulation 1939 and Comparative Physiology of Respiratory Mechanisms 1941 He contributed more than 200 research articles in international journals He was a constructor of scientific instruments of which several had considerable practical importance such as the spirometer and the apparatus for measuring basal metabolic rate Krogh began lecturing in the University of Copenhagen in 1908 and in 1916 was promoted to full professor becoming the head of the first laboratory for animal physiology zoophysiology at the university 13 Krogh was elected an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1931 14 an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1937 15 and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1941 16 Krogh and his wife Marie scientist in her own right brought insulin to Denmark shortly after its discovery in 1922 by Frederick Banting and Charles Best 17 Marie a doctor who had patients with type 1 diabetes was herself suffering from type 2 diabetes and was naturally very interested in the disease 11 Together with doctor Hans Christian Hagedorn August and Marie Krogh founded Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium where Krogh made decisive contributions to establishing a Danish production of insulin by ethanol extraction of the hormone from the pancreatic glands of pigs 11 In the 1930s Krogh worked with two other Nobel prizewinners the radiochemist George de Hevesy and the physicist Niels Bohr on the permeability of membranes to heavy water and radioactive isotopes and together they managed to obtain Denmark s first cyclotron for experiments on animal and plant physiology as well as in dental and medical work 13 Publications editThe Respiratory Exchange of Animals and Man 1916 Osmotic Regulation in Aquatic Animals 1939 The Comparative Physiology of Respiratory Mechanisms 1941 Family editHe married Marie Krogh nee Jorgensen 1874 1943 in 1905 She was a renowned scientist in her own right and much of August Krogh s work was carried out in close collaboration with her 10 August and Marie had four children the youngest of whom Bodil was born in 1918 She too was a physiologist and became the first woman president of the American Physiological Society in 1975 18 Bodil married another eminent physiologist Knut Schmidt Nielsen 19 20 Legacy editTorkel Weis Fogh an eminent pioneer on the study of insect flight was a student of August Krogh s Together they wrote a classic paper on that subject in 1951 21 Krogh s name is preserved in two items now named for him Krogh length the distance between capillaries which nutrients diffuse to based on cellular consumption of the nutrients 22 23 Krogh s principle that for a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice or a few such animals on which it can be most conveniently studied 24 Further reading editLarsen E H 2001 August Krogh and the laboratory of animal physiology situated at Ny Vestergade 11 Ugeskrift for Laeger 163 51 7240 7248 PMID 11797555 Kardel T 1999 About the seven little devils who changed physiology August and Marie Krogh on pulmonary gas exchange Ugeskrift for Laeger 161 51 7112 7116 PMID 10647306 Schmidt Nielsen B 1984 August and Marie Krogh and respiratory physiology Journal of Applied Physiology Respiratory Environmental and Exercise Physiology 57 2 293 303 doi 10 1152 jappl 1984 57 2 293 PMID 6381437 Poulsen J E 1975 The impact of August Krogh on the insulin treatment of diabetes and our present status Acta Medica Scandinavica Supplementum 578 7 14 doi 10 1111 j 0954 6820 1975 tb06497 x PMID 1098401 Dejours P 1975 August Krogh and the physiology of respiration Scandinavian Journal of Respiratory Diseases 56 6 337 346 PMID 769148 Kenez J 1965 The Capillaries and Krogh Orvosi Hetilap 106 177 178 PMID 14275297 References edit Hill A V 1950 August Schack Steenberg Krogh 1874 1949 Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7 19 220 237 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1950 0014 S2CID 161131285 Drinker C K 1950 August Krogh 1874 1949 Science 112 2900 105 107 Bibcode 1950Sci 112 105D doi 10 1126 science 112 2900 105 PMID 15442251 Liljestrand G 1950 August Krogh Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 20 2 3 109 116 doi 10 1111 j 1748 1716 1950 tb00688 x PMID 15413515 Deaths of C M Wenyon Clifford Dobell and A Krogh Comptes rendus des seances de la Societe de biologie et de ses filiales 144 3 4 160 1 1950 PMID 15420871 August Krogh 1874 1949 the physiologist s physiologist JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association 199 7 496 497 1967 doi 10 1001 jama 199 7 496 PMID 5335475 Hurst J W Fye W B Zimmer H G 2006 August Krogh Clinical Cardiology 29 5 231 233 doi 10 1002 clc 4960290514 PMC 6653951 PMID 16739398 Rehberg P B 1951 August Krogh November 15 1874 September 13 1949 The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 24 2 83 102 PMC 2599127 PMID 14901880 Larsen E H 2007 August Krogh 1874 1949 1920 Nobel Prize Ugeskrift for Laeger 169 35 2878 PMID 17877986 Sulek K 1967 Nobel prize for August Krogh in 1920 for his discovery of regulative mechanism in the capillaries Wiadomosci Lekarskie 20 19 1829 PMID 4870667 a b August Krogh Facts Nobelprize org Retrieved 2 August 2016 a b c The Founders Novo Nordisk Archived from the original on 16 July 2016 Retrieved 2 August 2016 Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 2002 PDF The Royal Society of Edinburgh July 2006 ISBN 0 902 198 84 X a b George de Hevesy Explosion of new knowledge Niels Bohr Institute 2014 09 11 Retrieved 2 August 2016 August Krogh American Academy of Arts amp Sciences Retrieved 2023 04 26 August Krogh www nasonline org Retrieved 2023 04 26 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved 2023 04 26 Schmidt Nielsen Bodil 1995 August and Marie Krogh lives in science New York American Physiological Society ISBN 9780195090994 Dantzler William H July 2015 Obituary Bodil Schmidt Nielsen 1918 2015 48th APS President Archived from the original on December 22 2015 Retrieved December 17 2015 Living history of physiology Bodil Schmidt Nielsen Prof William Dantzler University of Arizona 1 Archived 2008 12 26 at the Wayback Machine 48th APS President 1975 1976 Bodil M Schmidt Nielsen American Physiological Society c the American Physiological Society Bodil M Schmidt Nielsen Archived from the original on 2009 11 21 Retrieved 2009 11 03 Krogh August Weis Fogh Torkel 1951 The Respiratory Exchange of the Desert Locust Schistocerca Gregaria before During and After Flight Journal of Experimental Biology The Company of Biologists 28 3 344 357 doi 10 1242 jeb 28 3 344 Fournier R L Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering Taylor amp Francis London 1999 Choi et al Microfluidic scaffolds for tissue engineering Nature Materials 2007 vol 6 pp 908 915 Bernard Claude Introduction a l etude de la medecine experimentale J B Bailliere et Fils Libraires de L Academie Imperiale de Medecine 1865 pp 400External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to August Krogh August Krogh on Nobelprize org nbsp including the Nobel Lecture on December 11 1920 A Contribution to the Physiology of the Capillaries Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title August Krogh amp oldid 1179835551, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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