Wikipedia
Sphecodes
Sphecodes is a genus of cuckoo bees from the family Halictidae, the majority of which are black and red in colour and are colloquially known as blood bees.[1] Sphecodes bees are kleptoparasitic on other bees, especially bees in the genera Lasioglossum, Halictus and Andrena. The adults consume nectar, but because they use other bees' provisions to feed their offspring they do not collect pollen.[2]
| Sphecodes | |
|---|---|
| Sphecodes gibbus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Halictidae |
| Subfamily: | Halictinae |
| Genus: | Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 |
| Type species | |
| Sphecodes gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
| Species | |
| see text | |
Distribution edit
Sphecodes is a cosmopolitan genus with species represented on every continent.[2] The genus is also very species rich, with 21 species described from Siberia,[3] 33 species from Central Europe,[2] 17 species from the Indian region,[4] 26 from the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding region,[5] and 21 from Southeast Asia.[6] The genus is only represented in Australia in the northeast, with the species Sphecodes albilabris being thought to have been introduced to both Australia and the United States by accident.[2]
Species edit
There are over 300 known species in the genus Sphecodes.[7][8][4][9] As of 2015, there were 319 valid species described.[2]
- Sphecodes abuensis Nurse, 1903
- Sphecodes abyssinicus Sichel, 1865
- Sphecodes aeneiceps Friese, 1917
- Sphecodes aino Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes akitanus Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes albifrons Smith, 1879
- Sphecodes albilabris (Fabricius, 1793)
- Sphecodes albociliatus Meyer, 1922
- Sphecodes algoensis Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes alternatus Smith, 1853
- Sphecodes amakusensis Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1951
- Sphecodes anatolicus Warncke, 1992
- Sphecodes andinus Schrottky, 1906
- Sphecodes angarensis Cockerell, 1937
- Sphecodes anonymus Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes antennariae Robertson, 1891
- Sphecodes apicatus Smith, 1853
- Sphecodes arequipae Meyer, 1925
- Sphecodes argentinus Schrottky, 1906
- Sphecodes armeniacus Warncke, 1992
- Sphecodes arnoldi Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes aroniae Mitchell, 1960
- Sphecodes arroyanus Cockerell, 1904
- Sphecodes arvensiformis Cockerell, 1904
- Sphecodes asclepiadis Cockerell, 1898
- Sphecodes aspericollis Sichel, 1865
- Sphecodes assamensis Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes atlanticus Warncke, 1992
- Sphecodes atlantis Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes atriapicatus Strand, 1912
- Sphecodes autumnalis Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes awaensis Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes bakeri Cockerell, 1915
- Sphecodes banaszaki Nobile & Turrisi, 2004
- Sphecodes banksii Lovell, 1909
- Sphecodes baratonis Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes barbatus Blüthgen, 1923
- Sphecodes basalis Sichel, 1865
- Sphecodes binghami Blüthgen, 1924[6]
- Sphecodes biroi Friese, 1909
- Sphecodes bischoffi Meyer, 1925
- Sphecodes bogotensis Meyer, 1922
- Sphecodes bonaerensis Holmberg, 1886
- Sphecodes borealis Cockerell, 1937
- Sphecodes brachycephalus Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes brasiliensis Schrottky, 1910
- Sphecodes braunsi Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes breviclypeatus Tsuneki, 1984
- Sphecodes bruchi Schrottky, 1906
- Sphecodes brunneipes Friese, 1914[6]
- Sphecodes californicus Meyer, 1922
- Sphecodes campadellii Nobile & Turrisi, 2004
- Sphecodes candidus Meyer, 1925
- Sphecodes capensis Cameron, 1905
- Sphecodes capriciosus Schrottky, 1906
- Sphecodes capverdensis Pauly & LaRoche, 2002
- Sphecodes carolinus Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes castaneae Mitchell, 1960
- Sphecodes centralis Cockerell, 1938
- Sphecodes cephalotes Meyer, 1920
- Sphecodes chaprensis Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes chibaensis Tsuneki, 1984
- Sphecodes chichibuensis Tsuneki, 1986
- Sphecodes chichibuus Tsuneki, 1986
- Sphecodes chilensis Spinola, 1851
- Sphecodes clematidis Robertson, 1897
- Sphecodes clypeatus Friese, 1917
- Sphecodes columbiae Cockerell, 1906
- Sphecodes combai Nobile & Turrisi, 2004
- Sphecodes confertus Say, 1837
- Sphecodes confusus Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes congoensis (Benoist, 1950)
- Sphecodes connexus Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes convergens Michener, 1978
- Sphecodes convergens Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes coptis Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes cordillerensis Jörgensen, 1912
- Sphecodes cordovensis (Cockerell, 1919)
- Sphecodes coriae Moure & Hurd, 1987
- Sphecodes coronus Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes costaricensis Friese, 1917
- Sphecodes crassanus Warncke, 1992
- Sphecodes crassicornis Smith, 1879
- Sphecodes crassus Thomson, 1870
- Sphecodes crawfordi Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes cressonii (Robertson, 1903)
- Sphecodes cristatus Hagens, 1882
- Sphecodes croaticus Meyer, 1922
- Sphecodes daishi Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes dathei Schwarz, 2010[5]
- Sphecodes davisii Robertson, 1897
- Sphecodes decorus (Cameron, 1897)
- Sphecodes dichrous Smith, 1853
- Sphecodes dilutus Cockerell, 1936
- Sphecodes diremptus Cockerell, 1932
- Sphecodes discoverlifei Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2020[6]
- Sphecodes distinctus Meyer, 1925
- Sphecodes duplex Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes duplipunctatus Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes dusmeti Blüthgen, 1924
- Sphecodes dyozankeanus Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes engeli Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2020[6]
- Sphecodes ephippius (Linné, 1767)
- Sphecodes equator Vachal, 1904
- Sphecodes eritrinus Friese, 1915
- Sphecodes eugnathus Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes eustictus Cockerell, 1906
- Sphecodes exaltus Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes fattigi Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes ferruginatus Hagens, 1882
- Sphecodes fimbriatus Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes formosus Cockerell, 1911
- Sphecodes fortior Cockerell, 1898
- Sphecodes fragariae Cockerell, 1903
- Sphecodes friesei Herbst, 1908
- Sphecodes fudzi Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes fuelleborni Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes fukuiensis Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes fumipennis Smith, 1853
- Sphecodes galeritus Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes galerus Lovell & Cockerell, 1907
- Sphecodes genaroi Engel, 2006
- Sphecodes geoffrellus (Kirby, 1802)
- Sphecodes gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Sphecodes grahami Cockerell, 1922
- Sphecodes grandidieri (Buysson, 1901)
- Sphecodes granulosus Sichel, 1865
- Sphecodes guineensis Vachal, 1903
- Sphecodes hagensi Ritsema, 1880
- Sphecodes haladai Warncke, 1992
- Sphecodes hanedai Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes hasshanus Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes hemirhodurus Cockerell, 1921
- Sphecodes heraclei Robertson, 1897
- Sphecodes hesperellus Cockerell, 1904
- Sphecodes hirtellus Blüthgen, 1923
- Sphecodes howardi Cockerell, 1922
- Sphecodes hudsoni Cockerell, 1913
- Sphecodes hyalinatus Hagens, 1882
- Sphecodes hydrangeae Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes illinoensis (Robertson, 1903)
- Sphecodes ilyadadaria Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2020[6]
- Sphecodes indicus Bingham, 1898
- Sphecodes invidus(Cameron, 1897)[1]
- Sphecodes inornatus (Schrottky, 1902)
- Sphecodes insularis Smith, 1858
- Sphecodes intermedius Blüthgen, 1923
- Sphecodes iosephi Nobile & Turrisi, 2004
- Sphecodes iridescens Cockerell, 1921
- Sphecodes iridipennis Smith, 1879
- Sphecodes itidyo Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes ituriensis Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes iwatensis Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes izumindus Tsuneki, 1986
- Sphecodes japonicus Cockerell, 1911
- Sphecodes javanicus Friese, 1914
- Sphecodes joergenseni Meyer, 1920
- Sphecodes johnsonii Lovell, 1909
- Sphecodes kaisensis Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes kamafuse Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes kershawi Perkins, 1921
- Sphecodes kincaidii Cockerell, 1898
- Sphecodes kisukei Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes kitamius Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes knetschi Cockerell, 1898
- Sphecodes koikensis Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes kristenseni Meyer, 1919
- Sphecodes laetus Meyer, 1922
- Sphecodes lasimensis Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes laticaudatus Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes laticeps Meyer, 1920[6]
- Sphecodes latifrons Cockerell, 1919
- Sphecodes lautipennis Cockerell, 1908
- Sphecodes levicinctus Cockerell, 1936
- Sphecodes levis Lovell & Cockerell, 1907
- Sphecodes libericus Cockerell, 1936
- Sphecodes longuloides Blüthgen, 1923
- Sphecodes longulus Hagens, 1882
- Sphecodes lunaris Vachal, 1904
- Sphecodes luteiventris Friese, 1925
- Sphecodes luzonicus Blüthgen, 1925[6]
- Sphecodes macswaini Michener, 1954
- Sphecodes maetai Tsuneki, 1984
- Sphecodes magnipunctatus (Cockerell, 1946)
- Sphecodes majalis Pérez, 1903
- Sphecodes malayensis Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes manchurianus Strand & Yasumatsu, 1938
- Sphecodes mandibularis Cresson, 1872
- Sphecodes manni Cockerell, 1913
- Sphecodes manskii (Rayment, 1935)
- Sphecodes marcellinoi Nobile & Turrisi, 2004
- Sphecodes marginatus Hagens, 1882
- Sphecodes maruyamanus Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes melanopus Schrottky, 1906
- Sphecodes mendocinus Jörgensen, 1912
- Sphecodes metanotiaeus Sichel, 1865
- Sphecodes metathoracicus Sichel, 1865
- Sphecodes mexicanorum Cockerell, 1919
- Sphecodes millsi Cockerell, 1919
- Sphecodes minarum Schrottky, 1910
- Sphecodes miniatus Hagens, 1882
- Sphecodes minor Robertson, 1898
- Sphecodes monilicornis (Kirby, 1802)
- Sphecodes montanus Smith, 1879
- Sphecodes murotai Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes mutillaeformis Schrottky, 1906
- Sphecodes mutsu Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes mutsuoides Tsuneki, 1984
- Sphecodes nambui Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes natalensis Friese, 1925
- Sphecodes niger Hagens, 1874
- Sphecodes nigeriae Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes nigricans Timberlake, 1940
- Sphecodes nigricorpus Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes nigritus Ashmead, 1900
- Sphecodes nippon Meyer, 1922
- Sphecodes nipponicus Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1951
- Sphecodes nitidissimus Cockerell, 1910
- Sphecodes niveatus Meyer, 1925
- Sphecodes niveipennis Meyer, 1925
- Sphecodes nomioidis Pesenko, 1979
- Sphecodes nyassanus Strand, 1911
- Sphecodes ohdeyamanus Tsuneki, 1984
- Sphecodes ohtsukius Tsuneki, 1984
- Sphecodes okuyetsu Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes olivieri Lepeletier, 1825
- Sphecodes olympicus Cockerell, 1904
- Sphecodes oneili Cameron, 1905
- Sphecodes oriundus Vachal, 1903
- Sphecodes pallitarsis Vachal, 1909
- Sphecodes paraguayensis Schrottky, 1906
- Sphecodes paraplesius Lovell, 1911
- Sphecodes patagonicus Schrottky, 1906
- Sphecodes patruelis Cockerell, 1913
- Sphecodes pecosensis Cockerell, 1904
- Sphecodes pectoralis Morawitz, 1876
- Sphecodes pellucidus Smith, 1845
- Sphecodes perlustrans Cockerell, 1898
- Sphecodes perplexus Nurse, 1903
- Sphecodes persimilis Lovell & Cockerell, 1907
- Sphecodes peruensis Meyer, 1925
- Sphecodes pieli Cockerell, 1931
- Sphecodes pilosulus Smith, 1879
- Sphecodes pimpinellae Robertson, 1900
- Sphecodes pinguiculus Pérez, 1903
- Sphecodes politulus Cockerell, 1937
- Sphecodes profugus Cockerell, 1910
- Sphecodes propinquus Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes prosphorus Lovell & Cockerell, 1907
- Sphecodes prostygius Mitchell, 1960
- Sphecodes pseudocrassus Blüthgen, 1924
- Sphecodes pseudofasciatus Blüthgen, 1925
- Sphecodes pseudoredivivus Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2020[6]
- Sphecodes pulsatillae Cockerell, 1906
- Sphecodes punctatus Sichel, 1865
- Sphecodes puncticeps Thomson, 1870
- Sphecodes puncticollis Sichel, 1865
- Sphecodes punctiscutum Eardley & R. P. Urban, 2006
- Sphecodes pusillus Cockerell, 1937
- Sphecodes pycnanthemi Robertson, 1897
- Sphecodes quadrimaculatus Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes quellensis Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes ralunensis Friese, 1909
- Sphecodes ranunculi Robertson, 1897
- Sphecodes redivivus Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes reticulatus Thomson, 1870
- Sphecodes rhois (Cockerell, 1904)
- Sphecodes rikuchu Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes rohweri Cockerell, 1907
- Sphecodes rotundiceps Cockerell, 1919
- Sphecodes rubicundus Hagens, 1875
- Sphecodes rubripes Spinola, 1838[1]
- Sphecodes rudiusculus (Benoist, 1964)
- Sphecodes rufichelis Strand, 1912
- Sphecodes ruficrus (Erichson, 1835)
- Sphecodes rufiscapis Vachal, 1909
- Sphecodes rufithorax Morawitz, 1876
- Sphecodes rufiventris (Panzer, 1798)
- Sphecodes rufoantennatus Benoist, 1950
- Sphecodes rugulosus Sichel, 1865
- Sphecodes samarensis Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes sapporensis Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes sauteri Meyer, 1925
- Sphecodes saxicolus Warncke, 1992
- Sphecodes scabricollis Wesmael, 1835
- Sphecodes schenckii Hagens, 1882
- Sphecodes schoanus Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes schwarzi Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2015[3]
- Sphecodes scrobiculatus Pauly & Brooks, 2001
- Sphecodes semicoloratus (Cockerell, 1897)
- Sphecodes senegalensis Sichel, 1865
- Sphecodes shawi Lovell, 1911
- Sphecodes shillongensis Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes shirozui Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes sibuyanensis Cockerell, 1925[6]
- Sphecodes sikkimensis Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes silvicola Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes simillimus Smith, 1873
- Sphecodes simlaensis Blüthgen, 1924[6]
- Sphecodes smilacinae Robertson, 1897
- Sphecodes solidaginis Cockerell, 1937
- Sphecodes solonis Graenicher, 1911
- Sphecodes sophiae Cockerell, 1898
- Sphecodes spinulosus Hagens, 1875
- Sphecodes strandi Meyer, 1920
- Sphecodes stygius Robertson, 1893
- Sphecodes subconfertus Sichel, 1865
- Sphecodes sudai Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes sulcatulus Cockerell, 1906
- Sphecodes sulcifera Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes tadschicus Blüthgen 1935[5]
- Sphecodes taicho Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes tainoi Engel, 2006
- Sphecodes tanoi Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes tantalus Nurse, 1903
- Sphecodes tertius Blüthgen, 1927
- Sphecodes togoanus Strand, 1912
- Sphecodes tomarchioi Nobile & Turrisi, 2004
- Sphecodes townesi Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes transversus Cockerell, 1919
- Sphecodes trentonensis Cockerell, 1913
- Sphecodes tristellus Cockerell, 1919
- Sphecodes tuckeri Friese, 1925
- Sphecodes turanicus Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2017[5]
- Sphecodes turneri Cockerell, 1916
- Sphecodes ugandae Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes utinamius Tsuneki, 1983
- Sphecodes vachali Meyer, 1920
- Sphecodes variabilis Schrottky, 1906
- Sphecodes veganus Cockerell, 1904
- Sphecodes villosulus Schwarz, 2010[5]
- Sphecodes vumbuensis Blüthgen, 1928
- Sphecodes walteri Nobile & Turrisi, 2004
- Sphecodes washingtoni Cockerell, 1904
- Sphecodes wheeleri Mitchell, 1956
- Sphecodes woodi Cockerell, 1945
- Sphecodes zangherii Noskiewicz, 1931
References edit
- ^ a b c Prakash, Anju Sara; Jobiraj, T.; Bijoy, C. (2020). "A checklist of bees (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Kerala". Entomon. 45 (3): 189–200. doi:10.33307/entomon.v45i3.550. S2CID 229027699.
- ^ a b c d e Özbek, Hikmet; Bogusch, Petr; Straka, Jakub (2015). "A contribution to the kleptoparasitic bees of Turkey: Part I.,the genus Sphecodes Latreille (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)". Turkish Journal of Zoology. 39: 1095–1109. doi:10.3906/zoo-1501-43.
- ^ a b Astafurova, Yulia V.; Proshchalykin, Maxim (2015). "Bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille 1804 of Siberia, with a key to species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)". Zootaxa. 4052 (1): 65–95. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4052.1.3. PMID 26624777.
- ^ a b . An Annotated Catalogue of the Bee Species of the Indian Region. Dr. Rajiv K. Gupta. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Astafurova, Yulia V.; Proshchalykin, Maxim Yu.; Schwarz, Maximilian (2019). "The distribution of the genus Sphecodes Latreille (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) of the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding countries with description of hitherto unknown female of S. atlanticus Warncke, 1992 and male of S. dathei Schwarz, 2010". ZooKeys (872): 13–40. Bibcode:2019ZooK..872...13A. doi:10.3897/zookeys.872.35361. PMC 6711934. PMID 31496884.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Astafurova, Yulia V.; Proshchalykin, Maxim Yu.; Schwarz, Maximilian (2020). "New and little-known species of the genus Sphecodes Latreille (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) from Southeast Asia". ZooKeys (937): 31–88. Bibcode:2020ZooK..937...31A. doi:10.3897/zookeys.937.51708. PMC 7280318. PMID 32547298.
- ^ "Sphecodes Latreille, 1804". GBIF.org. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
- ^ Petr Bogusch; Jakob Straka (2012). "Review and identification of the cuckoo bees of central Europe (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Sphecodes)". Zootaxa. 3311: 1–41. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3311.1.1.
- ^ Astafurova, Yulia V.; Proshchalykin, Maxim (2014). "The bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille 1804 of the Russian Far East, with key to species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)". Zootaxa. 3887 (5): 501–528. doi:10.11646/Zootaxa.3887.5.1. PMID 25543947.