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Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

February 15, 2024

The United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) is a report about the effects of climate change on the world's seas, sea ice, icecaps and glaciers. It was approved at the IPCC's 51st Session (IPCC-51) in September 2019 in Monaco.[1] The SROCC's approved Summary for Policymakers (SPM) was released on 25 September 2019.[2] The 1,300-page report by 104 authors and editors representing 36 countries referred to 6,981 publications.[1] The report is the third in the series of three Special Reports in the current Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) cycle, which began in 2015 and will be completed in 2022.[3][4] The first was the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C,[5] while the second was the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), also known as the "Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems", which was released on 7 August 2019.

Cover of IPCC SROCC

Main statements edit

SROCC summary for policymakers edit

"This highlights the urgency of prioritising timely, ambitious, coordinated and enduring action."

SRCCL summary for policymakers (SPM)[6]

In its Summary for Policymakers (SPM), the report said that, since 1970, the "global ocean has warmed unabated" and "has taken up more than 90% of the excess heat in the climate system." The rate of ocean warming has "more than doubled" since 1993. Marine heatwaves are increasing in intensity and since 1982, they have "very likely doubled in frequency". Surface acidification has increased as the oceans absorb more CO2. Ocean deoxygenation "has occurred from the surface to 1,000 m (3,300 ft)."[6]

Rising sea levels edit

Main article: Sea level rise

Global mean sea levels (GMSL) rose by 3.66 mm (0.144 in) per year which is "2.5 times faster than the rate from 1900 to 1990".[7]: 2 [8] At the rate of acceleration, it "could reach around 30 cm (12 in) to 60 cm (24 in) by 2100 even if greenhouse gas emissions are sharply reduced and global warming is limited to well below 2 °C, but around 60 cm (24 in) to 110 cm (43 in) if emissions continue to increase strongly. In their summary of the SROCC, Carbon Brief said that rate of rising sea levels is "unprecedented" over the past century. Worst-case projections are higher than thought and a 2 metres (6.6 ft) rise by 2100 "cannot be ruled out",[9] if greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase strongly."[7]: 2 

Ocean deoxygenation edit

Main article: Ocean deoxygenation

The viability of species is being disrupted throughout the ocean food web due to changes in ocean chemistry. As the ocean warms, mixing between water layers decreases, resulting in less oxygen and nutrients being available for marine life.[7]: 3 

Meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic edit

Main article: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

Chapter 6 which deals with ..., Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) "will very likely weaken over the 21st century" but it is unlikely that AMOC will collapse.[10] A weakening of AMOC would result in "a decrease in marine productivity in the North Atlantic, more winter storms in Europe, a reduction in Sahelian and South Asian summer rainfall, a decrease in the number of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic, and an increase in regional sea-level around the Atlantic especially along the northeast coast of North America."[10] Carbon Brief described AMOC as "the system of currents in the Atlantic Ocean that brings warm water up to Europe from the tropics. It is driven by the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water – the sinking of cold, salty water in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic."[9]

Melting glaciers edit

Main article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

There has been an acceleration of glaciers melting in Greenland and Antarctica as well as in mountain glaciers around the world, from 2006 to 2015.[8] This now represents a loss of 720 billion tons (653 billion metric tons) of ice a year.[8]

Ice sheets edit

Carbon Brief said that the melting of Greenland's ice sheets is "unprecedented in at least 350 years."[9] The combined melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets has contributed "700% more to sea levels" than in the 1990s.[9]

Arctic sea ice decline edit

Main article: Arctic sea ice decline

The Arctic Ocean could be ice free in September "one year in three" if global warming continues to rise to 2 °C. Prior to industrialization, it was only "once in every hundred years".[7]: 4 

Global marine animal biomass and fish catch decline edit

"Since about 1950 many marine species across various groups have undergone shifts in geographical range and seasonal activities in response to ocean warming, sea ice change and biogeochemical changes, such as oxygen loss, to their habitats."

SRCCL summary for policymakers (SPM)[6]: 2 

In "Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities", the authors warn that marine organisms are being affected by ocean warming with direct impacts on human communities, fisheries, and food production.[11]: 5–6  The Times said that it is likely that there will be a 15% decrease in the number of marine animals and a decrease of 21% to 24% in the "catches by fisheries in general" by the end of the 21st century because of climate change.[8]

Decline of snow and lake ice cover edit

In "Chapter 3: Polar Regions", the authors reported that there has been a decline of snow and lake ice cover. From 1967 to 2018, the extent of snow in June decreased at a rate of "13.4 ± 5.4% per decade".[12]: 3–4 

Thawing permafrost edit

Future climate-induced changes to permafrost "will drive habitat and biome shifts, with associated changes in the ranges and abundance of ecologically-important species."[12] As permafrost soil melts, there is a possibility that carbon will be unleashed.[13] The permafrost soil carbon pool is much "larger than carbon stored in plant biomass".[12]: 98  "Expert assessment and laboratory soil incubation studies suggest that substantial quantities of C (tens to hundreds Pg C) could potentially be transferred from the permafrost carbon pool into the atmosphere under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5" projection.[12]: 98 

Low-lying islands and coasts edit

In the final section on low-lying islands and coasts (LLIC), the report says that cities and megacities—including New York City, Tokyo, Jakarta, Mumbai, Shanghai, Lagos And Cairo—are "at serious risk from climate-related ocean and cryosphere changes."[14] If emissions remain high, some low-lying islands are likely to become "uninhabitable" by the end of the 21st century.[9] Low lying areas including islands and the Low Elevation Coastal Zone were estimated have approximately 625 million people living in them based on 2000 estimates, with most in "non-developed contexts."[1]

Reactions edit

The New York Times headlined their 25 September article with "We're All in Big Trouble".[8] According to the Times, "Sea levels are rising at an ever-faster rate as ice and snow shrink, and oceans are getting more acidic and losing oxygen."[8] The article cited Princeton University's Michael Oppenheimer, who was one of the report's lead authors who said that, "The oceans and the icy parts of the world are in big trouble, and that means we're all in big trouble, too. The changes are accelerating."[8] IPCC Working Group I Co-Chair, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, was quoted as saying in Monaco, that "Climate change is already irreversible. Due to the heat uptake in the ocean, we can't go back."[8]

The BBC headline referred to a red alert on the Blue Planet.[13]

The Economist said that the "world's oceans are getting warmer, stormier and more acidic. They are becoming less productive as the ecosystems within them collapse. Melting glaciers and ice sheets are causing sea levels to rise, increasing the risk of inundation and devastation to hundreds of millions of people living in coastal areas."[15]

PBS NewsHour cited National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Ko Barrett, who is also a vice chair of IPCC, saying, "Taken together, these changes show that the world's ocean and cryosphere have been taking the heat for climate change for decades. The consequences for nature are sweeping and severe."[16]

The Atlantic called it a blockbuster report.[17]

National Geographic said that according to the report, "These challenges are only going to get worse unless countries make lightning-fast moves to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions... But strong, decisive action could still forestall or evade some of the worst impacts."[18]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). IPCC (Report). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  2. ^ "Choices made now are critical for the future of our ocean and cryosphere — IPCC". 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  3. ^ "Updates to 2019", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Geneva, 2019-08-08, retrieved 2019-08-09
  4. ^ Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (SRCCL). IPCC (Report). Leaflet. 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2019-08-09.
  5. ^ Decisions adopted by the 43rd Session of the Panel (PDF)
  6. ^ a b c Summary for Policymakers (SPM) (PDF). IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  7. ^ a b c d "Press Release" (PDF). IPCC (Press release). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h "'We're All in Big Trouble': Climate Panel Sees a Dire Future". The New York Times via the Associated Press. 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  9. ^ a b c d e "In-depth Q&A: The IPCC's special report on the ocean and cryosphere". Carbon Brief. 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  10. ^ a b Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks (PDF). IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  11. ^ Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities (PDF). IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. p. 198. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  12. ^ a b c d Chapter 3: Polar Regions (PDF). IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. p. 173. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  13. ^ a b McGrath, Matt (2019-09-25). "UN panel signals red alert on 'Blue Planet'". BBC News. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  14. ^ Integrative Cross-Chapter Box: Low Lying Islands And Coasts (PDF). IPCC (Report). Special Report On The Ocean And Cryosphere In A Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  15. ^ "Oceans are increasingly bearing the brunt of global warming - Sea changes". The Economist. 2019-09-26. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  16. ^ "9 ways the Arctic and oceans are in 'unprecedented' trouble, according to latest IPCC report". PBS NewsHour. 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
  17. ^ Meyer, Robinson (2019-09-25). "The Oceans We Know Won't Survive Climate Change". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  18. ^ Borunda, Alejandra (2019-09-25). . Environment. Archived from the original on 2019-09-26. Retrieved 2019-09-28.

Further reading edit

  • Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). IPCC (Report). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • Summary for Policymakers (SPM) (PDF). IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • Headline Statements. IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • Press Release (PDF). IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • "Working Group I — IPCC". Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • "Working Group II — IPCC". Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • Chapter 1: Framing and Context of the Report. IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • Chapter 2: High Mountain Areas. IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • Chapter 3: Polar Regions. IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities. IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks. IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
    • Integrative Cross-Chapter Box: Low Lying Islands and Coasts. IPCC (Report). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.

February 15, 2024
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The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change s IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC is a report about the effects of climate change on the world s seas sea ice icecaps and glaciers It was approved at the IPCC s 51st Session IPCC 51 in September 2019 in Monaco 1 The SROCC s approved Summary for Policymakers SPM was released on 25 September 2019 2 The 1 300 page report by 104 authors and editors representing 36 countries referred to 6 981 publications 1 The report is the third in the series of three Special Reports in the current Sixth Assessment Report AR6 cycle which began in 2015 and will be completed in 2022 3 4 The first was the Special Report on Global Warming of 1 5 C 5 while the second was the Special Report on Climate Change and Land SRCCL also known as the Special Report on climate change desertification land degradation sustainable land management food security and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems which was released on 7 August 2019 Cover of IPCC SROCC Contents 1 Main statements 1 1 SROCC summary for policymakers 1 2 Rising sea levels 1 3 Ocean deoxygenation 1 4 Meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic 1 5 Melting glaciers 1 6 Ice sheets 1 7 Arctic sea ice decline 1 8 Global marine animal biomass and fish catch decline 1 9 Decline of snow and lake ice cover 1 10 Thawing permafrost 1 11 Low lying islands and coasts 2 Reactions 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingMain statements editSROCC summary for policymakers edit This highlights the urgency of prioritising timely ambitious coordinated and enduring action SRCCL summary for policymakers SPM 6 In its Summary for Policymakers SPM the report said that since 1970 the global ocean has warmed unabated and has taken up more than 90 of the excess heat in the climate system The rate of ocean warming has more than doubled since 1993 Marine heatwaves are increasing in intensity and since 1982 they have very likely doubled in frequency Surface acidification has increased as the oceans absorb more CO2 Ocean deoxygenation has occurred from the surface to 1 000 m 3 300 ft 6 Rising sea levels edit Main article Sea level rise Global mean sea levels GMSL rose by 3 66 mm 0 144 in per year which is 2 5 times faster than the rate from 1900 to 1990 7 2 8 At the rate of acceleration it could reach around 30 cm 12 in to 60 cm 24 in by 2100 even if greenhouse gas emissions are sharply reduced and global warming is limited to well below 2 C but around 60 cm 24 in to 110 cm 43 in if emissions continue to increase strongly In their summary of the SROCC Carbon Brief said that rate of rising sea levels is unprecedented over the past century Worst case projections are higher than thought and a 2 metres 6 6 ft rise by 2100 cannot be ruled out 9 if greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase strongly 7 2 Ocean deoxygenation edit Main article Ocean deoxygenation The viability of species is being disrupted throughout the ocean food web due to changes in ocean chemistry As the ocean warms mixing between water layers decreases resulting in less oxygen and nutrients being available for marine life 7 3 Meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic edit Main article Atlantic meridional overturning circulation Chapter 6 which deals with Atlantic meridional overturning circulation AMOC will very likely weaken over the 21st century but it is unlikely that AMOC will collapse 10 A weakening of AMOC would result in a decrease in marine productivity in the North Atlantic more winter storms in Europe a reduction in Sahelian and South Asian summer rainfall a decrease in the number of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and an increase in regional sea level around the Atlantic especially along the northeast coast of North America 10 Carbon Brief described AMOC as the system of currents in the Atlantic Ocean that brings warm water up to Europe from the tropics It is driven by the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water the sinking of cold salty water in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic 9 Melting glaciers edit Main article Retreat of glaciers since 1850 There has been an acceleration of glaciers melting in Greenland and Antarctica as well as in mountain glaciers around the world from 2006 to 2015 8 This now represents a loss of 720 billion tons 653 billion metric tons of ice a year 8 Ice sheets edit Carbon Brief said that the melting of Greenland s ice sheets is unprecedented in at least 350 years 9 The combined melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets has contributed 700 more to sea levels than in the 1990s 9 Arctic sea ice decline edit Main article Arctic sea ice decline The Arctic Ocean could be ice free in September one year in three if global warming continues to rise to 2 C Prior to industrialization it was only once in every hundred years 7 4 Global marine animal biomass and fish catch decline edit Since about 1950 many marine species across various groups have undergone shifts in geographical range and seasonal activities in response to ocean warming sea ice change and biogeochemical changes such as oxygen loss to their habitats SRCCL summary for policymakers SPM 6 2 In Chapter 5 Changing Ocean Marine Ecosystems and Dependent Communities the authors warn that marine organisms are being affected by ocean warming with direct impacts on human communities fisheries and food production 11 5 6 The Times said that it is likely that there will be a 15 decrease in the number of marine animals and a decrease of 21 to 24 in the catches by fisheries in general by the end of the 21st century because of climate change 8 Decline of snow and lake ice cover edit In Chapter 3 Polar Regions the authors reported that there has been a decline of snow and lake ice cover From 1967 to 2018 the extent of snow in June decreased at a rate of 13 4 5 4 per decade 12 3 4 Thawing permafrost edit Future climate induced changes to permafrost will drive habitat and biome shifts with associated changes in the ranges and abundance of ecologically important species 12 As permafrost soil melts there is a possibility that carbon will be unleashed 13 The permafrost soil carbon pool is much larger than carbon stored in plant biomass 12 98 Expert assessment and laboratory soil incubation studies suggest that substantial quantities of C tens to hundreds Pg C could potentially be transferred from the permafrost carbon pool into the atmosphere under the Representative Concentration Pathway RCP 8 5 projection 12 98 Low lying islands and coasts edit In the final section on low lying islands and coasts LLIC the report says that cities and megacities including New York City Tokyo Jakarta Mumbai Shanghai Lagos And Cairo are at serious risk from climate related ocean and cryosphere changes 14 If emissions remain high some low lying islands are likely to become uninhabitable by the end of the 21st century 9 Low lying areas including islands and the Low Elevation Coastal Zone were estimated have approximately 625 million people living in them based on 2000 estimates with most in non developed contexts 1 Reactions editThe New York Times headlined their 25 September article with We re All in Big Trouble 8 According to the Times Sea levels are rising at an ever faster rate as ice and snow shrink and oceans are getting more acidic and losing oxygen 8 The article cited Princeton University s Michael Oppenheimer who was one of the report s lead authors who said that The oceans and the icy parts of the world are in big trouble and that means we re all in big trouble too The changes are accelerating 8 IPCC Working Group I Co Chair Valerie Masson Delmotte was quoted as saying in Monaco that Climate change is already irreversible Due to the heat uptake in the ocean we can t go back 8 The BBC headline referred to a red alert on the Blue Planet 13 The Economist said that the world s oceans are getting warmer stormier and more acidic They are becoming less productive as the ecosystems within them collapse Melting glaciers and ice sheets are causing sea levels to rise increasing the risk of inundation and devastation to hundreds of millions of people living in coastal areas 15 PBS NewsHour cited National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s NOAA Ko Barrett who is also a vice chair of IPCC saying Taken together these changes show that the world s ocean and cryosphere have been taking the heat for climate change for decades The consequences for nature are sweeping and severe 16 The Atlantic called it a blockbuster report 17 National Geographic said that according to the report These challenges are only going to get worse unless countries make lightning fast moves to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions But strong decisive action could still forestall or evade some of the worst impacts 18 See also editEffects of climate change on oceansReferences edit a b c Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC IPCC Report 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Choices made now are critical for the future of our ocean and cryosphere IPCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Updates to 2019 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC Geneva 2019 08 08 retrieved 2019 08 09 Special Report on climate change desertification land degradation sustainable land management food security and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems SRCCL IPCC Report Leaflet 2019 08 08 Retrieved 2019 08 09 Decisions adopted by the 43rd Session of the Panel PDF a b c Summary for Policymakers SPM PDF IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 a b c d Press Release PDF IPCC Press release Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 a b c d e f g h We re All in Big Trouble Climate Panel Sees a Dire Future The New York Times via the Associated Press 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 a b c d e In depth Q amp A The IPCC s special report on the ocean and cryosphere Carbon Brief 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 a b Chapter 6 Extremes Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks PDF IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Chapter 5 Changing Ocean Marine Ecosystems and Dependent Communities PDF IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 p 198 Retrieved 2019 09 25 a b c d Chapter 3 Polar Regions PDF IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 p 173 Retrieved 2019 09 25 a b McGrath Matt 2019 09 25 UN panel signals red alert on Blue Planet BBC News Retrieved 2019 09 25 Integrative Cross Chapter Box Low Lying Islands And Coasts PDF IPCC Report Special Report On The Ocean And Cryosphere In A Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Oceans are increasingly bearing the brunt of global warming Sea changes The Economist 2019 09 26 Retrieved 2019 09 27 9 ways the Arctic and oceans are in unprecedented trouble according to latest IPCC report PBS NewsHour 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 28 Meyer Robinson 2019 09 25 The Oceans We Know Won t Survive Climate Change The Atlantic Retrieved 2019 09 27 Borunda Alejandra 2019 09 25 Oceans and ice are absorbing the brunt of climate change Environment Archived from the original on 2019 09 26 Retrieved 2019 09 28 Further reading editSpecial Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC IPCC Report 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Summary for Policymakers SPM PDF IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Headline Statements IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Press Release PDF IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Working Group I IPCC Retrieved 2019 09 25 Working Group II IPCC Retrieved 2019 09 25 Chapter 1 Framing and Context of the Report IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Chapter 2 High Mountain Areas IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Chapter 3 Polar Regions IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Chapter 4 Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low Lying Islands Coasts and Communities IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Chapter 5 Changing Ocean Marine Ecosystems and Dependent Communities IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Chapter 6 Extremes Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Integrative Cross Chapter Box Low Lying Islands and Coasts IPCC Report Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate SROCC 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 09 25 Portals nbsp Environment nbsp Global warming nbsp Politics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate amp oldid 1193694862, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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